Entanglement Concurrence Research Articles

Generalized coherence concurrence and path distinguishability

We propose a new family of coherence monotones, named the generalized coherence concurrence (or coherence k-concurrence), which is an analogous concept to the generalized entanglement concurrence. The coherence k-concurrence of a state is nonzero if and only if the coherence number (a recently introduced discrete coherence monotone) of the state is not smaller than k, and a state can be converted to a state with nonzero entanglement k-concurrence via incoherent operations if and only if the state has nonzero coherence k-concurrence. We apply the coherence concurrence family to the problem of wave-particle duality in multi-path interference phenomena. We obtain a sharper equation for path distinguishability (which witnesses the duality) than the known one and show that the amount of each concurrence for the quanton state determines the number of slits which are identified unambiguously.

Tight upper bound for the maximal quantum value of the Svetlichny operators

It is a challenging task to detect genuine multipartite nolocality (GMNL). In this paper, the problem is considered via computing the maximal quantum value of Svetlichny operators for three-qubit systems and a tight upper bound is obtained. The constraints on the quantum states for the tightness of the bound are also presented. The approach enables us to give the necessary and sufficient conditions of violating the Svetlichny inequalities (SI) for several quantum states, including the white and color noised GHZ states. The relation between the genuine multipartite entanglement concurrence and the maximal quantum value of the Svetlichny operators for mixed GHZ class states is also discussed. As the SI is useful for the investigation on GMNL, our results give an effective and operational method to detect the GMNL for three-qubit mixed states.

Operational one-to-one mapping between coherence and entanglement measures

We establish a general operational one-to-one mapping between coherence measures and entanglement measures: Any entanglement measure of bipartite pure states is the minimum of a suitable coherence measure over product bases. Any coherence measure of pure states, with extension to mixed states by convex roof, is the maximum entanglement generated by incoherent operations acting on the system and an incoherent ancilla. Remarkably, the generalized CNOT gate is the universal optimal incoherent operation. In this way, all convex-roof coherence measures, including the coherence of formation, are endowed with (additional) operational interpretations. By virtue of this connection, many results on entanglement can be translated to the coherence setting, and vice versa. As applications, we provide tight observable lower bounds for generalized entanglement concurrence and coherence concurrence, which enable experimentalists to quantify entanglement and coherence of the maximal dimension in real experiments.

Genuine multipartite nonlocality in the one-dimensional ferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain

Genuine multipartite entanglement has been found in some spin chain systems. However, genuine multipartite nonlocality, which is much rarer than genuine multipartite entanglement, has never been found in any spin chain system. Here we present genuine multipartite nonlocality in a spin chain system. After introducing the definition of genuine multipartite nonlocality and a multipartite Bell-type inequality, we construct a group of joint measurements for the inequality in a one-dimensional ferromagnetic $N$-qubit chain with nearest-neighbor XXZ interaction, and many violations to the inequality have been found. The violations do indicate that genuine multipartite nonlocality exists in this ferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain system. Last but not least, we also calculate genuine multipartite entanglement concurrence in the same spin chain to demonstrate the difference and relationship between genuine multipartite nonlocality and genuine multipartite entanglement.

Fano Effect and Quantum Entanglement in Hybrid Semiconductor Quantum Dot-Metal Nanoparticle System.

In this paper, we review the investigation for the light-matter interaction between surface plasmon field in metal nanoparticle (MNP) and the excitons in semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) in hybrid SQD-MNP system under the full quantum description. The exciton-plasmon interaction gives rise to the modified decay rate and the exciton energy shift which are related to the exciton energy by using a quantum transformation method. We illustrate the responses of the hybrid SQD-MNP system to external field, and reveal Fano effect shown in the absorption spectrum. We demonstrate quantum entanglement between two SQD mediated by surface plasmon field. In the absence of a laser field, concurrence of quantum entanglement will disappear after a few ns. If the laser field is present, the steady states appear, so that quantum entanglement produced will reach a steady-state entanglement. Because one of all optical pathways to induce Fano effect refers to the generation of quantum entangled states, It is shown that the concurrence of quantum entanglement can be obtained by observation for Fano effect. In a hybrid system including two MNP and a SQD, because the two Fano quantum interference processes share a segment of all optical pathways, there is correlation between the Fano effects of the two MNP. The investigations for the light-matter interaction in hybrid SQD-MNP system can pave the way for the development of the optical processing devices and quantum information based on the exciton-plasmon interaction.

