Enormous Reserve Research Articles

Waste to Treasure: Preparation of Functional Polymeric Particles from Waste Olefins in Carbolic Oil by Self-Stabilized Precipitation Polymerization

Carbolic oil is a fraction of coal tar with an enormous reserve, 40% of which are aromatic olefins such as indene, coumarone, styrene, etc. However, it is an underutilized r esource due to the lack of deep processing technology. In this study, we copolymerized olefins in the carbolic oil with maleic anhydride (MAh) by self-stabilized precipitation polymerization (2SP) method, to obtain uniform carbolic oil–maleic anhydride copolymer (CMA) particles with high yield (≥90%). Uniform CMA particles with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 4400–24,100 g·mol–1 and particle sizes in the range of 150–2800 nm could be conveniently obtained by tuning the reaction factors. CMA exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents and possessed good thermal stability. After chemical modification of anhydride groups, CMA could be further converted into water-soluble carbolic oil–maleamic acid copolymers (CMAA), and heat-resistant and hydrophobic carbolic oil–maleimide copolymers (CMI). Overall, this research had provided a facile and green strategy for the effective utilization of waste olefins in carbolic oil, and the obtained copolymers had broad application prospects.

“Real Time Twitter Sentimental Analysis”

Abstract: This Project represents the work related to Real-Time Twitter Sentimental Analysis. In this paper, we present a framework for Real-time opinion investigation of Twitter information. The proposed framework depends on highlight extraction from tweets, utilizing both morphological elements and semantic data. For the feeling examination task, we embrace a managed learning approach, where we train different classifiers in light of the removed elements. At last, we present the plan and execution of an ongoing framework engineering in Storm, which contains the component extraction and order errands, and scales well concerning input information size and information appearance rate. Through a trial assessment, we exhibit the benefits of the proposed framework, both regarding grouping exactness as well as adaptability and execution. Discovery of sadness through messages sent by a client via web-based entertainment can be a perplexing errand because of the ubiquity and patterns in them. Lately, messages and online entertainment has turned out to be an extremely close portrayal of an individual's life and his psychological state. This is an enormous reserve of information about an individual's way of behaving and can be utilized for location of different psychological sicknesses (discouragement for our situation) utilizing Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning. Keywords: Machine Learning, Python, Web Development, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Django, Jupyter Note Book.

Effects of Mineral Structure and Microenvironment on K Release from Potassium Aluminosilicate Minerals by Cenococcum geophilum fr

K-bearing minerals with enormous reserve in the world, were not easy to provide the available K nutrient element for plant direct uptake because of the slow K release rate. With the potential potassium-solubilizing microorganisms, the slow K release rate from minerals would be improved significantly. In this work, Cenococcum geophilum Fr, one of the most common ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal to temperate regions, was adopted to dissolve K-bearing minerals for K release. Five kinds of potassium aluminosilicate minerals were tested by bioleaching experiments in pure culture, including feldspar, nepheline, biotite, muscovite and illite. The available and unavailable potassium amounts in minerals before and after bioleaching were measured and compared with each other. The effect of mineral structure on the potassium solubilization efficiency by Cenococcum geophilum Fr. was discussed. Furthermore, the microenvironment formation between fungi and mineral surface to enhance the K release rate was investigated through detecting K, Al, Si concentrations and metabolites amounts (polysaccharide and organic acids) in microenvironment and external environment, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that Cenococcum geophilum Fr. was a potential candidate of potassium solubilizing microorganisms, and both mineral structure and microenvironment have significant effects on the K release rate.

Migration and Adolescent Health

Migration and Adolescent Health

Activity screening of environmental metagenomic libraries reveals novel carboxylesterase families

Metagenomics has made accessible an enormous reserve of global biochemical diversity. To tap into this vast resource of novel enzymes, we have screened over one million clones from metagenome DNA libraries derived from sixteen different environments for carboxylesterase activity and identified 714 positive hits. We have validated the esterase activity of 80 selected genes, which belong to 17 different protein families including unknown and cyclase-like proteins. Three metagenomic enzymes exhibited lipase activity, and seven proteins showed polyester depolymerization activity against polylactic acid and polycaprolactone. Detailed biochemical characterization of four new enzymes revealed their substrate preference, whereas their catalytic residues were identified using site-directed mutagenesis. The crystal structure of the metal-ion dependent esterase MGS0169 from the amidohydrolase superfamily revealed a novel active site with a bound unknown ligand. Thus, activity-centered metagenomics has revealed diverse enzymes and novel families of microbial carboxylesterases, whose activity could not have been predicted using bioinformatics tools.

