Enormous Excess Research Articles

Computational Modeling of Thermodynamical Pulsatile Flow with Uncertain Pressure in Hydrocephalus

The watery cerebrospinal fluid that flows in the subarachnoid space (SAS) surrounds the entire central nervous system via symmetrical thermo-solute flow. The significance of this study was to present a flexible simulation based on theoretical vivo inputs onto a mathematical framework to describe the interaction of cerebrospinal fluid circulation restricted to a pathological disorder. The pathophysiology disorder hydrocephalus is caused by an enormous excess of asymmetric fluid flow in the ventricular region. This fluid imposition increases the void space of its boundary wall (Pia mater). As a result, the dumping effect affects an inertial force in brain tissues. A mathematical model was developed to impose the thermal dynamics of hydrocephalus, in which solute transport constitutes the excess watery CSF fluid caused by hydrocephalus, in order to demonstrate perspective changes in ventricular spaces. This paper investigated brain porous spaces in order to strengthen the acceleration and thermal requirements in the CNS mechanism. To characterize neurological activities, a unique mathematical model that includes hydrodynamics and nutrient transport diffusivity was used. We present the analytical results based on physical experiments that use the novel Laplace method to determine the nutrients transported through permeable pia (brain) parenchyma with suitable pulsatile boundary conditions. This causes high CSF pressure and brain damage due to heat flux over the SAS boundary wall. As a result of the increased Schmidt number, the analysis of the hydrocephalus problem revealed an increase in permeability and drop in solute transport. A high-velocity profile caused a rise in thermal buoyancy (Grashof number). When the CSF velocity reached an extreme level, it indicated a higher Womersley number. Additionally, the present study compared a number of clinical studies for CSF amplitude and pressure. We validated the results by providing a decent justification with the clinical studies by appropriate field references.

Trash Your Agar Plates! Blood Stream Bacteria Are Now Quantified by in vivo Flow Cytometry.

© 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Identification of metabolites of peptide-derived drugs using an isotope-labeled reporter ion screening strategy.

Background Peptide-derived drugs represent an emerging class of prohibited substances in professional sports and, thus, in modern doping controls. After parental administration (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous), these drugs undergo various metabolic processes, which degrade them to biologically active or inactive peptides. Knowledge about these metabolic processes and the hereby produced metabolites plays a key role in successful doping controls due to the effective design of analytical assays under consideration of optimal analytical targets. Unfortunately, the complexity of biological matrix (e.g. blood or urine) complicates the immediate identification of relevant metabolites due to the enormous excess of naturally occurring peptides and their degradation products. Methods In this study, a strategy employing in-vitro metabolism of stable isotope-labeled peptides producing characteristic reporter ions derived from labeled immonium ions is shown. The in-vitro experiments were performed with human skin tissue microsomes (S9), and model drugs representing prohibited peptide hormones were synacthen, insulin, and corticorelin (respectively, their stable isotope-labeled analogs). After generic sample preparation, the metabolites were identified by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in an untargeted approach. Results and conclusions For all three model peptides, several metabolic products were readily identified. While insulin and corticorelin were found to be comparably stable, synacthen was fully degraded, yielding a plethora of metabolic products. A proof of concept concerning the transferability of the obtained data was accomplished by analyzing plasma samples collected post-administration of recombinant human insulin, corroborating the presence of a skin protease-indicative insulin metabolite in vivo.

Determination of LongR3-IGF-I, R3-IGF-I, Des1-3 IGF-I and their metabolites in human plasma samples by means of LC-MS

According to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), growth promoting peptides such as the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its synthetic analogues belong to the class of prohibited compounds. While several assays to quantify endogenous IGF-I have been established, the potential misuse of synthetic analogues such as LongR3-IGF-I, R3-IGF-I and Des1-3-IGF-I remains a challenge and superior pharmacokinetic properties have been described for these analogues. Within the present study, it was demonstrated that the target peptides can be successfully detected in plasma samples by means of magnetic beads-based immunoaffinity purification and subsequent nanoscale liquid chromatographic separation with high resolution mass spectrometric detection. Noteworthy, the usage of a specific antibody for LongR3-IGF-I enables the determination in low ng/mL levels despite the presence of an enormous excess of endogenous human IGF-I. In addition, different metabolism studies (in-vitro and in-vivo) were performed using sophisticated strategies such as incubation with skin tissue microsomes, degradation in biological fluids (for all analogues), and administration to rats (for LongR3-IGF-I). Herewith, several C-and N-terminally truncated metabolites were identified and their relevancy was additionally confirmed by in-vivo experiments with rodents. Especially for LongR3-IGF-I, a metabolite ((Des1-11)-LongR3-IGF-I) was identified that prolonged the detectability in-vivo by a factor of approximately 2. The method was validated for qualitative interpretation considering the parameters specificity, identification capability, recovery (26–60%), limit of detection (0.5ng/mL), imprecision (<25%), linearity, stability, and matrix effects. A stable isotope labelled (15N)-IGF-I was used as internal standard to control all sample preparation steps.

