Concept Of Entanglement Research Articles

Facebook v. Sullivan: Building Constitutional Law for Online Speech

In the United States, there are now two systems to adjudicate disputes about harmful speech. The first is older and more established: the legal system in which judges apply constitutional law to limit tort claims alleging injuries caused by speech. The second is newer and less familiar: the content-moderation system in which platforms like Facebook implement the rules that govern online speech. These platforms are not bound by the First Amendment. But, as it turns out, they rely on many of the tools used by courts to resolve tensions between regulating harmful speech and preserving free expression—particularly the entangled concepts of “public figures” and “newsworthiness.” This Article offers the first empirical analysis of how judges and content moderators have used these two concepts to shape the boundaries of free speech. It first introduces the legal doctrines developed by the “Old Governors,” exploring how courts have shaped the constitutional concepts of public figures and newsworthiness in the face of tort claims for defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Article then turns to the “New Governors” and examines how Facebook’s content-moderation system channeled elements of the courts’ reasoning for imposing First Amendment limits on tort liability. By exposing the similarities and differences between how the two systems have understood these concepts, this Article offers lessons for both courts and platforms as they confront new challenges posed by online speech. It exposes the pitfalls of using algorithms to identify public figures; explores the diminished utility of setting rules based on voluntary involvement in public debate; and analyzes the dangers of ad hoc and unaccountable newsworthiness determinations. Both courts and platforms must adapt to the new speech ecosystem that companies like Facebook have helped create, particularly the way that viral content has shifted normative intuitions about who deserves harsher rules in disputes about harmful speech, be it in law or content moderation. Finally, the Article concludes by exploring what this comparison reveals about the structural role platforms play in today’s speech ecosystem and how it illuminates new solutions. These platforms act as legislature, executive, judiciary, and press—but without any separation of powers to establish checks and balances. A change to this model is already occurring at one platform: Facebook is creating a new Oversight Board that will hopefully provide due process to users on the platform’s speech decisions and transparency about how content-moderation policy is made, including how concepts related to newsworthiness and public figures are applied.

‘Doing’ media studies: The media lab as entangled media praxis

Typically understood in relation to innovations in new media and modes of peer-production, the ‘media lab’ has emerged as a contemporary phenomenon encompassing a variety of ‘maker-spaces’, ‘fablabs’ and ‘hackathons’. This article seeks to resituate the ‘media lab’ in the context of media research and education, drawing inspiration from the recent ‘nonrepresentational’ and ‘nonhuman’ turns in media and cultural theory that examine our entanglement with media on a social, cultural and biological level (Grusin, 2015b; Thrift, 2007; Vannini, 2015; Zylinska, 2012). This article contributes to such debates by presenting the lab as entangled media praxis as a set of 10 principles for teaching media as mediation: a reflexive form of ‘doing’ contemporary media studies that is primarily concerned with developing an embodied ‘attunement’ to the entangled relations of media lab participants. This framework calls for transdisciplinary modes of practice research and ‘critical making’, whereby students, artists, creative technologists and academics work collaboratively to address the affective and subjective conditions of contemporary digital culture. This article will explore these methods in relation to the concept of media entanglement, drawing out the underlying principles of the ‘entangled media praxis’ framework by examining two pilot media labs facilitated by the Arts Council England-funded project, 1215.today.

Structure, shape, topology: entangled concepts in molecular chemistry

The concepts of molecular structure and molecular shape are ubiquitous in the chemical literature, where they are often taken as synonyms, with unavoidable drawbacks in chemistry teaching. A third concept, molecular topology, is less frequent but it is a reference term in molecular research domains such as Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships. The present paper proposes an epistemological analysis of these three notions, aimed at clarifying the nature of their relationship, as well as the contiguities and differences between them. At first, we discuss the various acceptations of the terms molecular structure and molecular shape. Then, we examine some crucial milestones in the history of these concepts and we analyse the relationship between structure, shape and topology from an epistemological viewpoint. We point out the distinguishing features of each concept and we show that their semantic openness, that may be fruitful in a specialized context, turns into a source of incoherence and inaccuracy in the teaching context, fostered by the misleading use of these terms made by textbooks. Eventually, we propose a criterion fit to discriminate between the conceptual domains of molecular shape, molecular structure and molecular topology.