JAUNDICE EVALUATION IN MEDICAL WARDS, STUDY IN A RURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA

INTRODUCTION The human liver contains complex parenchymal cells that perform multiple functions which are essential for life. The liver does not easily demonstrate dysfunction at least in its metabolic activities. This is because of enormous reserve capacity and marvelous regenerating power of the liver and only a small portion of the liver is enough to perform all the functions. About 75-80 % of liver, need to be out of function for any of the test to be positive. As is clear from the fact that the liver has been called “a silent organ,” a diseased liver shows relatively few clinical signs unless the disease is severe or advanced. However, simple liver function tests using blood samples are widely available as part of routine health examination, providing opportunities for physicians to find abnormalities in liver function test results in daily clinical practice. Even in an asymptomatic individual a careful history may identify potential causes of abnormal liver function tests. The most common causes encountered in Southeast Asian region are; infective hepatitis, obstruction to bile ducts by gall stones or tumors, alcoholic liver disease, drugs, etc. Liver disease may vary from country to country and in the same country in different cultural groups and at different periods of time. The common causes of chronic liver diseases all over the world are infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and alcohol abuse. Alcohol is associated with high morbidity and mortality; about 3.7 % of the global deaths. There is an increase in incidence of liver disease and liver failure throughout the world and in India. Liver diseases are one among the top killer diseases in India, causing lakhs of deaths every year. The leading cause of liver disease in India is excess alcohol consumption and alcohol use is increasing in india. Chronic liver problems need recurrent hospitalization and prolonged medical care, this leaves people physically, mentally, emotionally and financially devastated. Jaundice is a physical manifestation of underlying bilirubin elevation resulting from a variety of acquired causes, often accompanied by only nonspecific symptoms. In recent years acute infections in large number involve liver as a part of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome with poor survival. The present study was undertaken to assess the pattern of liver involvement in various conditions in a rural teaching hospital in kolar, India.

EFFECT OF IRRADIATION DOSE ON PHYSICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND PASTING PROPERTIES OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA [L.] WALP) CULTIVARS

ABSTRACTCowpea grains, stored as dry seeds, form an enormous reserve of foodstuff in the semi‐arid tropics covering Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Effect of γ‐irradiation on seed color, functional and pasting properties of six selected cowpea cultivars was investigated. Color (L*a*b*) of non‐ and γ‐irradiated cowpea cultivars was measured, and the deltachroma (ΔC), color difference (ΔE) and hue angle were calculated. Functional and physicochemical (pasting) of the milled cowpeas were determined using standards methods and rapid visco‐analyzer, respectively. Generally, L*, a* and b* values of cowpea seeds were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by irradiation dose. Calculated chroma, color intensity and hue angle varied with cultivar and γ‐irradiation dose. Oil absorption capacities of the nonirradiated and irradiated cowpea flours varied from 1.08 to 1.30 and 0.94–1.20 g oil/ g sample, while the water absorption capacities ranged from 1.59 to 2.00 and 1.58–2.01 g water/g sample, respectively. Nonirradiated cowpea flours showed higher pasting properties (peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities) than the irradiated cowpea. Aside from breakdown viscosity, the pasting properties decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased γ‐irradiation dose. The IT96D‐610 and IT97K‐568‐18 cultivars showed significantly higher peak, trough, final and setback viscosities compared with other cowpeas.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSExposing foods to ionizing radiations such as gamma rays emitted from the radioisotopes 60Co and 137Cs, or high energy electrons and X‐rays produced by machine sources, helps to destroy microorganisms or insects present in the food. Depending on the absorbed radiation dose, various effects can be achieved resulting in reduced storage losses, extended shelf life and/or improved microbiological and parasitological safety of foods. Microorganisms and pests can no longer proliferate and continue their activities, and insect gametes do not survive or become incapable of proliferation. Large quantities of stored legumes are lost annually as a result of mould contamination and insect attack which continues after harvesting even to storage. Irradiation of cowpea is a viable alternative to the use of chemicals, which have adverse effects on both food and environment, associated with residues and ozone depletion, and are perceived to be carcinogenic.

Power and Resistance: A Case Study of Satire on the Internet

Past studies on print and TV satire have revealed that satire can be seen as a site of resistance to power. In light of this, interesting questions can be raised regarding Internet satire: what does the Internet contribute to the resistance and what kind of power relation is played out on this site? Using an example from China, this paper reveals that like its print and TV counterparts, Internet satire reflects a widespread feeling of powerlessness, rather than offering the general public any political power. However, the Internet helps to push the symbolic power of satire to a higher level. This is because it makes satire a tool for the grassroots which facilitates the creation and spread of satirical ideas, and also helps to release and stimulate the enormous reserve of public wit and wisdom. As a result, satire on the Internet has the potential to generate a chain of related satirical work, which can create a satire movement and subject power to sustained shame and ridicule.

