Education Enrollment Research Articles

What students need to navigate academic standing and SAP policies

As enrollment in higher education continues to decrease in U.S. institutions, enrollment managers need to explore every opportunity to retain the students they have. One process embedded within the academic and financial units of every institution of higher education are academic standing and satisfactory academic progress (SAP) policies that dictate how students need to maintain certain grade point averages (GPA) and paces of completion to maintain both academic standing and financial aid eligibility.

‘You don't have to be educated to help your child’: Parental involvement among first generation of higher education Druze students in Israel

AbstractFirst‐generation students cope with challenges deriving from a lack of knowledge regarding higher education. This lack of knowledge is particularly relevant for minorities groups. In this context, parental involvement can be regarded as a meaningful pathway for enrolment and advancement in higher education. The study examined the perceptions of Druze students from the Golan Heights in Israel, who are considered to be a minority group and are first‐generation students, regarding their parents' involvement in their higher education studies. 15 Druze were interviewed. Using thematic analysis, it was found that parents' support is reflected in a high appreciation of education, due to the absence of opportunities during their own childhood, alongside moral and indirect academic support. The study contributes to understanding the intersection of being part of the Druze minority with being first‐generation students, highlighting these students' ways of overcoming barriers in the context of national and ethnic challenges.

When massified higher education meets shrinking birth rates: the case of South Korea

AbstractMost discussions of higher education research in the last four decades have focused on expanding higher education, including increasing access, equity, and quality. However, the growth of higher education enrolment has slowed in many advanced higher education systems since the achievement of massification, with enrolment declining more dramatically in some systems than in others. South Korea (hereafter Korea), which has experienced one of the most dynamic evolutions in higher education, was recently reported to have the lowest birth rate among OECD countries, and its drastic demographic changes are significantly affecting all aspects of higher education. This paper describes Korea’s shrinking youth population and its impact on different stakeholders in Korean higher education. It also reviews and evaluates Korea’s policies in reaction to the declining population in higher education. The findings of this paper provide policy implications for countries that will experience similar challenges associated with declining enrolment in the years to come, including institutional closures, mergers, and strategies to maintain competitiveness.

Trajectories of early childhood development in children experiencing homelessness

IntroductionThe experience of homelessness early in life can potentially disrupt childhood development. Enrollment in early education has been identified as a buffer to promote adequate development. Nevertheless, there has not yet been a quantitative assessment of the developmental trajectories of children experiencing homelessness receiving early education. MethodsWe compared the development of children from birth to 6 years old enrolled at a high-quality early education center, against a US representative sample and the acceptable ranges of developmental indicators. Further, we studied predictors of developmental trajectories in children exposed to homelessness. A total of 459 children enrolled at an early education center, Horizons for Homeless Children (HHC), between 2017 and 2022, between birth to 6 years old, were included in the analysis, with an average follow-up time of 22 months. We assessed the development in six domains, including Socio-emotional, Motor, Language, Literacy, Cognitive, and Mathematics, using the scaled scores from the Teaching Strategies GOLD system. The scores of children at HHC were compared with the norm scores from a US representative sample and the expected scores for different ages. We assessed developmental trajectories and included child and family covariates in a linear mixed model to examine developmental differences over time. ResultsThe scores of HHC students on Teaching Strategies GOLD assessments were lower than those of a US representative sample and frequently did not meet age group expectations. Within the HHC cohort, boys scored lower than girls. Socioeconomic characteristics remained a factor associated with development; specifically, having older primary caregivers and having parental education below High School were associated with worse developmental trajectories. Earlier enrollment into HHC was associated with higher scores for all domains and faster developmental progress for the Literacy domain over time. Discussion and conclusionEven in the context of a high-quality early education program, the developmental delays of children who experienced homelessness did not attenuate in the first six years of life compared with a normative sample. Furthermore, within a population experiencing homelessness, there are developmental differences associated with socioeconomic status, including parental education. Early enrollment in education centers may reduce the developmental delays of children experiencing homelessness. This actionable determinant of development supports enrollment into schooling as early as possible.

WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES FOR THE PERIOD (2000-2020)

Women's empowerment and economic development are closely linked in one direction. Only development can play a major role in reducing inequality between men and women. In the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. The relationship between empowerment and development is reciprocal and a continued commitment to equality per se may be needed to achieve equality between men and women. This study examines the economic empowerment of women in selected Arab countries (Iraq, Qatar, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the Arab Republic of Egypt and Algeria) during the period (2000-2020) using the ordinary least squares method. In this study, we reviewed the concept and factors that affect women’s empowerment. Which in turn affects all other variables in these countries, the most important of which are the political and social aspects. For the purpose of knowing the factors affecting the economic empowerment of women, the study adopted the quantitative method to estimate these factors, which are (the ratio of women’s enrollment in secondary education to males, the average life expectancy at birth for males). females, fertility rate, per capita GDP). The results of the study found that the most important factors influencing the economic empowerment of women in most Arab countries are health, the ratio of women’s enrollment in secondary education to males, average life expectancy at birth for males and females, and the per capita GDP, whose effect was significant and positive, while it was found that the fertility rate It appeared morally and negatively

A milestone in the pursuit of gender equality: Predicting first women presidents in U.S. higher education institutions, 1980–2018

AbstractWhile women’s higher education enrollments and graduation rates have outpaced those of men in the United States and most countries around the world, women are less frequently included in academic leadership roles, including the higher education presidency. This paper asks what predicts whether and when a higher education institution has its first woman president, conceptualizing this event as a milestone of gender equality. We use a national probability sample of 234 four‐year U.S. universities and colleges, constructing a novel longitudinal dataset from 1980 to 2018. Employing event history analysis, we examine the potential mechanisms associated with when an institution has its first woman president over time. Our findings suggest that the demographic diversity of faculty and students, gender‐ and diversity‐supportive structures, and the broader environment in which institutions are embedded predict the likelihood that a woman will advance to the level of the presidency. In particular, the presence of gender studies programs and a higher proportion of women in state legislatures increase the likelihood that an institution will have its first woman president. At a time of growing challenges facing U.S. higher education, coupled with greater opportunities from having more diverse students and faculty, universities and colleges increasingly recognize the benefit of women leaders.

Excise Tax, Education, And Income Factors: Impact On Cigarette Consumption

Tobacco consumption remains high despite its numerous negative impacts. In this study, the author aims to identify the variables influencing cigarette consumption This study aims to identify the variables influencing cigarette consumption. The independent variables include excise tax rates, gross tertiary education enrollment, and per capita income. This research employs a quantitative method utilizing panel data regression in all provinces of Indonesia for 2018-2022. The results indicate that both excise tax rates and per capita income postively impact cigarette consumption. Gross tertiary education enrollment, on the other hand, are the sole variable exhibiting a negative influence on cigarette consumption. This study contributes to existing research literature and offers potential avenues for further investigation.

“I Just Don’t Fit There!” Anticipated Cultural Mismatch and Social Disparities in Students’ Intention to Enter Higher Education

Despite political and societal efforts to reduce social inequality in education, students from nonacademic households (no parent holds a university degree) are less likely to enter higher education than their peers from academic households. Drawing on Cultural Mismatch Theory, we tested whether social disparities in enrollment intentions are related to students’ anticipated mismatch between their self-construal and expected higher education culture. Experimental data ( N = 264) revealed a corresponding mismatch effect between students’ self-construal and expected culture on their anticipated fit in a higher education program. In addition, field data ( N = 574) from upper secondary school students revealed that students from nonacademic households more strongly anticipate a mismatch and, in turn, have a lower intention to enter higher education. Corroborating our theorizing, these social disparities are contingent on the expected culture in higher education. These findings highlight the role of students’ self-construal and anticipated fit for higher education enrollment.

