Enlightenment Literature Research Articles

FURQAT IJODIDA MAVZU VA G‘OYA YAXLITLIGI

This article discusses the importance of Furkat's work in the semantic renewal of classical literature. Furkat's work, which played a special role in the development of enlightenment literature, has a strong place in the history of culture in the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century. Critical thinking prevailed in the poet's lyrics, which glorified universal ideas. The expression of social consciousness in an objective and truthful way, the stabilization of realistic principles, begins with Furkat's poetry.

Titler, typografi og andre tilpasninger

Charlotte Appel: Titles, typography and other adjustments. A study of Morten Hallager as a media-savvy publisher of Danish books for children during the last decades of the eighteenth century
 This article investigates the involvement of Morten Hallager (1740–1803) in the book business, and how he contributed to shaping a new commodity in Denmark: books for children. Until recently, Hallager has not attracted much scholarly attention due to a traditional focus on authors who made original contributions to Danish literature. However, Hallager’s combined experience as a printer (1771–84), a schoolteacher (from 1785) and an expert in German and French gave him a unique background to act as a transnational agent, introducing European Enlightenment literature for children (by J. H. Campe, C. K. J. Dassel, K. T. Thieme, A. Berquin etc.) to Danish readers.
 After an outline of Hallager’s life and career, the article presents a survey of his publications. He was particularly active as an author, translator, compiler and publisher of books for children c.1791–1804 (his last books were published posthumously), and during this period he published 38 individual titles – and 57 editions in all (including 19 second or later editions) – corresponding to c.11 per cent of all Danish titles for a young readership. Four main types of intervention that characterise Hallager’s books for children are analysed. First, he took great care over titles and the contents of title pages. Most of them would include an explicit reference to ‘child’, ‘children’ or ‘youth’, and Hallager would present himself as a schoolteacher and thus an expert in the field. Next, when it came to the physical appearance of the books, Hallager made use of his professional know-how. His initial success, a small reader in sextodecimo from 1791 (reprinted ten times), for example, demonstrated how he made choices concerning format, typeface etc. Third, Hallager made a number of pedagogical adjustments to the translated texts, reflecting his ambition to be as specific and concrete as possible and also to include variety, so that his young readers were never bored. Fourth, the article maps his impressive range of strategies with regard to translating, transforming and ‘localising’ foreign texts, so that they would become more digestible and relevant for a Danish audience.
 Finally, the conclusion argues that Hallager’s experience in every role and every position within Robert Darnton’s famous communication circuit (1982) was a key to his success – and may explain his wish to explicate his publishing strategies in great detail. For this reason, a study of Hallager’s publications provides us with new insights not only into his own book business but also into the emerging market for children’s books in general.

Ausgewählte Westschlesische Schlossresidenzen als Kulturelle Repräsentanzen zwischen Barock und Aufklärung. Abriss der Problematik im Literatur- und Kulturhistorischen Blickwinkel

The center of the study is an outline of the cultural image of the chateau residences in Slezské Rudoltice, Velké Hoštice and Jánský Vrch. Attention is paid not only to the cultural activities of Albert Josef Hodice, Dominik Skrbenský and Filip Gotthard Schaffgotsch, but also to the mutual cultural interconnectedness of the mentioned estates. Karel Ditters von Dittersdorf in particular became the central figure in the cultural life of the above-mentioned castles, whose musical work was accompanied by performances in the castle theaters in Slezské Rudoltice and Velké Hoštice and at castle Jánský Vrch. Although cultural life in western Silesia developed in the shadow of the Seven Years' War, it flourished significantly. The literary and cultural panorama of the chateau in Westsilesia reflected not only the impulses of Baroque culture, but also received stimuli from literature, philosophy and lifestyle of Enlightenment.

Filozofowie, skandaliści i etnarchowie – twórcy literatury czarnogórskiego oświecenia

Philosophers, Scandalists and Ethnarchs – the Authors of the Montenegrin Enlightenment Literature This present article is devoted to an issue of assimilation and adaptation of the philosophical tendencies and literary patterns of the European enlightenment in Montenegrin literature which was established in 18th century in difficult internal circumstances and during constant threat to the independence of the country. Key advocates of the rationalistic, democratic and anticlerical demands were mainly descended from the romanized Adriatic communities and obtained their education in Western Europe –transplanting into native ground the ideas of the free mind and conscience, religious tolerance, just politics, reform of the state or general education. In the context of the above-mentioned and similar categories the works of Stefan Zanović, Jovan Baljević, Katerina Radonjićand other authors were considered. The special example of taking advantage of the enlightenment paradigm are texts of the bishops and political rulers from the PetrovićNjegošdynasty –their attitude was formed through the necessity of the defence of the legal-state interest and fidelity to the Christian ethic. As a case of such a meaning of the civilizing mission in the environment of disintegrated Montenegrin tribes Petar I was presented. Especially his messages to the clan communities contain many didactic appeals which are faithful to the enlightenment vision of the man and society.

