Ensure Energy Supply Research Articles

Energy data generation with Wasserstein Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks

Residential energy consumption data and related sociodemographic information are critical for energy demand management, including providing personalized services, ensuring energy supply, and designing demand response programs. However, it is often difficult to collect sufficient data to build machine learning models, primarily due to cost, technical barriers, and privacy. Synthetic data generation becomes a feasible solution to address data availability issues, while most existing work generates data without considering the balance between usability and privacy. In this paper, we first propose a data generation model based on the Wasserstein Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (WDCGAN), which is capable of synthesizing fine-grained energy consumption time series and corresponding sociodemographic information. The WDCGAN model can generate realistic data by balancing data usability and privacy level by setting a hyperparameter during training. Next, we take the classification of sociodemographic information as an application example and train four classical classification models with the generated datasets, including CNN, LSTM, SVM, and LightGBM. We evaluate the proposed data generator using Irish data, and the results show that the proposed WDCGAN model can generate realistic load profiles with satisfactory similarity in terms of data distribution, patterns, and performance. The classification results validate the usability of the generated data for real-world machine learning applications with privacy guarantee, e.g., most of the differences in classification accuracy and F1 scores are less than 8% between using real and synthesized data.

Optimization of the operation plan taking into account the flexible resource scheduling of the integrated energy system

Under the high proportion of renewable energy access in the integrated energy system, the insufficient total allocation of flexible resources and the unreasonable spatial allocation of resources are important causes of wind abandonment and load shedding. The fundamental solution to this problem is to increase the flexibility of the system to meet demand, so it is important to study multiple types of flexible resources, the state of supply and demand for system flexibility and the optimization of flexibility resource scheduling. This paper studies the flexibility of the integrated energy system. First, it analyzes the basic characteristics of the flexible resources of the system and gives the basic structure of the integrated energy system;Then, the typical flexible resources are modeled and analyzed. Based on the time-of-use price, the minimum daily operation cost of the system is optimized as the objective function, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced to solve it, so as to explore the flexible adjustment of the system with the participation of flexible resources;Finally, the model established in this paper is used to verify the rationality of the scheduling scheme, and the relationship between the access effect of flexible resources and the location of access nodes is explored. The research on the modeling of integrated energy system and system flexibility in this paper not only provides a tool to reflect the fluctuation of system supply and demand state, but also provides an important basis for system reasonable scheduling, ensuring energy supply quality and improving operation flexibility.

TURKEY S ROLE IN SILK ROAD ROUTES: ENERGY SUPPLY SECURITY OF EUROPEAN UNION AFTER UKRAINE – RUSSIAN WAR

Purpose- The aim of the research is to examine, analyze and provide insight into possible future projections of Turkey's role in the security of energy supply and the formation of new trade routes of the European Union (E.U.) after the Ukraine-Russia war within the scope of data obtained from experts. In addition, the current research has been understood that the EastMed project has reached a stalemate with Turkey's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) agreement with Libya and has emerged due to the necessity of new solutions. In addition, turkey's strong position is mentioned, emphasizing that it is an important stakeholder in world politics and trade. Methodology- Since research requires expertise in a particular field, it is determined according to the purpose and scope of the research to be carried out with a specific focus group. The experts in the focus group were reached by the snowball sampling method. In this context, an in-depth interview technique from qualitative data analysis methods was carried out to a group of experts in international relations, international trade, and logistics departments. The research data were obtained from the faculty members and faculty members included in the group between 28.02.2022-09.03.2022 through Google Docs, and the analysis process was started. Findings- When the data obtained from the experts included in the research are examined, the perspective against the Tr-Med project, which is the recommendation of the research, is very positive. One reason is that the EastMed project is already known to be unsustainable, and in addition, the United States has withdrawn its support from the project. It can also be seen as the E.U.'s production of alternatives to existing energy supply processes in order to ensure energy supply security after the Ukraine-Russia war. In addition to the Tr-Med project, it is foreseen that the main routes of east-west-axis trade will shift to Turkey due to future sanctions against Russia. Conclusion- Turkey is foreseen to continue their union in the future because it is already a stakeholder of the E.U. in the TANAP project, has a partner in imports and exports, and is an actor who will play a role in the process of establishing relations with countries such as Iran, Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Qatar in the supply of energy supplies. However, the increase in freight prices in the post-COVID-19 period increased transportation costs, and in addition, the increase in raw material prices caused global inflation. With the Ukraine-Russia war, the price of crude oil at $130, experts say, will see $300 in oil in the future, which will make Turkey the E.U.'s manufacturing hub. Keywords: Energy security, pipeline, Eastern Mediterranean, naturel gas, Silk Road, one belt and one road ınitiative JEL Codes: F4, L8, N4