Investigation of carbon interstitials with varied SiO2 thickness in HfO2/SiO2/4H-SiC structure

The electrical performance of SiC-based devices is strongly affected by the border traps of high-k dielectrics and carbon (C) interstitials in SiC. The abrupt HfO2/ SiC junction exhibits frequency dispersion in capacitance–voltage (C-V) curves. The thin SiO2 (7.5 nm) sample that is without excess C clusters exhibits ideal C-V characteristics. With the increase of SiO2 thickness, excess C in SiC substrates is detected by using both auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thick SiO2 (15.5 nm) sample contains enormous excess C inside SiC close to SiO2 interface, and excess C changes the substrates to n+-like behavior.

Effects of hemodialysis on cardiac function

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are subject to an enormous excess of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This appears to be largely driven by factors that are different from those at play in the general population. Chronic HD patients are already primed by a large number of structural and functional peripheral vascular and cardiac abnormalities to experience demand myocardial ischemia. Conventional HD is capable of inducing myocardial ischemia. Recurrent ischemic insults lead to myocardial functional and structural changes, eventually resulting in fixed systolic dysfunction and heart failure (conferring a dismal prognosis for patients undergoing dialysis). Modifications of the HD process to improve the hemodynamic tolerability of the treatment have been shown to reduce the perturbation of myocardial blood flow and functional evidence of dialysis-induced ischemia. Although it is uncomfortable to consider that much of the observed disease burden in HD patients may be an artifact of current dialysis treatment regimes, understanding the role that conventional dialysis plays in the pathophysiology of cardiac injury in HD patients has the potential to provide us with additional dialysis, and non-dialysis, based novel therapeutic targets to reduce currently excessive rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Phase-Locked Array Laser Diodes (LDs) by Using $1\times N$ Active Multimode-Interferometer (MMI)

1timesN active multimode-interferometer (MMI) laser diodes (LDs), with integrated phase-match region, are demonstrated as phase-locked array LDs. In general, the phase of output ports of MMI divider is not the same for all N ports. This phase-mismatch leads to enormous excess loss inside the 1timesN active MMI-LD cavity, which results in very low quantum efficiency or even no lasing. Therefore, we integrate the phase-match region, which can lead to regular lasing, without any enormous excess loss. The implemented 1times3 active MMI-LDs showed lasing with no enormous degradation of quantum-efficiency. Additionally, significant output power increase of 200 mW was observed, compared to the regular single stripe LDs fabricated simultaneously, with the phase-locked condition.

Will hotspots conserve extra primate and carnivore evolutionary history?

ABSTRACTSetting aside biodiversity hotspots would be especially compelling if they contained not just enormous numbers of species but also excessive evolutionary history. A recent study seemed to provide evidence for this incentive for hotspot conservation. Sechrest et al. (2002) reported that hotspots contain more endemic phylogenetic diversity (PD) than expected based on the numbers of primate and carnivore species they contain. We extend their analysis and revise some of their claims. For primates and threatened carnivores, we show that the original analysis was driven by a single hotspot (Madagascar) that contains an ancient endemic clade. The remaining hotspots harbour less rather than significantly more endemic PD than expected. Thus, while one hotspot contains an enormous excess of evolutionary history, the remaining hotspots do not. Our analysis reveals that the overriding influence of a single hotspot can create the misleading impression that hotspots generally contain excessive evolutionary history. Justification for the hotspot initiative should be based on robust evidence. We join others in endorsing an increased role for detailed phylogenetic analysis in conservation planning.

Lanthanum-catalyzed aqueous acylation of monosaccharides by benzoyl methyl phosphate

It was previously reported that diols dissolved in water (pH 8, EPPS buffer) react with benzoyl methyl phosphate (BMP) in the presence of lanthanide ions to form monobenzoyl esters. We have investigated the possibility of extending this process to include formation of esters of monosaccharides in water from lanthanide-catalyzed reactions with BMP. The combination of methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside and BMP in the presence of lanthanum trichloride gave selective monoacylation of the 2- and 6-hydroxyl groups in a ratio of 2:1. The likely mechanism involves preferential bisbidentate coordination of BMP and the diol to lanthanide ion (which explains how an ester forms when water is in enormous excess) followed by base-catalyzed intramolecular acyl transfer. The method should be generally applicable where a selective acylation reaction in water as solvent is desirable. Key words: benzoyl methyl phosphate, lanthanide, catalysis, water, monoacylation, selective.

