Enterprise Architecture Implementation Research Articles

Enterprise Architecture Implementation Is a Bumpy Ride: A Case Study in the Norwegian Public Sector

Enterprise architecture (EA) is a widespread approach for the development of new digital solutions in a planned and controlled way for large and complex organisations. EA is also viewed as a prerequisite for the digitalisation of the public sector. However, public sector organisations struggle to implement EA programmes, and research has demonstrated that organisational and managerial issues are critical obstacles to EA implementation. This study aims to increase our understanding of EA implementation in the public sector by investigating the central challenges for EA initiatives and to trace the progress of current EA initiatives in the Norwegian public sector. An additional goal is to disclose some ways to improve the situation. We conducted three interpretive case studies in the hospital, higher education, and labour and welfare sectors. We have identified 28 challenges to the EA initiatives. We find that organisational and technical complexities, as well as a limited understanding of EA and lack of formal EA governance mechanisms, are significant obstacles. Among others, the lack of understanding of EA and its methodology will lead to problems with anchoring the EA approach in the organisation and facilitating the necessary EA arrangements to induce the promised benefits of EA, which are necessary requirements to establish the EA initiative’s legitimacy and foster the organisation’s willingness to implement change. Our study provides four lessons learned for planning and implementing EA initiatives, as follows: #1. It is advisable to take small steps. #2. The use of external consultants should be carefully considered. #3. Formal architectural governance mechanisms are important for legitimacy and enforced use. #4. Executive commitment and understanding of EA are crucial for achieving a sustainable EA initiative. Finally, we find a common evolution of the EA initiatives through the phases of optimism, resistance, decline and finally, reconsolidation of the most persistent ones.

Issues limiting the evaluation of post implemented enterprise architecture

<span>Evaluation in enterprise architecture (EA) project is crucial to provide comprehensive information of the developed EA artefacts. It may assist in accurate evaluation of implemented Information Systems (ISs) in order to realize the achievement of EA’s goals and support EA decision makers. This research aims to identify and elaborate the existing issues of EA evaluation models. One of the crucial identified issues is to understand, capture and represent core aspects of EA artefacts. Most existing evaluation models do not provide structured approach which cover comprehensive aspect of EA implementation and some do not provide good practices to be applied. Hence, this research intends to cover the gap by exploring critical issues in EA implementation evaluation and elaborating main shortcomings of the reviewed EA models and methods through a systematic literature review</span>

Enterprise architecture implementation as interpersonal connection: Building support and commitment

AbstractAlthough architects are often made responsible for enterprise architecture implementation (EAI), they are dependent on business executives to fund the technology products and technology executives to provide staff and resources to support their implementation. Moreover, existing research into EAI focuses on the technical and social conditions associated with EAI success and failure and, to a lesser extent, on the influence of interpersonal interactions between architects and their stakeholders through which the EAI is enacted. Against that backdrop, we examine EAI from the perspective of the architects and their stakeholders with a focus on how architects can build commitment to and support for implementation of the selected technology products and programmes. Specifically, we rely on communities of practice (CoP) theory to investigate two cases of EAI with a focus on practices that enabled or prevented the architects from building communities with requisite commitment to and support for their efforts. We find that whilst the involved architects were required to liaise with business and technology stakeholders, their practices did not allow them to effectively build the necessary connections, and their EAI initiatives suffered accordingly. As a result, we theorize the permeability of community boundaries around architects as key to the success of EAI: When architects prioritize what they think is important over the views and concerns of business and technology stakeholders community, a dominant intra‐CoP perspective will emerge, and boundaries around the community of architects will be reinforced, preventing stakeholders with legitimate interests in the EAI to influence the process; in contrast, when architects prioritize engaging with the viewpoints and concerns of business and technology stakeholders community, boundaries will become permeable, and an intercommunity CoP will emerge, enabling knowledge sharing and negotiations between everyone with legitimate interests in the EAI.