A systematic review of early childhood environmental learning and its relationship with family socioeconomic status

The development of a child's environmental awareness and sustainable habits depends on early environmental learning. One of the most significant measures of a student's performance and educational accomplishment is their academic achievement. Family socioeconomic status (SES) impacts educational achievement, the connection between SES and academic success may vary depending on the sociocultural context. India is the most populous in developing a country that has a substantial enrollment in basic education. We analyzed empirical evidence on early childhood environmental learning (ECEL) activities to comprehend the background of ECEL instructional methods and predicted outcomes. By focusing on recent years, we found 10 publications that met the criterion for inclusion. According to the research, these programs attracted children between the ages of 3 and 6 who participated in organized, instructor-driven activities. The sample studies examined how children's SES affects their exposure to environmental learning possibilities, environmental attitudes, pro-environmental actions, emphasizing environmental literacy growth, intellectual growth, and emotional and social growth. With the goal of supporting ECEL users in creating, putting into practice, and assessing the program including motivating researchers to continue to look at the components, processes, and concepts presumptions they contain, we provide an illustration that summarizes cross-sample data. The research demonstrates the complex relationships between ECEL and SES. Although children from better socioeconomic homes have more access to assets and chances for environmental learning, the effect of family values and parenting techniques on a child's environmental awareness and conduct is crucial.

TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

At the time of independence, India inherited a system of education, which had a limited reach. It was inaccessible to a vast majority of children of the school-going age groups. After independence, the expansion of educational facilities and enrolment and higher degree of retention of children in schools became the top priority items for educational planners and administrators. The unplanned expansion also projected questions relating to quality and standards of education. The need for specialized resource institutions and organizations for bringing about qualitative improvement in education was increasingly felt. For example, qualitative improvement of education necessitated the formulating of new national policies for educational expansion. Research-based development of curriculum and textbooks, effective teaching learning strategies and preparation of quality teachers were all new problems which came up for consideration.

Statistical Modeling and Factors Influencing School Dropout in Indonesia: A Review

The education enrollment rate is crucial for Indonesia to improve its human resources and sustain its economic development. In reality, the dropout student rate is still relatively high. Previous research has highlighted several factors and models related to the dropout student rate in Indonesia. The purpose of the study is to identify the most popular statistical modeling and factors influencing school dropout in Indonesia. We searched in February 2023 using ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The search was restricted to refereed journal articles published in English from January 2013 to December 2022. This study underwent four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. The study finds that the most popular statistical modeling is the Logistic Regression Model, and the most significant factor increasing the school dropout rate in Indonesia is family and economic factors. The findings suggest that children who were not attending school came from families with lower levels of education. The well-being of these families was directly linked to their children's educational status. The primary reasons for young students dropping out of elementary and junior schools include an inability to pay school fees and a desire to work on farms to support their parents.

Is online job training for all? Experimental evidence on the effects of a Coursera program in Costa Rica

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are frequently viewed as a tool for democratizing education and job training. However, their effectiveness is largely untested. We report on the first randomized evaluation of a job training program offering cost-free access to curated, short Coursera MOOCs and certificates. We find low course completion rates (10%), with males and wealthier individuals more likely to complete a course. Personalized reminders did not increase treatment take-up over a simple, standardized email reminder. Treatment has no significant effect on labour market outcomes roughly two years after the program. However, we find marginally significant evidence that treatment increases post-secondary education enrolment by 11%. Evidence on mechanisms suggests that this may be operating partially through the program motivating individuals who lacked sufficient skills to pursue further specialization.

