Necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns - non-specific inflammation of the intestine, predominantly in preterm infants, which puts a child's life at risk when it progresses. Despite the large number of studies of foreign and domestic scientists in the study of etiology and pathogenesis, clinical, laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of NEC, this disease remains one of the leading causes of infant mortality in intensive care units. Clinical symptoms of NEC can be manifested from intolerance to nutrition and intestinal paresis to severe peritonitis and multiple organ failure, and most diagnostic methods have high specificity but insufficient sensitivity or vice versa. The detection of early symptoms and progression symptoms of the NEC allows you to choose the best treatment tactics and improve your results. Therefore, differential diagnosis on the basis of clinical, instrumental and laboratory studies plays an important role in the diagnosis and determination of the stages of the NEC. The success of NEC treatment depends not only on timely diagnosis and evidence of surgical treatment, but also on the depth and distribution of bowel damage. Currently, there are no reliable non-invasive methods for diagnosis of the spread and depth of damage to the intestinal wall under the NEC. The terms of pre-operative preparation, the scope and type of surgical treatment remain controversial.Objective. The purpose of the study is to determine the diagnostic value of early symptoms in the development and progression of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns of different gestational age.Materials and Methods. The work is based on studying the results of treatment of 94 newborns with NECs who were on treatment in the department of intensive care and pathology of newborns "Dniepropetrovsk Specialized Clinical Medical Center of Mother and Child. prof. MFRudneva "DOR" in 2015-2018. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical, instrumental (ultrasound, doppler, x-ray), laboratory and bacteriological studies. Patients were divided in terms of treatment tactics into two groups: the first group consisted of patients with NEC who did not require surgical intervention (uncomplicated NEC) (n = 71), the second group included patients requiring surgery (complicated by the NEC) ( n = 23). Additionally, patients in both groups performed intra-abdominal pressure measurements.Measurement of abdominal circumference in all patients with NECs was performed at the navel level in at least three measurements taken at intervals of 4-6 hours.Initial treatment was the same for patients in both groups and included: decompression of the stomach, complete parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy.Results and discussion. Increased symptoms of inability to enter into the stomach (inferiority syndrome), congestive growth in the stomach, auscultation of peristaltic bowel sounds, bloating, pain and / or tightness of the stomach accompanied the deterioration of the general condition of patients and the development of complicated forms of NEC.The appearance of a venous figure on the anterior abdominal wall and its pronounced nature over time, hyperemia and edema of the anterior abdominal wall and external genital organs revealed the presence of intraperitoneal hypertension and intra-abdominal circulation disturbance as a result of reduced perfusion pressure and inflammatory changes in the peritoneum.The increase in the abdominal circumference in patients of the I group was not more than 5 mm in the previous measurement, with the progression of the HEC and the development of complicated forms of NEC, the increase in abdominal circumference was 7 mm larger than the previous results.The main diagnostic tool for detecting progression and complications of NEC was the performance of X-ray of the abdominal cavity. X-ray of the abdominal cavity was performed for all patients with a suspicion on a NEC in a straight projection in an upright position. The most common X-ray symptoms of complicated NECs were the discovery of pneumoperitoneum, free fluid in the abdominal cavity and non-peristaltic static bowel loop. Also, the data obtained indicate that patients with complicated forms of NEC disease are accompanied by a significant increase in intraabdominal pressure, mainly due to sequestration of fluid in the third space, increasing intestinal paresis and its edema. If you do not diagnose and not eliminate a significant increase in intra-abdominal pressure, this leads to a violation of capillary perfusion of the internal organs, which leads to further ischemia and the development of abdominal compartment - a syndrome.When diagnosing pneumoperitoneum, ascites on the background of NEC or with the advent of clinical symptomatology, the progression of HEC (to exclude a hidden perforation) under ultrasound control was performed for all patients under local anesthesia abdominocentesis. In the case of a positive result of abdominocentesis, drainage of the abdominal cavity was performedConclusions. Among the early clinical syndromes that characterize the progression of the NEC, it is necessary to pay attention to the growth of the syndrome of enteral insufficiency. An increase in the incidence of intra-abdominal hypertension is an early symptom of the progression of the NEC.
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Apr 17, 2019
Agnieszka Kordek 
Open Access