Measuring coherence with entanglement concurrence

Quantum coherence is a fundamental manifestation of the quantum superposition principle. Recently, Baumgratz et al (2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 140401) presented a rigorous framework to quantify coherence from the view of theory of physical resource. Here we propose a new valid quantum coherence measure which is a convex roof measure, for a quantum system of arbitrary dimension, essentially using the generalized Gell-Mann matrices. Rigorous proof shows that the proposed coherence measure, coherence concurrence, fulfills all the requirements dictated by the resource theory of quantum coherence measures. Moreover, strong links between the resource frameworks of coherence concurrence and entanglement concurrence is derived, which shows that any degree of coherence with respect to some reference basis can be converted to entanglement via incoherent operations. Our work provides a clear quantitative and operational connection between coherence and entanglement based on two kinds of concurrence. This new coherence measure, coherence concurrence, may also be beneficial to the study of quantum coherence.

Quantum correlations responsible for remote state creation: strong and weak control parameters

We study the quantum correlations between the two remote qubits (sender and receiver) connected by the transmission line (homogeneous spin-1/2 chain) depending on the parameters of the sender’s and receiver’s initial states (control parameters). We consider two different measures of quantum correlations: the entanglement (a traditional measure) and the informational correlation (based on the parameter exchange between the sender and receiver). We find the domain in the control parameter space yielding (i) zero entanglement between the sender and receiver during the whole evolution period and (ii) non-vanishing informational correlation between the sender and receiver, thus showing that the informational correlation is responsible for the remote state creation. Among the control parameters, there are the strong parameters (which strongly effect the values of studied measures) and the weak ones (whose effect is negligible), therewith the eigenvalues of the initial state are given a privileged role. We also show that the problem of small entanglement (concurrence) in quantum information processing is similar (in certain sense) to the problem of small determinants in linear algebra. A particular model of 40-node spin-1/2 communication line is presented.

两纠缠二能级原子与单模光场相互作用的纠缠动力学过程研究

在光原子相互作用系统中，考虑两二能级原子间的偶极–偶极相互作用对原子间纠缠动力学过程的影响。研究表明：原子间的偶极–偶极相互作用对量子纠缠(共生纠缠度)动力学振荡过程具有抑制作用，当偶极–偶极相互为零时，量子纠缠呈双周期振荡效果，当偶极–偶极相互作用增强时，振荡频率逐渐降低，当偶极–偶极相互作用远大于原子与库环境相互作用强度时，量子纠缠呈明显的余弦振荡，其振荡频率为 。 The influence of dipole-dipole interactions between the two two-level entangled atoms for dynamics of quantum entanglement is studied in the system of matter-field interaction in quantum optics. The results show that the dipole-dipole interaction is capable to suppress dynamics of quantum entanglement (concurrence). If we have no regard for the dipole-dipole interaction, the dynamic of quantum entanglement is periodic oscillation including two different frequencies. Meanwhile, the frequency is decreasing with the increasing of the dipole-dipole interaction. When this interaction is much larger than that between the atoms and independent the single-mode field (modeled as extern environment), the process of dynamic of quantum entanglement is cosine oscillation with frequency .

Remote creation of quantum coherence

We study remote creation of coherence (RCC) for a quantum system, A, with the help of quantum operations on another system, B, and one-way classical communication.We show that all the nonincoherent quantum states are useful for RCC and all the incoherent-quantum states are not. The necessary and sufficient conditions of RCC for the quantum operations on system B are presented for pure states. The upper bound of average RCC is derived, giving a relation among the entanglement (concurrence), the RCC of the given quantum state, and the RCC of the corresponding maximally entangled state. Moreover, for two-qubit systems we find a simple factorization law for the average remote-created coherence.

