Levels Of Enrichment Research Articles

The Childhood Opportunity Index 2.0: Factor Structure in 9–10 Year Olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

The built physical and social environments are critical drivers of child neural and cognitive development. This study aimed to identify the factor structure and correlates of 29 environmental, education, and socioeconomic indicators of neighborhood resources as measured by the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI 2.0) in a sample of youths aged 9–10 enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. This study used the baseline data of the ABCD Study (n = 9767, ages 9–10). We used structural equation modeling to investigate the factor structure of neighborhood variables (e.g., indicators of neighborhood quality including access to early child education, health insurance, walkability). We externally validated these factors with measures of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral activation and inhibition. Exploratory factor analyses identified four factors: Neighborhood Enrichment, Socioeconomic Attainment, Child Education, and Poverty Level. Socioeconomic Attainment and Child Education were associated with overall reduced impulsivity and the behavioral activation system, whereas increased Poverty Level was associated with increased externalizing symptoms, an increased behavioral activation system, and increased aspects of impulsivity. Distinct dimensions of neighborhood opportunity were differentially associated with aspects of psychopathology, impulsivity, and behavioral approach, suggesting that neighborhood opportunity may have a unique impact on neurodevelopment and cognition. This study can help to inform future public health efforts and policy about improving built and natural environmental structures that may aid in supporting emotional development and downstream behaviors.

Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Okara Flour as Nutritional Enhancers in Wheat Biscuits: A Study on Storage Stability

In response to the scarcity and high cost of wheat in Nigeria, this study investigates the potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and okara flour to enhance the nutritional quality and storage stability of wheat biscuits. By incorporating 10–50% oyster mushroom powder into wheat flour, this study observed significant increases in the nutritional profile of the biscuits. The protein content notably increased from 8.26% to 16.12%, while the crude fibre and ash content also saw over a 50% increment. Storage studies revealed that biscuits (baked for 18 min at 180 °C) packaged in cartons within polyethene were more shelf-stable than those in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags, maintaining quality over two months at ambient temperature. The inclusion of oyster mushroom and okara flour in wheat biscuits significantly enhances their nutritional value and shelf life, presenting a viable solution to the challenges of wheat scarcity and global malnutrition. The optimal mushroom flour enrichment level was identified at 20% to maintain consumer appeal.

Optimized cement blend for the immobilization of simulated borate radioactive liquid waste

Abstract Nuclear power plants use boric acid with different 10B enrichment levels (from natural ratio to 90% 10B) as neutron absorber and at the end this constitutes a high-volume liquid waste. In this study, we aimed to find the optimal ratio of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement blend to improve the mechanical and chemical durability of final waste forms for borate immobilization. The standardized ASTM C1308-21 leaching test experimental method in combination with several analytical methods i.e. mechanical test, SEM, XRD, PGAA, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS were used to measure the boron elemental and isotopic leachability and its microstructural effect on the cement hydration characteristics of progressively increasing blend ratios of sulfoaluminate cement in Portland cement. The results indicated that the blend ratio of 20% sulfoaluminate cement to 80% Portland cement showed the best physical stability and lowest boron isotopic leachability from the final waste form.

Rare earth elements in the Yellow River estuary, China: Composition, distribution, and pollution insights.

Rare earth elements (REE) are emerging aquatic trace pollutants. A total of 191 sediment samples were analyzed from the Yellow River estuary to study the REE geochemical behavior and environmental impact. The results showed that the samples contained high REE levels, and the average total amount of REE was 195.28μg/g. REE enrichment was prominent in northern and northeastern fine-grained sediment zones, less near the coast, and the enrichment level was correlated with sediment grain size and land-based influences. Although the REE content varied greatly among the sampling stations, the distribution patterns were similar. They all had a right-dipping negative slope pattern, were relatively enriched in the light rare earth elements (LREE), and were characterized by a V-type REE distribution pattern with an Eu deficit. Evaluation using Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed that the sediments in the Yellow River estuary were generally in a state of slight REE pollution.