Prediction of Minimum Miscibility Pressure for CO2 Flooding Based on Microscopic Pore-Throat Structure

CO2 flooding can effectively enhance the recovery of low-permeability reservoirs and realize CO2 geological storage. During the displacement process, the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) of CO2 and oil is an important parameter that affects the displacement effect and storage efficiency. However, the microscopic pore-throat structure of low-permeability reservoirs has significant influences on the fluids and phase behaviors. This paper presented a method to determine the miscible state of CO2 flooding based on the microscopic pore-throat structure. Firstly, a physic model was established to quantitatively characterize the microscopic pore-throat structure. Secondly, taking into consideration the P-R equation of state, the gas-liquid equilibrium in the narrow pore-throat was calculated. On this basis, a MMP prediction model was established correspongdingly by considering the multi-stage contact and mass transfer of CO2-oil. Finally, the results obtained by the proposed model were compared with the experimental results of CO2 flooding, and then the model was applied to the actual reservoir to predict plane distribution of MMP. The curves of MMP distribution and pressure drawdown between wells were combined to determine the position of miscible front and non-miscible area at different production stages. The results have shown that the MMP of core sample calculated by the model was 20.3 MPa, which was comparable to that of CO2 flooding experiment, e.g., 20 MPa, and thus indicatesd a high accuracy of the model. The MMP in the well control area of the Y29-101 well group was 19.8 MPa. During the unsteady flow stage, the miscible-phase front was 430 m from the injection well, while it was 310 m from the injection well during the stable flow stage. This method can accurately determine the specific phase distribution of CO2-oil in the formation, which is of great significance to promote the development of CO2 flooding and storage technology, improve the recovery of low permeability reservoirs, ensure energy supply and reduce carbon emission.

Ensuring energy supply continuity to India during COVID-19 Pandemic

Ensuring energy supply continuity to India during COVID-19 Pandemic

DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTION PLAN AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL OF VIETNAM

Energy efficiency (EE), which is one of the pillars of national strategy to improve economic competitiveness and sustainability of the economy. This is an area that complements and cross-cuts such national strategic goals as easing the burden of energy costs on the economy, ensuring energy supply security, alleviating risks arising from external dependency, the transition to low-carbon economy and protection of the environment. The energy consumption by Vietnam increases faster than in developed countries on account of population growth, rising prosperity, strengthening service sector and industrialization. The Vietnam National Energy Efficiency Program (VNEEP) was approved in 13th March 2019 in Decision No. 280/2019/QD-TTg by the Prime Minister to set up the energy efficiency goals as well as activities, and outcomes for period 2019 – 2025 and 2026 – 2030 (Prime Minister of Vietnam, 2019). In accordance with the VNEEP program, all city/provincial governments have been developing their own action plans of EE to achieve the goals of 5%-7% of energy consumption. Through case study, the main purpose of this study is to develop the action plan of EE implementation (EEAP) at provincial level of Vietnam.Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Energy policy, EE action planJEL Classifications: L5, P18, Q43, Q47, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11624

Effect of glycolysis and heat shock proteins on hypoxia adaptation of Tibetan sheep at different altitude.