Full-Scale Destructive Bridge Test Allows Prediction of Ultimate Capacity

Contemporary bridge design is generally based on designing individual members for the maximum force effect that each member may experience. This approach ignores the system-level interactions of these individual members, which may greatly increase the ultimate strength of the complete structure. In an attempt to understand better the load redistribution mechanisms that lead to this increase in ultimate strength, the destructive testing of a skewed steel I-girder bridge was planned and executed. However, because of the enormous system-level reserve capacity of the structure, the structure generally responded elastically, despite being loaded with the equivalent of 17 HS-20 design vehicles. Thus, a validated finite element analysis (FEA) approach was used to predict the ultimate capacity of this structure and to analyze the force redistribution as the bridge's elastic limit was exceeded. The FEA results predicted that the equivalent of 41 HS-20 vehicles was needed to plastify fully the four girders of the subject bridge and show the significant amount of yielding that occurs in the cross-frames when the ultimate capacity of the girders is achieved.

Intestinal failure

The small bowel is a marvellous organ. First, it absorbs nutrients on behalf of all the other organs of the body. This function is not entirely ‘altruistic’: enteric (small-bowel) epithelium is itself nourished by luminal nutrients, which explains its disproportionately severe atrophy in starvation or total parenteral nutrition. Second, it has an enormous functional reserve. In the era of jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity, most patients with 85–90% of the small bowel taken out of circuit could still maintain a body weight above normal. Third, the fact that diarrhoea after a major enterectomy diminishes with time indicates the adaptive power of the remnant small intestine. The lining of the jejunum and ileum is normally shed every few days as cells migrate from crypt base to villus tip, yet the process can be further accelerated to compensate for loss of tissue mass.

The path to commercial hydrate gas production

During the course of the past two decades, enormous reserve potential has often been attributed to gas hydrates in marine sediments, yet the commercial development of gas hydrates is widely viewed as a possibility which is 20, 30, or more years away. As a result, the oil and gas industry has been slow to pursue this opportunity, and gas hydrate exploration and production research has been a low priority for most energy companies. This perspective is changing as a result of recent research by universities, government agencies, and international consortia. In particular, a better understanding of gas hydrate formation has developed along with geologic models for the concentration of gas hydrate in potential reservoirs. At the same time, emerging production technology should enable gas hydrate production in the near term, limited more by constraints on infrastructure than by production technology. Given projected higher natural gas prices, gas hydrates will likely emerge as a viable commercial resource in so...

Getting out from between a rock and a hard place: Can china use its foreign exchange reserves to save its banks?

Recently, the central bank of China lent part of its enormous reserve of foreign exchange to two of its largest banks in difficulty. This seemed to be a very clever policy response since the capital infusion did not affect the money supply nor sacrifice the currency peg as has traditionally been the case. This paper considers the viability of this policy and asks why other Southeast Asian countries with large reserves of foreign exchange did not adopt a similar approach to combat their bank problems in the 1990s.

Dilemmas of the Kenyan succession

Under weight of a diversity of pressures, Daniel Arap Moi has announced his forthcoming retirement from the presidency. The resultant succession dilemma which dominates Kenyan politics is accentuated by endemic corruption, economic decline and increasing popular antipathy to the KANU regime. Yet even in the facing of deepening crisis, the balance of forces favour the government's capacity to frustrate democratisation. Its control of state resources, its increasing resort to informal repression and the reluctance of western powers to encourage a de‐stabilisation all imply that the country's present rulers retain enormous reserve powers. A ‘second‐best’ solution, which provides negotiated shelter for those who have gained by corruption or who have abused human rights may therefore prove to be the most workable way to avoid a resort to armed resistance by present power‐holders and pave the way towards a democratic transition.

The yen for success.

The yen for success.