Asset Recovery in Eradication Illicit Enrichment: Indonesia With The United States and South Korea

This research discusses the importance of asset recovery in combating illicit enrichment in Indonesia, with a comparison to the United States and South Korea. Where the level of illicit enrichment has become crucial in this country. The study's goal is to examine asset recovery laws and practices and pinpoint ways that Indonesia might improve. The method used is a literature study with comparative analysis of regulations and practices in the three countries. The results show that Indonesia faces significant challenges in asset recovery, while the United States and South Korea have more comprehensive legal frameworks. The conclusion of this study recommends strengthening the legal system and passing an asset forfeiture bill to increase the effectiveness of corruption eradication in Indonesia.

Polymeric Gluten Proteins as Climate-Resilient Markers of Quality: Can LC-MS/MS Provide Valuable Information about Spring Wheat Grown in Diverse Climates?

In this study, the impact of the varying environments, wet-cool (2017), dry-hot (2018), and fluctuating (2019), on two spring wheat genotypes, Diskett and Bumble, grown in field conditions in southern Sweden was studied. From harvested grains, polymeric gluten proteins were fractionated and collected using SE-HPLC and then analyzed with LC-MS/MS. Proteins and peptides identified through searches against the protein sequences ofTriticum aestivum (taxon 4565) from the UniProtKB database showed 7 high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and 24 low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) with different enrichment levels for both genotypes. Glu-B1 for HMW-GS and Glu D3 and m- and s-types for LMW-GS were dominated in both genotypes, and a small proportion of α-, γ-, and ω-gliadins were also present. A minor variation in HMW-GS and LMW-GS compositions was observed between the years, while small amounts of heat shock proteins were identified under the "dry-hot" period for Diskett. In conclusion, Diskett showed more stable and climate-resistant protein patterns in the studied varying climate as compared to Bumble. The study highlights the use of proteomics and LC-MS/MS for differentiation of wheat genotypes, although it shows low sensitivity in measuring the diverse environment impact on the polymeric proteins.

Bulk and single-cell transcriptome revealed the metabolic heterogeneity in human glioma.

Emerging perspectives on tumor metabolism reveal its heterogeneity, a characteristic yet to be fully explored in gliomas. To advance therapies targeting metabolic processes, it is crucial to uncover metabolic differences and identify distinct metabolic subtypes. Therefore, we aimed to develop a classification system for gliomas based on the enrichment levels of four key metabolic pathways: glutaminolysis, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid oxidation. Energy-related features of glioma were characterized through integrative analyses of multiple datasets, including bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptome profiling. The glioma energy metabolic subtypes were constructed using the R package ConsensusClusterPlus. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to compare clinical outcomes between different metabolic groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were employed to elucidate the biological functions of genes of interest. Cell-cell communication analysis was performed at single-cell resolution using the R package CellChat and at spatial resolution using the standard stLearn pipeline. Glioma samples were stratified into two prognostic subtypes. Group 1, enriched in the glutaminolysis pathway, had better clinical outcomes. In contrast, Group 2 exhibited high activities in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid oxidation, correlating with decreased survival time. Group 1 samples were predominantly located in the peripheral region and had a high composition of neuron cells. Group 2, however, had increased infiltration of tumor-promoting immune cells, such as M2 macrophages, and was characterized by traits of invasion, hypoxia, and immunity. Lastly, cell-cell communications were compared across different tumor regions, and the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 ligand-receptor pair was validated using spatial transcriptomic data. Our work revealed the metabolic heterogeneity in glioma by developing a new classification system with significant prognostic and therapeutic value. Single-cell transcriptional profiles offer novel insights into tumor metabolic reprogramming, which could enhance therapies tailored to cell- or patient-specific metabolic patterns.

Uncovering topologically associating domains from three-dimensional genome maps with TADGATE.