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTOR MODEL FOR ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a strategy to attain alignment between an enterprise’s business and Information Technology (IT) to increase the competitiveness of an enterprise. In EA implementation, Critical Success Factors (CSFs) refer to factors that may facilitate the successful implementation of the EA. This research presents a CSF model based on an exhaustive literature review and empirical data from practitioners to identify rationalised CSFs. EA implementation projects that do not fully utilize the CSFs may result in inappropriate directions and dissatisfied EA project stakeholders. A quantitative research methodology is applied in this study using questionnaires to evaluate the proposed model. The respondents include enterprise architects, IT managers, and IT consultants with considerable knowledge of EA concepts. Statistical analysis is used to identify the relationships between the proposed CSFs and the success of EA implementation. From the results, the proposed CSF model is significantly related to EA implementation success. The highest-ranking CSF is governance, indicating the importance of governance in the success of EA implementation. Moreover, the proposed CSF model appears to facilitate achieving the desired architecture. By understanding the CSF model at the onset of a project, practitioners can better plan and focus on the CSFs to achieve the desired results.

Content Validation of an Enterprise Architecture (EA) Readiness Assessment Instrument

Although Enterprise Architecture (EA) is becoming an important agenda to align business with information technology plan, not many organisations, especially in the public sector, are ready to implement it. Therefore, there is a need to identify the readiness factors that affect the implementation of EA in the Malaysian Public Sector (MPS). Even though the readiness factors identified are influenced by a previous study, the instrument used to validate the factors needs to be re-evaluated to increase the probability of obtaining a supportive construct validity. Thus, the objective of this study is to present the content validity of an EA readiness instrument designed to validate EA readiness factors. This study used the content validity index (CVI) to quantify the relevance of EA readiness factors. To examine the content validity in the judgement stage, professional individual judgement is required. Questionnaires with four-point Likert scale were used for collecting feedback from experts. Item–Content Validation Index (ICVI) was used to check the validity of individual factors and items for MPS with experts’ feedback. Seven experts with information system background specifically in EA and having a wide experience on EA implementation were selected to participate in this study. The result showed that all 14 factors and 42 items scored above 0.857, suggesting that the instrument is valid and accepted for further studies.

Association of People Factors with Successful Enterprise Architecture Implementation

Association of People Factors with Successful Enterprise Architecture Implementation

A Systematic Review of Enterprise Architecture Adoption Models

This article provides a systematic review of the Enterprise Architecture (EA) adoption model. Firstly, an analysis of the literature discussing the current EA adoption models was undertaken. The EA adoption models were reviewed to identify which adoption phase can be connected. This paper also discusses the limitations of the models. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined in the review process, 13 articles were reviewed. There are 13 different EA adoption models across the number of adoption phases which were selected from 13 articles. A total of 11 adoption models were designed for the post-adoption phase and applicable for the EA implementation phase and two (2) adoption models were formulated for adoption phase. This SLR reflected that there was relatively little research conducted in the adoption phase. Previous scholars had adopted one or a combination of different underpinning theories in their studies to identify the existing approach and perspective formulating EA adoption model. The finding also revealed the limitation of previous studies such as generalizability and fragmented perspective. Therefore, this review will provide further investigation into the potential development of EA adoption model at an early stage that could provide wide-ranging and rational views of business, information, and technology for the organisation.

Improving TOGAF ADM 9.1 Migration Planning Phase by ITIL V3 Service Transition

Modification planning of business transformation involving technological utilization required a system of transition and migration planning process. Planning of system migration activity is the most important. The migration process is including complex elements such as business re-engineering, transition scheme mapping, data transformation, application development, individual involvement by computer and trial interaction. TOGAF ADM is the framework and method of enterprise architecture implementation. TOGAF ADM provides a manual refer to the architecture and migration planning. The planning includes an implementation solution, in this case, IT solution, but when the solution becomes an IT operational planning, TOGAF could not handle it. This paper presents a new model framework detail transitions process of integration between TOGAF and ITIL. We evaluated our models in field study inside a private university.

A systematic literature review: Critical Success Factors to Implement Enterprise Architecture

Enterprise Architecture (EA) has been receiving growing attention from organizations. Most organizations still face problems in EA implementation, EA Development is not an easy task. Since risk of failed EA implementation might occur, organization needs to know the Critical Success Factors (CSF) to implementation EA in organization especially in public sectors agency. This study provided a review of the extent literature (2007-2017) on framework that used to EA implementation and identify the CSF that affect to implement EA in public sectors agency. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) establish a synthesis analysis based on the research model using PRISMA checklist. The final list of selected primary studies for the first stage had 16 primary studies. Then, the full texts of 16 primary studies were analyzed. Then from that, performed the synthesis to produce Enterprise Architecture framework and factors that affect enterprise architecture implementation. Base on summarize, can be conclude that the most commonly used framework in this literature study is TOGAF and The US Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF), about 32% the public sectors using TOGAF framework to implementation EA, and about 25% public sectors using FEAF framework to implementation EA. According to the results of this study as many as 68% of papers say that the technical development is a CSF in the implementation of EA in public sector and about 50% of papers say that the framework and methodology is a CSF of implementation of EA in public sector.