Pre-Service Teacher’s Views on the use of Metaphors for Describing the Concepts of Uncertainty and Entanglement in Teaching Quantum Physics

Quantum physics is a fundamental theory of physics heavily relying on its description by mathematical structures. However, its successful handling ensures in no way its conceptual understanding. So teaching quantum physics in high school faces the problem of adequate strategies. Often visualisations are used in order to provide anchors for students. These have to be chosen carefully to avoid misconceptions. At the same time an adequate verbal explanation of quantum phenomena or of their visualization is sought as physics language is shaped by classical physics. As an additional method for teaching we propose the use of metaphors for making the quantum physical mechanisms more insightful without interference from classical physics.

Multidimensional Numbers and Semantic Numeration Systems:Theoretical Foundation and Application

In this article, we present a new class of numeration systems, namely Semantic Numeration Systems. The methodological background and theoretical foundations of such systems are considered. The concepts of abstract entity, entanglement and valence of abstract entities, and the topology of the numeration system are introduced. The proposed classification of semantic numeration systems allows to choose the numeration system depending on the problem being solved. Examples of the use of a two-dimensional number system for image compression problems and computation of a two-dimensional convolution are given.

Quantum Computing Concepts with Deutsch Jozsa Algorithm

In this paper, we briefly review the basic concepts of quantum computation, entanglement, quantum cryptography and quantum fourier transform.  Quantum algorithms like Deutsch Jozsa, Shor’s  factorization and Grover’s data search are developed using fourier transform and quantum computation concepts to build quantum computers. Researchers are finding a way to build quantum computer that works more efficiently than classical computer. Among the standard well known algorithms in the field of quantum computation and communication we describe mathematically Deutsch Jozsa algorithm in detail for 2 and 3 qubits. Calculation of balanced and unbalanced states is shown in the mathematical description of the algorithm.

"Incomprehensible Contexture[s]": Laurence Sterne and David Hume on Entanglement

This article takes Laurence Sterne and David Hume as two extreme cases of how writers think, feel, and write about the figure and concept of entanglement in the late Enlightenment. The late Enlightenment was an era defined, or so I claim, by an intense investment in and anxiety over relations—among people, objects, ideas, systems, and events. More than any other figure, entanglement registers that simultaneous interest in and aversion to connections. Reading between Sterne—an arch-entangler—and Hume—an arch-separator—we see not only an old trope suddenly taking on new meaning, but also a fraught transition from the Enlightenment to Romanticism.

Continuous variable polarization entanglement in microwave domain

As a widely utilized information carrier, polarization microwave shows plenty of merits. Quantum microwave is booming gradually due to the development of superconducting technology, which makes it a promising potential to apply quantum entanglement to polarization microwave. In this paper, we introduce the concept of continuous variable polarization entanglement. Meanwhile, a scheme of polarization entanglement in microwave domain is proposed and simulated. The detail derivations are given and discussed. Polarization entangled microwaves are prepared by combining quadrature entangled signals and strong coherent signals on polarization beam splitters, and quadrature entangled signals are prepared by utilizing Josephson mixer. In order to probe the polarization entanglement between output signals, inseparability of Stokes vectors <inline-formula><tex-math id="M12">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_1},{\hat S_2})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M12.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M12.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M13">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_2},{\hat S_3})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M13.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M13.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, is analyzed in 100 MHz operation bandwidth of Josephson mixer. The relation between inseparability <i>I</i> and squeezing degree <i>r</i> and between inseparability <i>I</i> and amplitude ratio <i>Q</i> are analyzed respectively. The results show that <inline-formula><tex-math id="M14">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_1},{\hat S_2})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M14.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M14.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> is sensitive to the variation of <i>Q</i>, while <inline-formula><tex-math id="M15">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_2},{\hat S_3})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M15.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M15.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> is sensitive to the change of <i>r</i>. The physical reasons for these results are explored and discussed. Apart from these, <inline-formula><tex-math id="M16">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_1},{\hat S_2})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M16.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M16.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> remains its value above 1 under the condition in this paper, but on the contrary, <inline-formula><tex-math id="M17">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_2},{\hat S_3})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M17.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M17.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> keeps its value well below 1. It proves that <inline-formula><tex-math id="M18">\begin{document}${\hat S_2}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M18.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M18.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M19">\begin{document}${\hat S_3}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M19.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M19.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> of Stokes vectors are inseparable from each other, thus output signals <inline-formula><tex-math id="M20">\begin{document}${\hat E_a}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M20.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M20.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M21">\begin{document}${\hat E_b}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M21.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M21.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> of our scheme exhibit bipartite entanglement. The best entanglement appears nearly at about 70 MHz, at this point the minimum <inline-formula><tex-math id="M22">\begin{document}$I({\hat S_2},{\hat S_3})$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M22.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20181911_M22.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> value is 0.25.