Topologically associating domains (TADs) are essential components of three-dimensional (3D) genome organization and significantly influence gene transcription regulation. However, accurately identifying TADs from sparse chromatin contact maps and exploring the structural and functional elements within TADs remain challenging. To this end, we develop TADGATE, a graph attention auto-encoder that can generate imputed maps from sparse Hi-C contact maps while adaptively preserving or enhancing the underlying topological structures, thereby facilitating TAD identification. TADGATE captures specific attention patterns with two types of units within TADs and demonstrates TAD organization relates to chromatin compartmentalization with diverse biological properties. We identify many structural and functional elements within TADs, with their abundance reflecting the overall properties of these domains. We applied TADGATE to sparse and noisy Hi-C contact maps from 21 human tissues or cell lines. That improved the clarity of TAD structures, allowing us to investigate conserved and cell-type-specific boundaries and uncover cell-type-specific transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with topological domains. We also demonstrated TADGATE's capability to fill in sparse single-cell Hi-C contact maps and identify TAD-like domains within them, revealing the specific domain boundaries with distinct heterogeneity and the shared backbone boundaries characterized by strong CTCF enrichment and high gene expression levels.

Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide mitigates hypobaric hypoxia-induced oxidation and intestinal damage via microbiome modulation

The high-altitude, low-pressure, and hypoxia environment poses a significant threat to human health, particularly causing intestinal damage and disrupting gut microbiota. This study investigates the protective effects of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharides (BRP) on intestinal damage in mice exposed to hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Results showed that oxidative stress and inflammation levels were elevated in the hypoxia group, while BRP intervention significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC) and reduced inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α). BRP also restored intestinal barrier function by enhancing claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 expression. Notably Chromatographic and metagenomic analyses revealed that BRP enriched butyrate levels, promoted beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila and Leuconostoc lactis, and upregulated L-arginine biosynthesis II and L-methionine biosynthesis III pathways to enhance antioxidant activity. Fecal microbiota transfer experiments confirmed the role of gut microbiota in mediating BRP’s protective effects, providing valuable insights into prebiotic-based therapeutic strategies for hypobaric hypoxia-induced intestinal damage.

Accumulation, Source Apportionment, and Ecological-Health Risks Assessment of Topsoil Heavy Metals in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas in the Eastern Qaidam Basin, China

The contamination of heavy metals (HMs) in the topsoil of agricultural and pastoral areas threatens the yield and quality of agriculture and animal husbandry and also endangers regional ecological security and human health. This study analyzed the HMs (Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Zn, Hg, and Mn) in areas with intensive agricultural and pastoral activities to identify their accumulation, source apportionment, and ecological-health risks using geochemical methods coupled with positive matrix factorization (PMF). It was uncovered that the concentrations of HMs presented varying scales of enrichment and contamination levels in the topsoil. However, except for only one sample, the residual HMs concentrations fell within the associated risk screening values (the RSVs). The combined assessment of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) pointed that Hg and Cd were the primary contaminants. The PMF identified four sources of HMs including natural geogenic, industry mining, composite (caused by multi-anthropogenic activities), and agricultural sources accounting for 33.7%, 41.0%, 7.7%, and 17.6% of contribution rates, respectively. The potential ecological risk was largely attributed to the accumulation of Hg, followed by Cd. The non-carcinogenic risk for both groups fell beneath the acceptable risk threshold, and the prospective carcinogenic health threats posed by Cd, As, and Pb for different groups should not be ignored, particularly concerning children. It is of great significance to control the HMs pollution and restore soil cleanliness in the study area.

Factors That Determine Successful Social Housing of African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) in Same-Sex Pairs and Trios.

Social housing provides a high level of enrichment for captive non-human primates, but providing this in research situations can be challenging. We have developed a multifactorial animal selection and introduction process coordinated by veterinary and animal care behavioral teams. This process sought to successfully establish lasting same-sex pairs and trios for African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) in studies lasting from three months to over a year. The selection and introduction process addresses variables that impact a successful grouping, including age, animal weight difference, cage size and configuration. Evaluation and consideration of these initial matchmaking parameters has favorably enhanced pairing/trio bonding. Social housing with females has been typically more successful than with males, with 90-100% of females successfully pair- or trio-housed. Successful pairs and trios exhibit multiple affiliative behaviors and demonstrate better overall health while under study, ensuring benefits both to animal welfare and study data.