Glycolysis and heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important role in mediating the physiological response to hypoxia. The changes of glycolysis and HSPs with altitude would provide important information regarding ways to prevent hypoxia-related sickness in both animals and humans. In this study, the expression pattern of HIF1A, PDK4, HSP27 and HSP60, indexes activity and content of glucose metabolism were detected in heart, lung, brain, and quadriceps femoris taken from Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) that were raised at different altitudes (2,500m, 3,500m and 4,500m). The expression of HIF1A and PDK4 was increased with increasing altitude in all of the tissues. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH (redox state), NAD+), lactic acid (LA), pyruvic acid (PA) contents were all increased with increasing altitude in all of the tissues. The ratio of NADH/NAD+ and LA/PA were higher in sheep at an altitude of 4,500m than of 3,500m and 2,500m in all tissues, except for the NADH/NAD+ ratio in lung and quadriceps femoris. An increase in the protein and mRNA expression of ATP-independent HSP27 during hypoxia condition was detected. The expression of ATP-dependent HSP60 mRNA and protein was increased in all of the tissues at an altitude of 3,500m than of 2,500m, but was decreased at an altitude of 4,500m. These results suggest that glycolysis and HSPs are upregulated to ensure energy supply and proteostasis during hypoxia, but energy conservation may be prioritized over cytoprotective protein chaperoning in Tibetan sheep tissues during extreme hypoxia.

Effect of 0–1 mm pulverized coal on desulfurization and upgrading of low grade lignite in dry cascade separation bed with compound force field

Coal is the important pillar of national economic development. China has a rich variety of coal resources, of which low-grade lignite resources have huge reserves. As the consumption of high-quality coal resources intensifies and its output is declining, strengthening the efficient use of low-grade lignite is an important measure to ensure energy supply and safety, and to stabilize industrial energy production. This paper mainly studies the influence of the characteristics of 0–1 mm coal powder in the dry cascade separation bed with compound force field on the spatial migration law of low-grade lignite and the uniformity and stability of the density of the autogenous medium bed. The regional spatial distribution of sulfur content of low-grade lignite under different autogenous medium content was systematically studied. The emphasis is on the influence of the particle size and density composition of 0–1 mm coal powder on the uniform stability of the autogenous medium bed density. At the same time, the spatial distribution and cascade separation of low grade lignite in the variable distance regional autogenous medium bed are analyzed. The test results show that when the content is 12.5–20%, the sulfur content of the upper and lower materials is relatively stable in the high and low density material enrichment areas, and the sulfur content of the middle material has a large fluctuation range. At this time, a autogenous medium fluidized bed with uniform and stable density can be formed; The 0.125–0.25 mm coal powder particles are uniformly distributed along the XOY section and XOZ section, which is the dominant particle size fraction for forming an autogenous fluidized bed; Coal particles with a density of 1.6–1.8 g/cm3 can form a fluidized bed with stable density, which is the dominant density fraction for forming an autogenous medium bed. During the dynamic sorting process, the materials in zone I present a differentiated distribution, realizing the separation of low-density materials. The spatial distribution of materials in zone II fluctuates greatly, realizing the separation of medium and high-density materials. The materials are distributed relatively evenly in zone III, which realizes the conveying and separation of high-density materials. The yield of clean coal is 65.12%, the ash content is 9.89%, the sulfur content is 0.99%, the gangue yield is 34.88%, the ash content is 44.98%, and the sulfur content is14.89%. The probable error of E is 0.07 g/cm3, and the high-precision desulfurization, ash reduction and quality improvement of low-grade lignite by the dry cascade separation bed is realized.

Planning urban energy systems adapting to extreme weather

• Urban energy systems are planned considering extreme weather events (EWE). • A flexible and efficient two-layer framework is developed with generality. • Increasing supply or deploying storage can ensure energy supply during EWE. • ‘Storage Prior’ heuristics requires 2.8% extra cost for deploying storage. • ‘Supply Prior’ heuristics needs 5.4% extra cost for expanding gas power capacity. In the context of increasing urbanization and climate change globally, urban energy systems (UES) planning needs adequate consideration of climate change, particularly to ensure energy supply during extreme weather events (EWE) such as heatwaves, floods, and typhoons. Here we propose a two-layer modeling framework for UES planning considering the impact of EWE. An application of the framework to a typical coastal city of Xiamen, China reveals that deploying energy storage (i.e., pumped hydro and battery) offers significant flexibility to ensure the critical demand is met during typhoon as a typical EWE and avoids over investment in supply technologies. This requires an extra 2.8% total cost on investment and operation of UES for 20 years. Planning energy systems with proper consideration of EWE can ensure robust urban energy services even with increasing penetration of fluctuating renewables, and we offer a flexible and computationally efficient paradigm for UES planning considering the impact of EWE.