MODEL PENGUKURAN KESIAPAN IMPLEMENTASI ARSITEKTUR ENTERPRISE BERBASIS CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTOR

This paper discusses about Enterprise Architecture (EA) implementation readiness measurement model. The definition of EA is a framework or blueprint that used by organization to achieve business objectives by identifying key strategies of business, information, applications, and technology and its impact on business functions. Measuring the readiness of EA implementation on an institution is useful to reduce potential losses due to EA implementation failures. By identifying the factors supporting the successful implementation of EA, an EA implementation readiness measurement model can be formulated and can be used as a reference to know the readiness of an institution in the implementation of EA.

2201 EA導入におけるプロジェクトマネジメントの役割 : CIOへの提言(一般セッション)

2201 EA導入におけるプロジェクトマネジメントの役割 : CIOへの提言(一般セッション)

An effective Enterprise Architecture Implementation Methodology

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a holistic strategy that is commonly used to improve the alignment of enterprise's business and Information Technology. Enterprise Architecture Implementation Methodology (EAIM) prepares a set of methods and practices for developing, managing, and maintaining an EA implementation project. There is ineffectiveness in existing EAIMs due to complexities emerging from EAIM practices, models, factors, and strategy. Consequently, EA projects may encounter lack of support in the following areas: requirements analysis, governance and evaluation, guideline for implementation, and continual improvement of EA implementation. The aim of this research is to develop an effective EAIM to support EA implementation. To fulfill this objective, the first step is to identify effective EA implementation practices and the factors that impact the effectiveness of EAIM. In this regard, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted in order to identify the effective practices and factors of EAIM. Secondly, the proposed EAIM is developed based on the foundations and information extracted from the SLR and semi-structured interviews with EA practitioners. Finally, the proposed EAIM is evaluated by means of case study as the research methodology. The target audience for this research is twofold: (1) researchers who would extend the effective EA implementation and continue this research topic with further analysis and exploration; (2) practitioners who would like to employ an effective and lightweight EAIM for an EA project.

Assessing Business-IT Alignment Maturity and Application Architecture Components in Companies with Enterprise Architecture Implementation

A comprehensive program acts as an integrated force among various business aspects, such as objectives, organizational structure, processes, data, automation aspects and hardware program. This study aimed to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture. Business-IT effective alignment requires analyzing the business problems and changes at all levels. The business -IT interface must be based on transparent and consistent business requirements and information; in fact, business related solutions should interact with IT solutions (Consurtium, 2001). This article tried to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture.

Assessing Business-IT Alignment Maturity and Application Architecture Components in Companies with Enterprise Architecture Implementation

A comprehensive program acts as an integrated force among various business aspects, such as objectives, organizational structure, processes, data, automation aspects and hardware program. This study aimed to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture. Business-IT effective alignment requires analyzing the business problems and changes at all levels. The business -IT interface must be based on transparent and consistent business requirements and information; in fact, business related solutions should interact with IT solutions (Consurtium, 2001). This article tried to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture.

Dynamics of Enterprise Architecture in the Korean Public Sector: Transformational Change vs. Transactional Change

Enterprise architecture (EA) is one of the most important tools for implementing e-government effectively and delivering high-quality information technology services to citizens. To develop a robust EA research model with key success factors, we apply the theory of organizational change proposed by Burke and Litwin, using the concepts of transformational and transactional change. The analysis is conducted by using South Korea’s EA project launched in 2003. This study classifies EA implementation in the South Korean public sector into three stages and explains the characteristics of each stage from the organizational change perspective. We raise the issue of EA application level compounded by the problem of diverse EA definitions and discuss the difficulties of EA implementation based on the framework of organizational change. In addition, 20 EA experts are surveyed to confirm the findings of this study. Finally, we propose a new research model for future empirical study based on the presented findings. We believe that this study, as an in-depth review of EA implementation from an organizational change perspective, will benefit EA experts from a practical point of view, as well as academics from a research perspective.