Evaluation of Operability and Exhaust Emissions of Common Rail Direct Injection Engine using Biodiesel Blends in Moderate Cold Environment

Malaysia has restricted the use of biodiesel blends to B7 in the highlands due to challenges related to cold flow operability, while B10 and B20 are used in the lowlands. This study evaluated the performance and emissions of a light-duty, 4-cylinder Euro III turbocharged common rail direct injection diesel vehicle using palm biodiesel blends (B10, B20, and B30) at speeds of 60, 80, and 100 km/h under simulated cold temperatures of 10, 15, and 20°C in a controlled cold chamber. The combustion of B10 and B20 in the diesel engine showed enhancements in power and torque of 3.9% and 4.6%, respectively, compared to Euro 2M (B7) diesel. These improvements are likely the result of the synergistic effects of the enriched oxygen levels in biodiesel and the increased density of cold air, which enhance combustion efficiency. CO2 emissions decreased by 1.5%, 4.3%, and 11.2% with the use of B10, B20, and B30 fuels, respectively. NOx emissions decreased as biodiesel content increased at 10 and 15°C; however, the emissions increased by 17.6% and 38.2% for B20 and B30, respectively, in comparison to B10 at 20°C. B20 demonstrated good engine performance and emissions at 15°C, with improvements of 1.3% in power and 3.7% in torque, which compensated for a 3.2% increase in fuel consumption, and there were reductions of 8.9% in NOx emissions and 0.9% in CO2 emissions compared to B7 diesel. Palm biodiesel blends ranging from 7 wt.% to 20 wt.% are capable of withstanding the moderate cold ambient temperatures of the highlands without compromising engine operation.

Optimizing Vermicomposting of Coffee and Tea Wastes Using the Indian Earthworm Lampito mauritii: A Sustainable Waste Management Approach

The rapid generation of coffee and tea ground wastes poses significant environmental challenges, particularly in urban areas. This study evaluates the potential of the Indian earthworm Lampito mauritii to vermicompost these wastes, aiming to identify optimal substrate ratios for maximizing compost quality and plant growth. Five treatments combining soil substrate with coffee and tea wastes in 3:1 and 1:1 ratios were tested. Results showed that the 1:1 ratios of coffee (T2) and tea (T4) wastes significantly enhanced biomass (52.43 g/kg for T2) and hatchling production (58 in T2). Vermicompost from these treatments exhibited enriched macronutrient levels (nitrogen 20.1 g/kg, phosphorous8.4 g/kg, potassium 19.7 g/kg in T2) and boosted rose plant growth, with plants in T2 growing to 110 cm and producing 7 flowers. This study highlights vermicomposting as an efficient, low-cost method for organic waste recycling and sustainable agriculture.

Precipitation behavior of G-phase and its effect on mechanical properties of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel

Precipitation behavior of G-phase and its effect on mechanical properties of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel during thermal aging at 350–600 °C for 0–10,000 h are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atom probe tomography (APT), hardness and impact tests. Aging at 500 °C, the martensitic matrix of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel basically keeps stable. With the lath width almost remaining unchanged, carbides coarsen to a slight degree, but G-phase will precipitate at grain boundary (GB). The G-phase is Ni16Mn6Si7 and its “nose” temperature is around 500–550 °C. Due to relatively high enrichment level of forming elements including Ni, Mn and Si at GB, the G-phase can nucleate at triple junction or adjacent to M23C6 at GB. Subsequently, the G-phase grows along GB until contacts with M23C6, and then coarsens along the width direction, which results in alternating distribution morphology of G-phase and M23C6 at GB. The Vickers hardness results show that the hardness remains stable due to the relatively stable microstructure after aging. After aging for 10,000 h, the hardness undergoes little decrease due to the slight coarsening of M23C6 and G-phase. Interestingly, the impact energy drops obviously after the precipitation of G-phase. The reason is that the G-phase at GB promotes the initiation and propagation of cracks during the impact process, leading to intergranular fracture (IGF).

Particle-bound mercury in Saharan dust-loaded particulate matter in Cabo Verde.