On the Role of H-NS in the Organization of Bacterial Chromatin: From Bulk to Single Molecules and Back…

The chromosomal DNA in the bacterium Escherichia coli is thought to be organized and compacted at least in part as a consequence of the interaction with so-called histone-like or nucleoid-associated proteins. The groups of Stavans and Oppenheim have recently embarked on an ambitious project which aims to quantify the compactive effects of the various members of this group of proteins using magnetic tweezers (Ali et al., 2001). Eventually this could lead to a better understanding of how these proteins work together in the formation of a compact nucleoid.

Ultrafast carrier dynamics at a metal-semiconductor interface

The ultrafast carrier dynamics in the high electric field at an Au-GaAs interface has been studied experimentally as well as theoretically. The photoluminescence decay time is related directly to the carrier sweepout from the GaAs depletion region, i.e., to the time needed for photoexcited electrons and holes to leave this region. This decay time has been found to increase drastically with laser input power, ranging from a few picoseconds at low excitation to values of 10–20 ps at high excitation. These results indicate a significant retardation of the sweepout, which cannot be explained by intervalley scattering and space-charge effects. From our Monte Carlo calculations it has been found that the applied electric field collapses totally almost instantaneously after laser excitation due to the enormous excess of photoexcited charges. The sweepout only recovers after some time needed to recharge the device.

Comments on intermediate-scale models

Some superstring-inspired models employ intermediate scales m 1 of gauge symmetry breaking. Such scales should exceed 10 16 GeV in order to avoid prima facie problems with baryon decay through heavy particles and non-perturbative behaviour of the gauge couplings above m I . However, the intermediate-scale phase transition does not occur until the temperature of the Universe falls below O( m w), after which an enormous excess of entropy is generated. Moreover, gauge symmetry breaking by renormalization group-improved radiative corrections is inapplicable because the symmetry-breaking field has no renormalizable interactions at scales below m I . We also comment on the danger of baryon and lepton number violation in the effective low-energy theory.

A note on a peculiarity in the distribution of the argument of perihelion

In his sampleD, consisting of 60 orbits withe&amp;gt; 0.30, Kresák (1967) noted that the distribution of the argument of perihelionωis peculiar in that it has pronounced maxima around 90° and 270°. This peculiar feature is not expected from theπand Ω-distributions for the same sample: the former shows an enormous excess around 0° while the latter has a barely significant one around 135°; their convolution cannot produce the observed maxima as regards both amplitude and phase. (The grossly non-uniform distribution ofπin Kresák’s sampleDis as one would expect from the theory of secular perturbation, cf. Kiang 1966).

An examination of HeLa cancer cells for production of gamma-globulin.

A METHOD has been described for detecting and measuring the autonomous production of well-defined proteins by cells in tissue culture1,2. The method is exceedingly sensitive and is applicable even when the cells are cultivated in a ‘natural’ nutrient medium, that is, a medium also containing serum; such media have an enormous excess of pre-existing proteins. The tissue is incubated in presence of a radioactive amino-acid and the whole of the soluble protein is extracted. Thereafter individual proteins are isolated from the mixture and burnt, and the carbon dioxide obtained tested for radioactivity with a gas counter (efficiency nearly 100 per cent)3,4. The identity of a fraction can be confirmed by treatment with specific antiserum, followed by determination of the distribution of the radiocarbon between precipitate and supernatant. Blank experiments show that after incubation of natural medium with radioactive amino-acid without cells practically no radiocarbon is found in protein.

Mechanism of hydrolysis II. New evidence for an acylated enzyme as intermediate

Acetylcholinesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of thiolacetic acid. The undissociated acid molecules are the direct reactants. The dissociation constant of the conjugate acid of the basic group of the enzyme calculated from the pH dependence of this reaction is about 3.10 −7. This reaction is very strong evidence that the enzyme catalyzes oxygen exchange between acids and water, a necessary condition for the correctness of the proposed theory of enzymic activity, involving an acylated enzyme as intermediate. Trimethylammonium ion and 1:10-decane bis(trimethylammonium) bromide even in enormous excess only partially inhibit the reaction, whereas ethyl acetate hydrolysis is completely inhibited, thus indicating a spacial and functional separation of the anionic and esteratic enzyme sites. Prostigmine which reacts with both sites completely inhibits thiolacetic acid hydrolysis.

FRIEDMAN'S HORMONE TEST FOR PREGNANCY

Laboratory tests for pregnancy are at least 3,000 years old, according to Aschheim and Zondek, 1 who described an Egyptian papyrus reading: A woman may determine if she is pregnant by taking some earth and barley in a vessel and adding to it a little of her urine day by day. Should the barley grow, the woman is pregnant, but if the grain does not grow, then she will not bear a child. In 1928, Aschheim and Zondek reported a more reliable and refined test for detecting pregnancy. This test was based on the fact that during pregnancy an enormous excess of anterior pituitary hormone is excreted in the urine, in addition to ovarian hormone, and that shortly after the puerperium this excess secretion stops. In testing more than a thousand specimens, they recorded an accuracy in diagnosis of 98.6 per cent. The test, as outlined by Aschheim, 2 consisted