Quantum Decoherence

The central argument in this essay is that while the concept of entanglement offers materialism the promise of a conceptually rich field of new “entangled” entities, by itself, entanglement is ill-equipped to contend with the thorny questions of how power is organized among those entities. This essay proposes that decoherence provides a welcome complement to entanglement.

Tensor-Centric Warfare VI: A Global Warfare Model

We propose a global warfare model that integrates the models of the whole tensor-centric warfare series, represented as a high-dimensional entangled warfare category. Its underpinning metaphysics is “entangled fusion”: this is the macroscopic entanglement concept inspired by high-dimensional (HD) quantum computation (the “quantum brain”), in which any number of entangled wave-functions can be highly correlated, with neuron-like signaling among them. From this entangled perspective, war and battle is seen essentially as a holistic phenomenon: if any one of a set of mutually entangled warring parties is removed from the equation, then the war as it is instantly stops, possibly to be replaced by a new conflict between the remaining parties but distinct from that which it supplants. The formal global warfare framework developed in this paper expresses this fundamental idea of arbitrary many interrelated/entangled conflicts, each of them defined by its own battle-manifold (with warfighting tensor fields acting on it) and occurring (more-or-less) simultaneously on the planet; we call this entangled category

Lasers, stability, and numbers

Can insight familiar from quantum physics be used to uncover unsuspected features of classical dynamical systems? Is it possible to discover signatures of familiar quantum concepts in the realm of classical dynamics? For the wide class of systems governed by polynomial equations of motion, this paper argues that the concept of entanglement has a purely classical analogon, illustrating the analogy analytically for two paradigmatic systems, in one and in two-dimensions. The analogy emerges from properties of simple equations of motion of lasers, by demonstrating that complete sets of periodic modes may be encoded into a single orbital equation, a mode carrier, which parameterizes the entire set. The open question of mode isomorphism is also briefly addressed in the context above. Carriers provide a fresh technique for tracking and controlling classical dynamical systems, putting the emphasis on the study of orbital equations instead of orbital points.

Entropic Uncertainty Relations, Entanglement and Quantum Gravity Effects via the Generalised Uncertainty Principle


 
 
 
 We apply the generalised uncertainty principle (GUP) to the entropic uncertainty relation conditions on quantum entanglement. In particular, we study the GUP corrections to the Shannon entropic uncertainty condition for entanglement. We combine previous work on the Shannon entropy entanglement criterion for bipartite systems and the GUP corrections to the Shannon entropy for a single system to calculate the GUP correction for an entangled bipartite system. As in an earlier paper of the second author, which dealt with variance relations, it is shown that there is an increase in the upper bound for the entanglement condition upon the application of the generalised uncertainty principle. Necessary fundamental concepts of the generalised uncertainty principle, entanglement and the entropic uncertainty relations are also discussed. This paper puts together the concepts of entanglement, entropic uncertainty relations and the generalised uncertainty principle all of which have been separately discussed in pedagogical papers by Schroeder, Majernik et al., Blado et al. and Sprenger.
 
