In this work, fifteen chemical elements viz., Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ag, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca, and Mg were estimated in the coal mine-impacted soil samples sourced from Barapukuria coal mine area of Bangladesh using atomic absorption spectrometer and flame photometer for assessing their contamination levels with an implication to human health and environment. The level of considered elements was found to be lower compared to their corresponding world normal limit, except for Zn. Physicochemical properties of soils such as pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and electrical conductivity, as measured using a multiparameter meter in aqueous solution, indicated the acidic nature of soils with the presence of considerable oxidizing and ionic substances. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses ascertained the probabilistic anthropogenic sources of elemental contaminations and significant inter-parameter associations. These analyses suggest that Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Mn, and As in soil originated from anthropogenic activities, particularly from the adjacent coal mining operations, indicating a common source of origin. Enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk factor (Er), potential ecological risk index (RI), and human health risk assessment of chemical elements were employed for evaluating the impact of potentially hazardous elements in soils on surrounding environment and local residents. EF values suggest a significant enrichment of Ag, As, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cu in soils having anthropogenic origin while K, Cr, Ca, Na, and Mg originated from geogenic sources. The Igeo and CF data indicate a considerable accumulation of Cd, As, Ag, and Zn in the soil. A moderate risk potential was manifested by the Er and RI indices posing a threat to the soil environment. The non-carcinogenic threat was observed mostly among the children cohort due to the preponderance of these elemental concentrations.