Nuclear quadrupole resonance of spin 3/2 and entangled two-qubit states

A single spin- possessing a quadrupole moment and placed in a non-uniform electric field, is isomorphic to a system of two spins of which can be represented as two qubits. To create these qubits, the degeneracy of the energy levels is removed by applying two radio-frequency fields with different phases and directions. The properties of entanglement between two qubits are studied. We analyze the concurrence, the entropy of entanglement, and fluctuations of the entropy in the pure and mixed states. Concurrence and entropy of entanglement in a mixed state increase with decreasing temperature and approach to their values in a pure state. For a nucleus Cu in high temperature superconductor the estimation of the temperature, at which entanglement appears, gives 0.8 μK.

Majorana entanglement bridge

We study the concurrence of entanglement between two quantum dots in contact to Majorana bound states on a floating superconducting island. The distance between the Majorana states, the charging energy of the island, and the average island charge are shown to be decisive parameters for the efficiency of entanglement generation. We find that long-range entanglement with basically distance-independent concurrence is possible over wide parameter regions, where the proposed setup realizes a "Majorana entanglement bridge". We also study the time-dependent concurrence obtained after one of the tunnel couplings is suddenly switched on, which reveals the timescales for generating entanglement. Accurate analytical expressions for the concurrence are derived both for the static and the time-dependent case. Our results indicate that entanglement formation in interacting Majorana devices can be fully understood in terms of an interplay of elastic cotunneling (also referred to as "teleportation") and crossed Andreev reflection processes.

Geometric measure of quantum discord for entanglement of Dirac fields in noninertial frames

We investigate the geometric measure of quantum discord of all possible bipartite divisions of a tripartite system of Dirac fields in noninertial frames. As a comparison, we calculate the geometric measure of entanglement. We discuss the properties of geometric measure of quantum discord and geometric measure of entanglement for three qubit–qubit subsystems with acceleration parameter and the parameter describing the degree of entanglement the system in detail. We have found a conservative relationship involving two of three geometric discords in some condition and another conservative relationship involving three geometric discords for initially maximally entangled states. By the way, we also report some conservative relationships of concurrence, mutual information and geometric measure of entanglement for two bipartite subsystems.

Protecting quantum entanglement at finite temperature by the weak measurements

According to the map of a qubit, a scheme for protecting entanglement of two-qubit by the weak measurements at finite temperature is proposed. Since the choices of the channel parameters and initial states are very different for different weak measurement strengths, two local unitary equivalent initial entangled states |ψ> and |φ> are chosen. Weak measurements are performed when two initial entangled states go through the generalized amplitude damping channel, and the analytical expressions of getting maximum concurrence entanglement Cr and weak measurement parameters m and n can be obtained by performing an overall optimization for four weak measurement parameters. What is more, the relationship between the weak measurement parameters and the channel parameters is further explored. Theoretical results show the entanglement protection project based on weak measurements can effectively enhance the entanglement and even prevent the sudden death of entanglement in some cases. When the channel parameter r is fixed, for different values of parameter p, the concurrence is centered at p = 0.5, and the weak measurement parameters of the maximum concurrence entanglement are the same as those for initial state |ψ>, while they are different for initial state |φ>. Under the condition of different values of r, for the fixed p and initial state |ψ> or |φ>, the weak measurement parameters remain constant as the entanglement reaches the maximum and the concurrence decreases with the increase of parameter r. Through the analysis of channel parameters, higher entanglement can be obtained by choosing appropriate channel parameters and initial state.

Quantum correlations and entanglement in far-from-equilibrium spin systems

By applying complementary analytic and numerical methods, we investigate the dynamics of spin-$1/2$ XXZ models with variable-range interactions in arbitrary dimensions. The dynamics we consider is initiated from uncorrelated states that are easily prepared in experiments, and can be equivalently viewed as either Ramsey spectroscopy or a quantum quench. Our primary focus is the dynamical emergence of correlations and entanglement in these far-from-equilibrium interacting quantum systems: we characterize these correlations by the entanglement entropy, concurrence, and squeezing, which are inequivalent measures of entanglement corresponding to different quantum resources. In one spatial dimension, we show that the time evolution of correlation functions manifests a non-perturbative dynamic singularity. This singularity is characterized by a universal power-law exponent that is insensitive to small perturbations. Explicit realizations of these models in current experiments using polar molecules, trapped ions, Rydberg atoms, magnetic atoms, and alkaline-earth and alkali atoms in optical lattices, along with the relative merits and limitations of these different systems, are discussed.