 
 
 

Entanglement wedge reconstruction and entanglement of purification

In the holographic correspondence, subregion duality posits that knowledge of the mixed state of a finite spacelike region of the boundary theory allows full reconstruction of a specific region of the bulk, known as the entanglement wedge. This statement has been proven for local bulk operators. In this paper, specializing first for simplicity to a Rindler wedge of hbox {AdS}_3, we find that generic curves within the wedge are in fact not fully reconstructible with entanglement entropies in the corresponding boundary region, even after using the most general variant of hole-ography, which was recently shown to suffice for reconstruction of arbitrary spacelike curves in the Poincaré patch. This limitation is an analog of the familiar phenomenon of entanglement shadows, which we call ‘entanglement shade’. We overcome it by showing that the information about the nonreconstructible curve segments is encoded in a slight generalization of the concept of entanglement of purification, whose holographic dual has been discussed very recently. We introduce the notion of ‘differential purification’, and demonstrate that, in combination with differential entropy, it enables the complete reconstruction of all spacelike curves within an arbitrary entanglement wedge in any 3-dimensional bulk geometry.

Revisiting Entanglement within the Bohmian Approach to Quantum Mechanics.

We revisit the concept of entanglement within the Bohmian approach to quantum mechanics. Inspired by Bohmian dynamics, we introduce two partial measures for the amount of entanglement corresponding to a pure state of a pair of quantum particles. One of these measures is associated with the statistical correlations exhibited by the joint probability density of the two Bohmian particles in configuration space. The other partial measure corresponds to the correlations associated with the phase of the joint wave function, and describes the non-separability of the Bohmian velocity field. The sum of these two components is equal to the total entanglement of the joint quantum state, as measured by the linear entropy of the single-particle reduced density matrix.

An agential realist perspective on the construction and flow of knowledge: the case of dynamic entanglement and “cuts” within an aircraft engine manufacturing workplace

PurposeThis paper aims to show agential realism as the basis for a pertinent framework with regard to the entwined, on-going and interpretative aspects of knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThe knowledge flow phenomenon in the form of entanglement and agential “cuts” within the workplace is studied and described across a phenomenological ethnographic case study of two workgroups within an aircraft engine manufacturing context.FindingsThe boundary construction phenomenon is a key process helping us to depict knowledge entanglement (tacit and explicit) across dialogue and non-verbal actions. Dialogue brings forth the aspect of knowledge as interpretations or “cuts.” A phenomenological analysis allows us to identify and describe various levels of tacit–explicit knowledge entanglement depending on the mode of coping at hand. Also highlighted was the importance of heuristics carried out by knowledge experts, often in the form of abduction (i.e. leading to rules of thumb).Research limitations/implicationsIt is acknowledged that the relatively narrow context of the empirical work limits the ability to generalize the findings and arguments. As such, additional work is required to investigate the validity of the findings across a wider spectrum of workgroup contexts.Practical implicationsAgential realism allows for the analysis of organizations as a world of practice and actions, whereby long-established categories can be requestioned and challenged with the aim of sharing the full richness and benefit of embodied knowledge between human actors.Originality/valueEthnographic descriptions of the entwined nature of tacit and explicit knowledge, the embodied and activity-based dimension of knowledge and learning, as well as the characteristic of knowledge as possession, correspond well to an agential realist concept of phenomenon, entanglement and cuts. Furthermore, agential realism offers the opportunity to view the workplace as individuals (or groups) who act out embodied tacit-explicit knowledge in conjunction with non-human entities (such as objects, as well as communication and information technologies), with the latter acting as enhancers of knowledge creation and sharing.

Language, entanglement and the new Silk Roads

Observers have tended to place the Silk Road proposals in the context of ‘China’s rise’, and its increasing influence and interests in Central, South and South-East Asia. From a realist perspective, China, like any expanding state, poses a potential threat. From a liberal angle, it is expanding the space for cooperation. Both models rely on an individualist ontology that highlights the interests of individual states. The potential of the Silk Roads looks somewhat different if approached from the perspective of a more relational ontology and a concept of entanglement. We draw on a few claims from Alexander Wendt’s (2015) recent book as a framework for examining the emerging reality of the new ‘Silk Roads’. What are the implications of this ontological shift for thinking about the Chinese ‘Silk Road’ proposal? We develop three specific claims as part of a reflection on this context: first, language use is a form of measurement that shapes and transforms reality; second, language use is an expression of entanglement; and third, leaders have a large role in ‘collapsing wave functions’ around specific potentials. While some of the themes that arise in this discussion are compatible with other arguments about the role of language, the quantum angle provides a more explicit point of departure for discussing the ‘physical’ dimensions of language use, the multiple layers of meaning within which the OBOR is embedded and its relational ontology.