97/03609 PTBA coal briquette development project; a status report, March 1995

Indonesia has a vast coal reserved amounted around 36 Billion Tons (As May 1993), of which more than 98% located in two big islands: Sumatera & Kalimantan. Indonesian Energy Policy, set up in 1976 were shifting the National Energy Mix to encourage the use of other alternative energy for fulfilling the domestic energy demand. Coal, as it was available in enormous reserve become the most suitable alternative fuel. Indonesian coal mining industry was then gaining a big momentum for its resurrection since it was for long had been overlooked. As the result of reconstruction of old mines, expanding the current mines and the opening of new mines by foreign investor (Contractors) in Kalimantan, since 1986, ten years after the set up of New National Energy Policy or 45 years after peak production level in the past, 2 million tons of coal production was regained. Afterward the coal production of Indonesian coal mine industry are increasing in an exponential rate of growth. With more than 29 million tons of coal produced in 1994, Indonesia will continue to play greater role in the world coal export market in the future. It is projected that by the year of 1998, Indonesia will rankmore » the 3rd as the world coal exporter next to Australia and South African with around 14% of world market share. In this paper, author would only like to report the current status of Indonesian Coal Briquette Industry of which PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam (Persero), PTBA, the state owned coal mining company was being appointed to pioneer the establishment of the first coal briquette industry in Indonesia. Process Technology that being compared here in this paper were based on the technical compliance to specification set by government and the techno-economic evaluation. Due to limitations and constrains, all aspects concerning the project will only be discussed in an overview.« less

ANTIPYRINE METABOLISM DURING CHEMOTHERAPY WITH 5-FLUOROURACIL PLUS FOLINIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER METASTASES FROM PRIMARY COLORECTAL CANCER

Current evidence suggests that the drug-metabolizing capacity of the liver can be altered by neoplastic lesions and by the chemotherapeutic agents used to treat them. Antipyrine metabolism is a widely used dynamic test for assessing mixed hepatic oxidase system activity in humans. This study was conducted to determine the effects of 5-fluorouracil-folinic acid chemotherapy on hepatic drug metabolization in patients with diffuse liver metastases from colorectal tumors using antipyrine metabolism as an index. Twenty-three patients, all with diffuse liver metastases from primary colorectal tumors and normal liver function tests, were treated with 5-day cycles of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (370 mg m(minus sign2) day(minus sign1) I.V.) and folinic acid (200 mg m(minus sign2) day(minus sign1) I.V.) administered every 28 days. Antipyrine metabolism was assessed before initiation of therapy and after each 5-day cycle to determine the effects of this chemotherapeutic protocol on the mixed-hepatic oxidase system. Response to treatment was assessed after 4 months. None of the patients displayed any change in antipyrine metabolism following treatment. There was no correlation between the ability to metabolize antipyrine and the response to chemotherapy. 5FU has been found to decrease antipyrine metabolism in rats with no liver disease. The absence of such an effect in our patients is thought to be due to inductive effects exerted by the metastases on the mixed hepatic oxidase system and modification of 5-FU metabolism by folinic acid. The liver appears to have an enormous functional reserve, even when there is massive tumor involvement.

Contaminated Collateral and Lender Liability: CERCLA and the New Age Banker

Enacted in December of 1980, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or the Act) authorizes the federal government to clean up inactive hazardous waste sites that threaten human health or the environment (42 U.S.C. 9601-9675, 1982 and Supp. V 1987). CERCLA, also known as Superfund, provides a fund for cleanup of contaminated sites when no other parties are able to conduct the cleanup. This enormous reserve of money is replenished from federal funds, taxes on certain chemicals and petroleum, litigation settlements with responsible parties, and recovery of fines. CERCLA empowers the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) to recover the cleanup costs from those parties responsible for the contamination, if they can be identified, with little or no costs to the American taxpayer. Because of the need for reauthorization, and calls for legislative clarification of what has been cited as poorly drafted legislation. (United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., 579 F. Supp. 823, 839, W.D. Mo. 1984). CERCLA was amended in October of 1986 by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, also known as SARA (Pub. L. No. 99-499, 100 Stat. 1613-1782, 1986; codified throughout 42 U.S.C. Sections 9601-75, 1982 & Supp. V 1987). However, these amendments have proved to be inadequate because of inconsistent judicial interpretation and implementation of the Act's stringent provisions regarding lender liability for contaminated collateral. As a result, lenders who are unsure of what constitutes risk-free lending activities under CERCLA are again raising the call for further legislative reform. What follows is a general overview of CERCLA provisions pertinent to lender liability, a review of several case law holdings which have added to lender confusion and heightened liability concerns, and a discussion of actions taken by lenders to avoid being cited under the Act for cleaning up contaminated properties.