Correlation evolution and monogamy of two geometric quantum discords in multipartite systems

We explore two different geometric quantum discords defined respectively via the trace norm (GQD-1) and Hilbert-Schmidt norm (GQD-2) in multipartite systems. A rigorous hierarchy relation is revealed for the two GQDs in a class of symmetric two-qubit $X$-shape states. For multiqubit pure states, it is found that both GQDs are related to the entanglement concurrence, with the hierarchy relation being saturated. Furthermore, we look into a four-partite dynamical system consisting of two cavities interacting with independent reservoirs. It is found that the GQD-2 can exhibit various sudden change behaviours, while the GQD-1 only evolves asymptotically, with the two GQDs exhibiting different monogamous properties.

Entanglement universality of two-qubit X-states

We demonstrate that for every two-qubit state there is a X-counterpart, i.e., a corresponding two-qubit X-state of same spectrum and entanglement, as measured by concurrence, negativity or relative entropy of entanglement. By parametrizing the set of two-qubit X-states and a family of unitary transformations that preserve the sparse structure of a two-qubit X-state density matrix, we obtain the parametric form of a unitary transformation that converts arbitrary two-qubit states into their X-counterparts. Moreover, we provide a semi-analytic prescription on how to set the parameters of this unitary transformation in order to preserve concurrence or negativity. We also explicitly construct a set of X-state density matrices, parametrized by their purity and concurrence, whose elements are in one-to-one correspondence with the points of the concurrence versus purity (CP) diagram for generic two-qubit states.

Entanglement monogamy relations of qubit systems

We investigate the monogamy relations related to the concurrence and the entanglement of formation. General monogamy inequalities given by the {\alpha}th power of concurrence and entanglement of formation are presented for N-qubit states. The monogamy relation for entanglement of assistance is also established. Based on these general monogamy relations, the residual entanglement of concurrence and entanglement of formation are studied. Some relations among the residual entanglement, entanglement of assistance, and three tangle are also presented.

Detection of nonlocal atomic entanglement assisted by single photons

We present an efficient way for measuring the entanglement of atoms. The concurrence of atomic entanglement can be obtained according to the probability of picking up the singlet states of the atoms. In this protocol, we require the phenomenon of optical Faraday rotation, but the entangled atoms do not need to be in contact with each other and the atomic entanglement can be distributed nonlocally. Moreover, our way of measuring the concurrence for atoms can also be suitable for other solid systems, such as quantum dots inside microcavities and the nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) defect centers in diamonds, which can also induce the optical Faraday rotation. All these advantages provide important applications in future distributed quantum computations.

Entanglement and Sudden Death of a Nonlinear Two-Level-Atom Pair Interacting with a Radiation Field

We study the entanglement between a pair of two-level atoms simultaneously interacting via a singlemode thermal field. The Hamiltonian also describes a two-photon process. The entanglement between a nonlinear atom-field interacting system is also studied using atomic and field entropy changes. We use concurrence to detect the sudden death phenomenon. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between entropy changes and concurrence entanglement. Our results show that the behavior of the entropy change is in agreement with the behavior of the concurrence when we measure the entanglement between the two-subsystem structure.

Entanglement and quantum spin glass

The paper reviews the entanglement behavior of a 2-qubit system in a quantum spin glass using the Heisenberg XX model and the interaction of the system with a spin glass bath environment. In the first part, we study the entanglement (concurrence) for a 3- and 4-qubit with nearest neighbor interaction. With a fixed mean and varying standard deviation for the J coupling, the concurrence is numerically plotted with temperature for the different configurations. A general formula for the concurrence is given for n qubits at low temperature. In the second part, we study the concurrence of a 2-qubit system coupled to a spin glass bath environment with n = 2 to ≥ 4 qubits. The bath sites are coupled with random J coupling and varying applied magnetic field. A general formula for concurrence is given for mean J = 0 and B = 0 for n bath sites. For small random J and magnetic field B, a steady state is obtained with an approximate concurrence of 0.5, showing that the entanglement is preserved.