Entanglement increase from local interaction in the absence of initial quantum correlation in the environment and between the system and the environment

We consider a bipartite quantum system S=AB such that the part A is isolated from the environment E and only the part B interacts with E. Under such circumstances, entanglement of the system may experience decreases and increases, during the evolution of the system. Here, we show that the entanglement of the system can exceed its initial value, under such local interaction, even though, at the initial moment, there is no entanglement in the environment and the system and the environment are only classically correlated. The case which is studied in this paper possesses another interesting feature too: The reduced dynamics of the system can be modeled as a completely positive map. In addition, we introduce the concept of inaccessible entanglement to explain why entanglement can exceed its initial value, under local interactions, in open quantum systems.

Conceptualizing Cyber Deterrence by Entanglement

Conventional models of deterrence focus on the ability to deter adversaries through ex-ante threats that impose ex-post costs or through the elevation of ex-ante costs through strategies that deny. The imposition of costs on adversaries in cyberspace is extremely complex and the establishment deterrence by threat or denial is constrained by problems associated with resource asymmetries, attribution, and a diverse set of actors with overlapping capabilities. Due to these challenges, conventional models of deterrence have seen limited success in cyberspace. Rather than building more robust defenses or threatening retaliatory actions technical entanglement within cyberspace offers an alternative approach that might affect the decision-matrix of adversary states. This paper examines the concept of technical entanglement as a way of altering how states conceptualize offensive actions cyberspace and works towards building mutual inter-dependencies to make actions that disrupt, degrade or deny within cyberspace undesirable.

What Gets Inside: Violent Entanglements and Toxic Boundaries in Mexico City

Entanglement is a key concept in contemporary anthropology and science and technology studies. By tracing the contingent and uncertain relations that endow objects with seemingly stable boundaries, entanglement allows us to see how such boundaries restrict our ability to know the world better. This article examines the concept of entanglement in the context of contemporary life in a working-class Mexico City neighborhood, Colonia Periférico, and a longitudinal environmental health project that studies the neighborhood’s residents. While entanglement has its uses, the entanglement of working-class bodies with globalizing processes like NAFTA and the ongoing War on Drugs shows that the concept has its limits. For working-class residents, life is already deeply entangled with chronic economic and political instability shaped through the violent ravages of transnational capital. Instead, I trace how residents in Colonia Periférico secure stability through toxic boundaries that protectively keep out the disruptive effects of police and public health surveillance. Colonia Periférico’s boundaries, which include a sewage-filled dam, cement dust, and freeway exhaust, are clearly entangled with residents’ bodies. They get inside. These entanglements are the price paid for a remarkable stability, in which children can play on the streets and attentive care for drug-addicted and disabled residents is part of everyday life. With the goal of knowing the world better, then, we might complicate celebratory calls for the uncertainty of entanglement by taking into account both the practices that make boundaries and what boundaries have to offer.

Rethinking Climate Education: Climate as Entanglement

Climate change education often relies on climate science's mantra that climate change is human induced, not natural. In a posttruth world, this can seem unequivocally necessary. However, I worry that this perpetuates the human/nature dualism and may thus reiterate the very distinction we are seeking to transgress. In this article, I outline my efforts toward conceptualizing a climate pedagogy that doesn't presuppose and reinforce this anthropocentrism and representationalism, while working for informed climate response-ability. Working with Barad's concept of entanglement (2007) and atmospheric temperature as an example, I show that we are part of that climate we seek to understand. I contend that neither the human nor the atmosphere (and by extension, the climate) preexist their intra-action, but rather, that they are ontologically inseparable (entangled). Through material-discursive apparatuses such as (but not limited to) the practices of climate science, the climate and the human are contingently, agentially coconstituted. Climate as an entanglement thus accounts for how climate science works while foregrounding how climate, climate knowers, and climate knowledge co-emerge. Pedagogically, this moves us from knowing about climate—which implies a disconnected knower and a static world—to diverse, worldly practices of climating and becoming-climate.