Junior university: fostering young minds’ interest in higher education

The Universidade Júnior (U.Jr.) program, initiated by the University of Porto (U.Porto), Portugal, is a comprehensive educational initiative conducted during the summer months, primarily targeting the 10–18 age group. The program aims to promote science, technology, arts, humanities, and sports knowledge among elementary and secondary-level students and to influence their vocational choices and higher education aspirations. The study analyses the relationship between participation in the U.Jr. program and subsequent enrollment in higher education at U.Porto. It utilises data collected from 2006 to 2022, comparing U.Jr. participants with students who enrolled as freshmen at U.Porto. A Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to establish the connection between these datasets. Data analysis reveals a significant positive relationship between participation in U.Jr. and the choice of U.Porto for higher education. The study shows that 22 out of 100 first-year students at U.Porto in 2021 had previously attended U.Jr. Moreover, the geographical provenance of participants and U.Porto first-year students showed a robust correlation. The findings suggest that U.Jr. has a substantial impact on attracting students to U.Porto and influencing their academic choices. The program’s diverse activities, coupled with its inclusive approach, have been instrumental in increasing the university’s attractiveness and helping mitigate the country’s low higher education rates. The study underscores the importance of such initiatives in shaping students’ educational trajectories and choices for higher education.

Gender pay gaps across STEM fields of study

ABSTRACT Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women’s lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from Poland, a Central Eastern European country with high tertiary education enrolment and high female employment rates among young women, to study gender pay gaps among tertiary education graduates with degrees in different fields of study while paying particular attention to STEM fields graduates (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). We find that already in the first year after graduation, women earn over 20% less than men. This gap widens over time. We also find significant variation across different STEM fields both in the size of the gender pay gap and in how it changes over time. The gap is the largest among mathematics graduates, at over 25%; while it does not exceed 3% among chemical and Earth sciences graduates. As these differences narrow only slightly within the first four years of graduates’ working careers, policymakers’ efforts to increase the number of women earning STEM degrees may not be enough to achieve gender pay equality.

MAPPING OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA BASED ON INFLUENCING FACTORS USING GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED ORDINAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION

Gender inequality is a condition of discrimination between men and women that results from unequal social systems and structures. Gender inequality is measured based on the gender inequality index (IKG). This research aims to map gender inequality in Indonesia based on influencing factors and compare classification accuracy results between the GWOLR and ordinal logistic regression model. Data was obtained from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS RI) and KemenPPPA in the year of 2022. The Gender Inequality Index data as the response variable is categorized using an ordinal data scale, namely IKG (1) Low, IKG (2) Middle, and IKG (3) High with ten predictor variables from the dimensions of health, education, human empowerment, socio-culture, and employment, with the amount of data is 34 observation data. The research method uses geographically weighted ordinal logistic regression (GWOLR) based on exponential kernel weighting. In the data analysis stage, ordinal logistic regression is performed before applying GWOLR, and after the model is formed, the classification accuracy will be calculated. The results of this study indicate that mapping gender inequality in Indonesia based on influencing factors using the GWOLR model forms three groups. The first mapping location labeled as low inequality is influenced by women whose birth was attended by a health worker (X1), women who have a pre-employment card (X7), women who are employed (X8), and the percentage of women who married before the age of 17 (X10). The second mapping location labeled with middle inequality is influenced by women whose delivery is attended by a health worker (X1), women's net enrolment in higher education (X2), and women married before the age of 17 (X10). The three locations categorized as high inequality are influenced by female birth attendance by health personnel (X1), Women's Human Development Index (X3), female rape offenses (X4), female domestic violence offenses (X6), and female marriage under the age of 17 (X10). Modeling the Gender Inequality Index using the GWOLR model resulted in higher classification accuracy than the ordinal logistic regression model, which was 94.11%.

Great expectations: The effect of unmet labor market expectations after higher education on ideology

AbstractHigher education has massively expanded around the world, yet we know little about the political consequences of this expansion. Students generally have overly optimistic expectations about the returns to educational investment, and the effects of unmet expectations on graduates’ political behavior have been overlooked. I study this phenomenon in Chile with observational and experimental methods, using unique panel survey data collected from new graduates covering 72% of higher education enrollment. The survey tracks students before and after they enter the labor market and includes an experiment that induces variation in their expectations. The panel data reveals that 65% of students have unmet expectations, and both methods indicate that this induces a shift toward progovernment/proequality ideology. Overall, this study shows that the gap between aspirations and reality upon graduation can be an important driver of political attitudes.