Particle-bound mercury (PBM) concentrations in particulate matter (PM), PM10 and PM2.5, were investigated during dust and non-dust events at urban and rural sites in Cabo Verde, Africa. During dust events, PBM averaged 35.2 pg m-3 (PM10) and 16.1 pg m-3 (PM2.5) compared to 15.9 pg m-3 (PM10) and 1.21 pg m-3 (PM2.5) during non-dust events representing 2.21- and 13.3-fold increases, respectively. The PM10/PM2.5 PBM ratio was 2.19 during dust and 13.1 in non-dust events, highlighting the role of coarse particles during non-dust periods. Air mass trajectories and elemental markers associate PBM sources to mineral dust, mining, oceanic emissions, and biomass burning. Health risk assessment indicates higher inhalation risk compared to dermal or ingestion pathways. By comparing the PBM concentrations during dust and non-dust events, for PM10, dust and long-range transport contributed about 63 % to the average PBM concentration in urban and 52 % in the rural areas and enriched PBM levels in PM2.5 by about 84 % (urban) and 94 % (rural). This result indicates that fine-mode PM is significantly enriched with PBM during dust events, elevating exposure risks and associated health impacts.

TRIM22 mechanism promoting KAT2A ubiquitination degradation to regulate ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal cancer. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22) in HCC cell invasion and metastasis through the K (lysine) acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis. Human HCC cells BEL7405 were cultured in vitro and treated with MG-132, Ferrostain-1, pcDNA3.1-TRIM22, pcDNA3.1-KAT2A, or pcDNA3.1-NC. TRIM22-KAT2A interaction and KAT2A ubiquitination level, cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) enrichment level on the GPX4 promoter were assessed by Co-IP, CCK-8, Transwell, and ChIP-qPCR assays. Mice were injected subcutaneously with Lv-oe-NC or Lv-oe-TRIM22 BEL7405 cells via the tail vein. Tumor proliferation and levels of TRIM22, KAT2A, GPX4, Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) in tissues and cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, western blot, and kits. oe-TRIM22-treated BEL7405 cells exhibited increased TRIM22 expression, and abated KAT2A protein expression and malignant cell biological behaviors, which were partially reversed by upregulating KAT2A or suppressing ferroptosis. TRIM22 interacted with KAT2A, which was ubiquitinated to regulate GPX4 histone acetylation. TRIM22 overexpression elevated Fe2+, MDA, and ROS levels and cell death, and diminished GSH, GPX4, and H3K9ac enrichment levels, whereas further overexpression of KAT2A brought about opposite trends. TRIM22 suppressed HCC growth and metastasis by mediating ferroptosis through the KAT2A/GPX4 axis. TRIM22 promoted KAT2A ubiquitination degradation to reduce H3K9ac enrichment levels in the GPX4 promoter region, and facilitated ferroptosis, thereby inhibiting HCC cell invasion and metastasis and in vivo growth and metastasis.

Performance evaluation of uranium enrichment cascades using fuzzy based harmony search algorithm

The production of energy in nuclear reactors needs enrichment of fuels. There is some interest in taking the fuel enrichment level to 3–5% by cascades. Optimization of the isotopic cascades is essential to make this process economic. This study presents a Fuzzy-based Harmony Search (FHS) algorithm aimed at dynamic parameter adaptation as well as establishing a balance between exploration and exploitation, which significantly increases the convergence speed of the algorithm. Accelerating the convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated in the Sphere, Schwefel, Ackley, and Drop-Waves benchmarks at first. This approach also enhances performance in several test cases of optimum cascade problems, with results validated through comparisons with conventional methods. According to the results, the total number of centrifuges using FHS reached 6306 in test case 1, which was reduced 44 pieces compared to the method used by Palkin, and 55 pieces compared to the real coded genetic algorithm. The total number of centrifuges using FHS reached 2808 in test case 4 with a different type of gas centrifuge, which decreased 27 pieces compared to the direct search method. Similar results were obtained in other test cases, indicating the effectiveness of the FHS algorithm in minimizing the total number of centrifuges and total flow rates.