A hybrid method for evaluating enterprise architecture implementation

Enterprise Architecture (EA) implementation evaluation provides a set of methods and practices for evaluating the EA implementation artefacts within an EA implementation project. There are insufficient practices in existing EA evaluation models in terms of considering all EA functions and processes, using structured methods in developing EA implementation, employing matured practices, and using appropriate metrics to achieve proper evaluation. The aim of this research is to develop a hybrid evaluation method that supports achieving the objectives of EA implementation. To attain this aim, the first step is to identify EA implementation evaluation practices. To this end, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted. Second, the proposed hybrid method was developed based on the foundation and information extracted from the SLR, semi-structured interviews with EA practitioners, program theory evaluation and Information Systems (ISs) evaluation. Finally, the proposed method was validated by means of a case study and expert reviews. This research provides a suitable foundation for researchers who wish to extend and continue this research topic with further analysis and exploration, and for practitioners who would like to employ an effective and lightweight evaluation method for EA projects.

Putting Implementation into Enterprise Architecture Research

Enterprise architecture (EA) has provided organizations with powerful frameworks with which to plan, manage, model and coordinate the alignment of organizational IS/ IT portfolios with organizational strategy. However, for the benefits of EA to be realized, it needs to also contribute to the process of implementing the specified systems and platforms. Whilst implementation was seen by early authors as an integral aspect of the EA process, it has since generally been ignored by authors, or investigated through an ontological lens of discreet technical architecture activities that does not account for the social context of an EA implementation (EAI). Drawing on an actual case study of an EAI in a large Australian financial services organization, I examine the importance of the EAI process to the delivery of the systems and platforms specified in the EA plans and highlight an alternative perspective that has the potential to sensitize scholars and practitioners appreciate to the social context of an EAI.

Assessment of Enterprise Architecture Implementation Capability and Priority in Public Sector Agency

The objective of this study is to assess the capability and priority for Enterprise Architecture (EA) implementation in the context of Malaysian public sector agency. This study uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the judgments and opinions of EA team members from three different agencies at federal level. There are 27 assessment criteria which are grouped into six categories, Internal Process, Learning and Growth, Authority Support, Cost, Technology and Talent Management. The top capability of all cases is Internal Process and the top criteria for priority assessment is Authority Support. From the findings it can be concluded that AHP is a useful and cost effective method to assess, priorities and plan for EA implementation. Addressing the capability and priority criteria will ensure the optimum EA is implemented thus it shall reduce the risk of EA implementation failure.

Assessing Business-IT Alignment Maturity and Application Architecture Components in Companies with Enterprise Architecture Implementation

A comprehensive program acts as an integrated force among various business aspects, such as objectives, organizational structure, processes, data, automation aspects and hardware program. This study aimed to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture. Business-IT effective alignment requires analyzing the business problems and changes at all levels. The business -IT interface must be based on transparent and consistent business requirements and information; in fact, business related solutions should interact with IT solutions (Consurtium, 2001). This article tried to examine the business-IT alignment through the alignment between the components of enterprise architecture.

An Effectiveness Model for Enterprise Architecture Methodologies

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is employed by enterprises for providing integrated environment to support the alignment of enterprise's business and Information Technology (IT). EA Implementation Methodology (EAIM) provides methods for managing, developing, and maintaining EA implementation. Several EAIMs have been proposed in literature; however effectiveness of EAIM has mostly been anecdotal, and research on this subject is still scant in the academic circles. This research is a survey study on the factors that affect the effectiveness of EAIM using quantitative approach. This study aims to explore the factors that affect the effectiveness of EAIM and proposed the effectiveness model for EAIMs. The exploratory factor analysis highlights a specific set of five factors: alignment, adaptiveness, support, binding, and innovation. The regression analysis shows that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between each of the five factors and the effectiveness of EAIM. The findings contribute to the measurement of the EA implementation's effectiveness by providing an indication of the measurement implementation approaches which is used by the EA practitioners. Moreover, the proposed model can be used on developing an effective EAIM.