A Brief Introduction to the Problem of Difficult Enrollment in China's Compulsory Education: Current Situation, Causes and Measures

In today's society, more parents tend to pay more attention to the situation of children receiving compulsory education, so the problem of compulsory education is becoming more and more prominent. After a series of comparative analysis of data and fact research, this paper found that the difficulty of enrollment can be divided into enrollment difficulty and entrance difficulty, and the reasons can be divided into the implementation of enrollment policies, the current situation of population mobility, parents' educational expectations and other factors. To alleviate this social situation, various subjects as the government, schools, parents and children could make changes, in order to let children have better compulsory education conditions and correct learning environment. For example, the government should focus on narrowing the gap between private and public schools, developing more reasonable talent training programs and enrollment methods, schools should implement the policies the government carries out, reduce unhealthy competition, and parents and students should focus on learning themselves rather than blindly chasing external conditions.

An Analysis on Women Enrolment in Higher Education in India

There is still a gender enrolment disparity in India’s higher education system, despite notable progress. Using a combination of methods for thorough analysis, this study explores the complex interactions between socio-economic, cultural, and institutional barriers preventing women from pursuing higher education chances. Further, this study relies on the issues of Girls are disproportionately affected by ongoing poverty, a lack of family support, and uneven access to high-quality secondary school, which undermines their ambitions for further education. Women students in higher education are marginalized and denied academic opportunities due to inadequate infrastructure, a dearth of gender-sensitive teaching techniques, and a dearth of female role models. Not only is closing the gender gap in higher education morally required, but it is also a calculated investment in the future of India. India can unleash the enormous potential of its female population and move the country toward a more egalitarian and prosperous future by removing the complex hurdles found in this study and putting in place efficient interventions at the individual, and institutional. The simple statistical tools adopted and it was observed from the results that the annual average percentage rate was positive in all the levels of education. Finally, it is particularly noted that the majority of the women were enrolled in Ph.D after integrated and PG Diploma programmes.

Understanding student perceptions and motivations in non-traditional online degree completion programs: An exploratory case study

Student enrolment in higher education is increasing, as are enrolments in non-traditional pathways, such as degree completion programs, particularly those that are offered online. These changes have shifted the nature of student learning needs and perceptions. Therefore, stakeholders in higher education need a greater understanding of the drivers and obstacles to degree completion from the student point of view, especially in online degree completion programs. Beyond overall and subgroup insights into online degree seeking motivations and other factors, our findings revealed that (1) there is a mismatch between student goals and perceived employer needs, (2) many students expected modest financial gains upon completion, and (3) the primary barrier of continuing higher education was balancing education and life responsibilities. The findings are useful for administrators, faculty, and other stakeholders involved in the recruitment of online degree completion program students and the design of online courses and curricula for this audience.

Cambodia’s aspirations to become a knowledge-based society: Challenges and recommendations

Cambodia aspires to become a knowledge-based society to remain relevant in the context of the global knowledge-based economy. However, it remains uncertain how this aspiration can be realized considering the low quality of the country’s education system. Drawing on secondary sources, this article aims to shed light on Cambodia’s aspirations for a knowledge-based society. The article begins by defining the term “knowledge-based society” before providing an overview of the Cambodian education system and discussing key challenges that limit Cambodia’s ability to realize its vision to become a knowledge society. Key challenges were related to low higher education enrollment, a shortage of educational staff with doctoral degrees, a weak innovation capacity, and other critical challenges such as low academic salaries, a lack of clear academic career pathways, limited research funding, and limited knowledge about research. The article provides a set of recommendations that concerned stakeholders should consider to improve the quality of the Cambodian education system and support the country to achieve its goal in developing into a knowledge-based society. It concludes with suggestions for future research to generate new knowledge about Cambodia—a context underrepresented in international literature.