Transcriptome analysis revealed multiple immune processes and energy metabolism pathways involved in the defense response of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida

The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) aquaculture industry is suffering substantial financial losses caused by visceral white nodules disease resulting from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection. However, how L. crocea responds to P. plecoglossicida infection remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the changes in the mRNA profile in the spleen of L. crocea upon P. plecoglossicida infection and explored the related defensive strategies. Sample clustering analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that P. plecoglossicida induced profound and reproducible transcriptome remodeling in the L. crocea spleen. Many innate immune-related genes, such as IL-17 signaling molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors, complement components, TLR5 signaling molecules, and antimicrobial peptide hepcidins (Hamps), were upregulated by P. plecoglossicida and may play important roles in the L. crocea defense against P. plecoglossicida. The antibacterial activity of Hamp2–5 against P. plecoglossicida was further confirmed by using synthetic mature peptide of Hamp2–5. Additionally, significant enrichment of “Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis”, “Citrate cycle” and “Oxidative phosphorylation” pathways and a significant upregulation of all 6 rate-limiting enzyme genes (HK1, PFK, PKM, CS, IDH2, DLST) in the Glycolysis and Citrate cycle pathways in P. plecoglossicida-infected fish suggested that ATP synthesis may be accelerated to ensure energy supply in response to pathogenic infection. Altogether, our results not only identified the key immune-related genes and immune pathways that participated in the defense response of L. crocea against P. plecoglossicida, but also revealed a novel defensive strategy involving ATP synthesis in this species.

Dual Role of Mitophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Mitophagy is involved in the development of various cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension. Mitophagy is essential for maintaining intracellular homeostasis and physiological function in most cardiovascular origin cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mitophagy is crucial to ensuring energy supply by selectively removing dysfunctional mitochondria, maintaining a balance in the number of mitochondria in cells, ensuring the integrity of mitochondrial structure and function, maintaining homeostasis, and promoting cell survival. Substantial research has indicated a "dual" effect of mitophagy on cardiac function, with inadequate and increased mitochondrial degradation both likely to influence the progression of cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the main regulatory pathways of mitophagy and emphasizes that an appropriate amount of mitophagy can prevent endothelial cell injury, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage polarization, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, avoiding further progression of cardiovascular diseases.

MILP design optimization of heat pump systems in German residential buildings

Heat pump systems are a key technology to decarbonize the building sector by electrifying the heat supply. Especially in refurbishments, heat pump systems compete against less cost intensive technologies such as gas boilers. To motivate homeowners to invest in heat pumps instead of gas boilers and thus, increase heat pumps’ market penetration, heat pump systems have to become more economical. In Europe, common heat pump system design standards use static rules and neglect system interdependencies to design a system ensuring energy supply as the main objective. However, the literature shows great potential to optimize the system design economically by including system dynamics and interdependencies between different components already in the design process. Therefore, we propose a mixed-integer linear program as a mathematical optimization framework to determine the economical optimal heat pump system design for a single-family house. Both design and operation of all components are optimized simultaneously considering system dynamics and component interdependencies. By optimizing the system, we reduce investment costs significantly about 45% in comparison to normative standards, while maintaining security of supply and not increasing electrical energy consumption. To further accelerate the building sector decarbonization, extension of operation optimization is highly recommended.

Supporting the Sustainable Energy Transition in the Canary Islands: Simulation and Optimization of Multiple Energy System Layouts and Economic Scenarios