The Effect of Rearing and Adult Environment on HPA Axis Responsivity and Plumage Condition in Laying Hens.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity is influenced by early life experience and also modified by the environment an individual experiences as an adult. Because laying hens are transferred from rearing to laying farms at 16-18 weeks of age, they are well suited to study the interaction effect between early (rearing) and adult (laying) environments on physiology and behaviour. In the European Union, there is a move towards cage-free systems for laying hens, but globally, the majority of layers are kept in conventional or furnished cages. Conventional cages have no enrichment, whereas furnished cages have little enrichment. Both cage types limit the movement of birds and the expression of highly motivated behaviours. Lack of enrichment may lead to under-stimulated birds that are more sensitive to stress and fear-inducing challenges later in life. Fearfulness has been linked to feather pecking, which has negative consequences for animal welfare and productivity. Previous research has shown that birds reared in cages are more fearful and perform more poorly in a test of spatial cognition than birds reared in aviaries when tested within five weeks after transition to adult housing. However, recent results suggest that these effects might not be long-lasting. We, therefore, tested the effect of the early (rearing) (aviary vs. cage) and adult (laying) environments (standard vs. additionally enriched furnished cages) on the corticosterone response to restraint in birds that were 35 weeks into lay (i.e., 52 weeks of age) and assessed their plumage condition. We hypothesised that a lower level of enrichment, both during rearing and adulthood, would represent a lower level of stimulation, resulting in a stronger corticosterone response to restraint and poorer feather cover. Both stressed (restrained) and control birds increased their corticosterone levels from the first (baseline) to second sample (p < 0.01 for both), but the increase in the restrained group was significantly higher than in the control group (F1, 111 = 9.51; p = 0.003). There was no effect of the early environment, but birds housed in standard furnished cages as adults had overall higher corticosterone levels than birds housed in enriched furnished cages regardless of their early life environment (F1, 51 = 4.12; p = 0.048). Neither early nor adult housing influenced the feather score except for on the belly, where birds housed in enriched cages as adults had a poorer feather score, contrary to our prediction. In conclusion, no effect of the early environment on HPA axis responsivity to an acute stressor could be detected at 52 weeks of age, but adult enrichment had a favourable effect on overall corticosterone levels.

Identification of priority factors for risk control of trace toxic elements in surface resuspended dust of university campuses

The surface resuspended dust (SRD) that accumulates trace toxic elements (TTEs) can be suspended in the atmosphere and can be transported to other areas, such as campuses, through airflow. The risks and sources of TTEs in university campus SRD have not been thoroughly explored, especially the priority factors for TTEs pollution and risk control in the SRD. Taking Xi’an as a case, this study quantitatively apportioned the sources of TTEs in the SRD of university campuses using positive matrix factorization method, evaluated the ecological and health risks of the specific-source TTEs in the SRD using Monte Carlo simulation method, and determined the priority factors for risk control of TTEs in the SRD. We found that the pollution of Zn, Pb, and Cu in the SRD was severe, with significantly high to very high enrichment levels. The comprehensive pollution of TTEs in the SRD was high to extremely high levels, with Pb and Zn as the main contributors. The four sources of TTEs identified in the SRD were traffic exhaust, traffic non-exhaust, mixed, and natural sources, accounting for 19.1%, 43.3%, 11.2%, and 26.3% of the total TTE concentrations, respectively. The ecological risk of TTEs was quite serious, mainly caused by traffic exhaust Pb. TTEs in the SRD had a certain cancer risk to college students, mainly contributed by traffic exhaust. Traffic exhaust source is the main factor that needs to be controlled.

Functional Motif Discovery in FOXO1 Through CRISPR/Cas9 Exon Tiling Scan.

The study of FOXO1, a pivotal transcription factor, has garnered significant attention due to its critical role in diverse cellular processes, including lineage differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and metabolism. To comprehensively understand the functional intricacies of FOXO1, an innovative approach is essential. This chapter highlights employing CRISPR exon scanning as a strategic tool to dissect the functional domains of FOXO1 and unravel its diverse regulatory functions. CRISPR exon scan allows for the identification of functionally important domains based on the levels of sgRNA depletion or enrichment within the FOXO1 gene, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the domain function under relevant biological contexts. This approach enables the systematic exploration of FOXO1's structural domains, shedding light on how distinct regions contribute to its overall function. The comprehensive exon scan analysis using CRISPR technology allows gaining a nuanced understanding of FOXO1's functional diversity and regulatory mechanisms.