Digestive and Absorptive Phase Anomalies Associated with the Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency of Cystic Fibrosis

SummaryThe pancreas has an enormous reserve capacity, and significant malabsorption usually signals complete absence of exocrine function. However, there is evidence that acid lipases of nonpancreatic origin play an important compensatory role. Complete duodenal hydrolysis of fat requires a series of complex interdependent physicochemical events involving pancreatic lipase, colipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts in an environment where the pH must be close to neutrality. Lipolytic products must then be shuttled through the unstirred water layer to the surface of the microvillus membrane by ionized bile salts, which must be present in sufficient concentrations to form micelles. In pancreatic insufficiency, there is not only a defective lipolytic phase but also an impaired micellar phase. The output of bile salts is decreased because of increased fecal loss. Furthermore, a significant percentage of bile salts precipitate because the duodenum is acidic and there is a large predominance of glycine conjugates. Although much less work has been done on the absorptive phase of patients with pancreatic insufficiency, there is tentative evidence that defective phospholipid absorption, essential fatty acid deficiency, and protein malnutrition could impair the absorptive phase, particularly chylomicron formation. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of factors responsible for malabsorption associated with pancreatic insufficiency, much remains to be done for the further delineation of defects. It is hoped that this will lead to further refinements of enzyme preparations and to new strategies of intervention.

Digestive and absorptive phase anomalies associated with the exocrine pancreatic insufficiency of cystic fibrosis.

The pancreas has an enormous reserve capacity, and significant malabsorption usually signals complete absence of exocrine function. However, there is evidence that acid lipases of nonpancreatic origin play an important compensatory role. Complete duodenal hydrolysis of fat requires a series of complex interdependent physicochemical events involving pancreatic lipase, colipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts in an environment where the pH must be close to neutrality. Lipolytic products must then be shuttled through the unstirred water layer to the surface of the microvillus membrane by ionized bile salts, which must be present in sufficient concentrations to form micelles. In pancreatic insufficiency, there is not only a defective lipolytic phase but also an impaired micellar phase. The output of bile salts is decreased because of increased fecal loss. Furthermore, a significant percentage of bile salts precipitate because the duodenum is acidic and there is a large predominance of glycine conjugates. Although much less work has been done on the absorptive phase of patients with pancreatic insufficiency, there is tentative evidence that defective phospholipid absorption, essential fatty acid deficiency, and protein malnutrition could impair the absorptive phase, particularly chylomicron formation. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of factors responsible for malabsorption associated with pancreatic insufficiency, much remains to be done for the further delineation of defects. It is hoped that this will lead to further refinements of enzyme preparations and to new strategies of intervention.

The Development Of The "Deep Basin" Natural Gas Project - Western Canada

Abstract During the past six years while most national attention has been focused on the so-called "mega" project for energy self sufficiency, a giant resource project has been developing without the fanfare generally accorded a scheme with such potential impact on the well being of the nation. Geologic evidence suggested the probable existence of an enormous natural gas accumulation trapped in the deepest part of the Alberta syncline and its extension into British Columbia. This area covers 26,000 square miles (67,600 square km) and contains sediments which are potentially hydrocarbon bearing over a thickness of 15,000 feet (4,570 metres). Reserve and production potential is so large as to significantly alter energy supply estimates for North America. This paper will document the development of these reserves and the stages in the installation of facilities required for the production of this enormous hydrocarbon reserve. Commentary will be made regarding credibility, cost, scope, and impact of this development. This paper was presented at the 7th Western Region Conference of The Engineering institute of Canada in Calgary, November 17, 1982. Introduction In the late winter of 1976, just over six years ago, there occurred an event that our industry, and our nation will recognize as one of the historic milestones in the evolution of the petroleum industry on this continent. The event was the drilling of the Elmworth discovery well —Canadian Hunter Elmworth 11-15-70-11 W6M. This well represented the birth of a "giant" and the beginning of the on-going development process which is validating the Deep Basin hypothesis and the hydrocarbon reserves in the Deep Basin area of Western Canada. The philosophical basis for the effort and money which has been invested in the development of the Deep Basin is described by the Resource Triangle(1) in Figure 1. It is a known concept that most natural resources are distributed as in a triangle with high-grade deposits occupying the peak, or smallest part of the triangle. In general, as the grade decreases, the size of the deposit increases. CanHunter's fundamental thesis was that in-situ natural gas resources had a similar distribution and that as reservoir quality decreases, larger amounts of gas would be found trapped in lower quality reservoir rock. This triangle also demonstrates the elasticity of resources because as price and technology improve it is possible to produce more of the lower quality, uneconomic resources. The truth, with respect to the Deep Basin as we now know, is very much representative of the total "triangle concept" whereby gas reserves in the Deep Basin exist within the full spectrum of resource distribution from excellent to very poor. This fact is important because there arc still those who are skeptical and retain the belief that the Western Canada Deep Basin is entirely a low-grade natural gas resource existing in unconventional reservoirs. Reserves are predominantly natural gas with some oil in perimeter regions of the Basin. The existence of undesirable salt water is negligible due to the entrapment process.