The Canary Islands have great potential for the implementation of sustainable energy systems due to its availability of natural resources. The archipelago is not connected to the mainland electricity grid and the current generation system is mainly based on traditional fossil fuel. Therefore, the islands strongly dependent on fuel importations, with high costs due to logistics. Furthermore, due to the inadequate coverage of residential heating and cooling needs, the per capita energy consumption is far below the Spanish national average. This occurrence has inspired an intense debate on the current development model of the Canary Archipelago, which has led to the implementation of actions and measures aimed at achieving greater energy sustainability in the archipelago. Furthermore, at a local scale, an important investment plan has been carried out by the Spanish grid operator to ensure energy supply, to improve the system security and reliability, and to optimize the integration of renewable energies. Future measures and investments will be crucial to ensure a sustainable growth, both from the economic and the environment point of views. In this framework, this paper aims to discuss and compare the energy solutions, based on renewable energy technologies, identified to boost the sustainable transition of the islands. To this aim, multiple configurations of a wind power plant coupled with reversible hydro power/storage system for the distributed and on-site energy production in the island of Gran Canaria were modeled, simulated, and optimized by a TRNSYS/Matlab algorithm suitably developed. Specifically, along with the proposed system layouts, different scenarios related to diverse annual costs growth rate of fuel were investigated. The proposed analysis covers a time horizon of 20 years, up to 2040, and aims at assessing the impact of the investigated solution on energy demand, energy supply, and population incomes. Depending on the considered fuel cost growth rate, the best system configurations allow a primary energy saving in the range of 58.1–68.1%. Based on the system choice, the enterprise will generate significant revenues to the island population. The net present values are estimated in the range 1.50 × 103 ÷ 1.84 × 103 and 0.85 × 103 ÷ 1.27 × 103 M€, respectively for the two considered scenarios (annual costs growth rate of fuel 2 and −2%). The analysis demonstrates the importance of investments targeted at the implementation of renewables. The proposed scenarios indicate that the current energy model has the potential to radical change and to tackle climate change and energy issues while producing substantial economic savings and better life conditions for the population in the next years.

Reactive Oxygen Species in intestinal stem cell metabolism, fate and function

Long dismissed as merely harmful respiratory by-products, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) have emerged as critical intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. ROS's signaling roles are particularly prominent within the intestine, whose high regenerative capacity is maintained by Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs). In this review, we outline roles for ROS in ISCs as revealed by studies using Drosophila and mouse model systems. We focus particularly on recent studies highlighting how ROS ties to metabolic adaptations, which ensure energy supply matches demand during ISC activation and differentiation. We describe how declines in these adaptive mechanisms, through aging or pathology, promote reciprocal changes in ISC metabolism and ROS signaling. These changes ultimately contribute to aberrant ISC function, a loss of tissue homeostasis, and a shortened lifespan.

Quantitative Assessment of Energy Supply Security: Korea Case Study

Ensuring energy supply security has become one of the most important purposes for many countries. To make the strategies for ensuring the energy supply security of a country, it is essential to quantitatively assess the security. This paper aims to present a methodology to evaluate the energy supply security of a country by using different indices of energy dependence and energy diversity, which have been raised as two main paradigms of energy supply security. This study also proposes two indices reflecting the correlation between a country’s energy diversity and energy import dependence to evaluate its energy supply security based on easily accessible data. The presented methodology and indices were applied to the evaluation of the primary energy supply security of Korea from 1991 to 2018. The results show that a country highly dependent on energy imports is not evaluated as secure enough in terms of energy supply even if it obtains higher energy diversity. This finding supports the importance of the correlation of energy dependence and energy diversity of a country to ensure its energy supply security. This approach could be further adapted to other countries and help them to make their energy policy and strategies.

Comparative transcriptomics highlights convergent evolution of energy metabolic pathways in group-living spiders.

Although widely thought to be aggressive, solitary, and potentially cannibalistic, some spider species have evolved group-living behaviors. The distinct transition provides the framework to uncover group-living evolution. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic study and examined patterns of molecular evolution in two independently evolved group-living spiders and twelve solitary species. We report that positively selected genes among group-living spider lineages are significantly enriched in nutrient metabolism and autophagy pathways. We also show that nutrient-related genes of group-living spiders convergently experience amino acid substitutions and accelerated relative evolutionary rates. These results indicate adaptive convergence of nutrient metabolism that may ensure energy supply in group-living spiders. The decelerated evolutionary rate of autophagy-related genes in group-living lineages is consistent with an increased constraint on energy homeostasis as would be required in a group-living environment. Together, the results show that energy metabolic pathways play an important role in the transition to group-living in spiders.

Развитие германского бизнеса в России в 2020 – 2021 гг.: мнение руководителей

The article presents the results of the survey of the heads of structural divisions of German companies operating in Russia – on the outcome of their activity in 2020 and expectations for 2021. Top-managers indicate the deterioration of business climate in 2020 and express the pessimism in relation to the situation in 2021. Most of them define their current business position in Russia as satisfactory. The majority of them do not plan to attract additional labor force and to implement new investment projects in 2021. Respondents highlight three most acute current problems of the Russian market (ruble’s exchange rate, anti-pandemic measures, low economic activity), point to the deterioration of German-Russian relations in 2020. They consider Nord Stream 2 as an important contribution to ensuring energy supply to Europe and at the same time expect a decrease in the importance of Russia as an energy partner of the EU by 2050, assess the measures of the Russian government to support the economy during the coronacrisis period as insufficient and indicate the most promising business sectors and regions of the country.

Akarsu Tipi Hidroelektrik Santraller ve Bu Santrallerde Kullanılan Türbin-Generatörler

Artan nüfus ve gelişen teknoloji ile enerjiye olan ihtiyaç her geçen gün artmaktadır. Enerji arz güvenliğinin sağlanması ve enerjinin çeşitlendirilmesi amacıyla yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına olan ilgi artmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının bir türü olan hidroelektrik enerji Türkiye’deki potansiyeli açısından dikkat çekmektedir. Hidroelektrik santrallerde, hidrolik türbin ve generatör sistemin en önemli parçalarındandır. Bu elemanların doğru bir şekilde seçimi sistemin toplam verimini etkilemektedir. Türbin seçimi ve boyutlandırılması gerçekleştirilirken düşü, debi, özgül hız gibi teknik detaylar dikkate alındığı gibi maliyet ve kurulum sahasının durumu da dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak Türkiye’nin enerji görünümü incelenmiştir. Hidroelektrik santraller güçlerine göre sınıflandırılarak akarsu tipi santraller detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Santrallerde, türbin ve generatör seçiminde dikkat edilecek hususlar ve türbinlerin çalışma özellikleri verilmiştir.

An integrated approach for exploitation block selection of shale gas—based on cloud model and grey relational analysis

Under the background of energy shortage and environmental protection, the sustainable exploitation of new energy has received great attention from all around the world. Selecting the best exploitation block is an important way for ensuring energy supply security and the sustainable development of exploration. However, due to the particularities of new energy sources and uncertainties in the exploitation process, conventional methods cannot be adapted to make optimal exploitation decisions. Although there have been many scholars making progress to improve the practicality and accuracy of assessment methods, the uncertain information has not been completely solved. A novel method based on cloud model and grey relational analysis is proposed in this paper, integrating the fortes of cloud model for dealing with uncertainty and the merits of grey relational analysis for overcoming the errors caused by small sample size. Furthermore, an illustrative example of shale gas exploitation block selection in China is conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The newly proposed approach provides both sustainable choices for green exploitation and policy supports for governors to ensure the energy security associated with the sustainable development of new energy exploration.

Lifetime Degradation Cost Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries in Capacity Markets using Accurate Physics-Based Models

Capacity markets (CM) are energy markets created to ensure energy supply security. Energy storage devices provide services in the CMs. Li-ion batteries are a popular type of energy storage device used in CMs. The battery lifetime is a key factor in determining the economic viability of Li-ion batteries, and current approaches for estimating this are limited. This paper explores the potential of a lithium-ion battery to provide CM services with four de-rating factors (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h). During the CM contract, the battery experiences both calendar and cycle degradation, which reduces the overall profit. Physics-based battery and degradation models are used to quantify the degradation costs for batteries in the CM to enhance the previous research results. The degradation model quantifies capacity losses related to the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, active material loss, and SEI crack growth. The results show that the physics-based degradation model can accurately predict degradation costs under different operating conditions, and thus can substantiate the business case for the batteries in the CM. The simulated CM profits can be increased by 60% and 75% at 5 °C and 25 °C, respectively, compared to empirical and semiempirical degradation models. A sensitivity analysis for a range of parameters is performed to show the effects on the batteries’ overall profit margins.