Земельный вопрос в поэзии С. Якшигулова и Ш. Бабича

The article describes the origins of Bashkir enlightenment literature, the influence of democratic ideas of the late XIX century, in particular the influence of M. Akmulla’s works on Bashkir poetry. Separately is discussed the enlightenment work of Bashkir poet Safuan Yakshigulov and his becoming the educator. The article compares the views of the national poets Sh. Babich and S. Yakshigylov on the problem of looting of Bashkir lands. There is some information about Sh. Babich, whose works are studied better than the poetry of S. Yakshigulov. While more attention is paid to the analysis of poems by S. Yakshigylov. It is concluded that poets-educators were pioneers of national movements and educational reforms of the beginning of the twentieth century. The article deals with the study of enlightenment poetry, more precisely, with the understanding of the land issue in the works of two Bashkir poets of the early twentieth century. This article also assesses socio-political problems, such as the tsarist colonial policy, the land issue, and social inequality in society. Democratic transformations in various areas of spiritual and cultural life of the country are considered from the perspective of Bashkir educational poetry.

The Library of Leufstabruk: An Eighteenth Century Portal of Cultural Transfer Between Sweden and the Dutch Republic

Abstract The library of Leufstabruk is an eighteenth century private library in Sweden that was built up by industrialist and entomologist Charles De Geer (1720-1778). Approximately 1500 contemporary titles from the library were purchased by mail-order from the booksellers Samuel (II) and Johannes Luchtmans in Leiden. Leufstabruk was, however, not only a place where Enlightenment literature was brought in, but also a centre of knowledge production. In this article, I will explore Leufstabruk as a portal for cultural transfer between Sweden and the Dutch Republic, and consider how this collection may serve as a frame to rethink the emergence of Sweden as a centre of knowledge creation in the eighteenth century

Wypełnianie szczeliny? O perspektywie feministycznej w refleksji literaturoznawczej nad polskim oświeceniem

The article raises the problem of the use of the feminist criticism apparatus in research on the Polish Enlightenment literature. The method has not been popular among Polish experts of the epoch. The article discusses the advantages of feminism in literature studies as well as the potential risks associated with the application of the category gender to research on early literature. The greatest threat seems to be the failure to take into account the historical and socio-cultural context. The paper refers to other epochs or foreign literature, which may constitute a starting point for research into the literature of Polish Enlightenment. One such work is a monograph by Marek Jastrzębiec-Mosakowski entitled Strategie wymazywania. Kobiece bohaterki w męskich tekstach francuskiego Oświecenia [Strategies of erasure. Female heroines in the male texts of French Enlightenment]. The article lists researchers of Polish Enlightenment who notice the potential of gender studies (Barbara Judkowiak, Weronika Pawlik-Kwaśniewska) and points to the areas of research and possibilities offered by the use of feminist criticism tools. The article aims at restoring the names of the previously anonymous female authors, discovering or re-reading their work, as well as opening new spaces for their description and interpretation.

Oświeconych nie trzeba oświecać… Refleksje o szkole, powadze czytania i szaleństwie ideologii

Pointing to the progressive marginalization of the Enlightenment literature in the Polish language curricula implemented in secondary schools over the last several years, the author focuses on the related phenomenon of biased reception of that literature, dominated by stereotypes and simplifications. The author asks how the 18th and early-19th-century texts should be read – with the aim of restoring their proper rank in the cultural tradition – to perceive them not only in the historical and social context, and thus not to reduce their meaning to a didactic or political message. In the face of the disturbing trends in the field of literary studies, which instrumentalise a literary work, the author also stresses the need to avoid a situation in which the ideological beliefs of the researcher projected on an older text seem to dominate it, distorting its image.

애국계몽기 문학 작품에 투영된 서양 제도 수용 양상 연구

애국계몽기 문학 작품에 투영된 서양 제도 수용 양상 연구

Ordonanse królewskie we Francji

The issue of royal ordinances in France is not a subject avoided by Polish authors, especially in legal history textbooks. However, the information included in these books is fragmentary in its character, and some pieces require verification. In this extensive legislative material one can distinguish specific ordinances (spéciales), which regulate single issues, as well as general ones (générales), which constitute acts pertaining to a wide spectrum of issues, or even detailed codes. The latter, i.e. the ordinances general in their character, can be further divided into two groups. The first of them encompasses the ordinances published between the 14th and the 17th century (I), while the second one includes the so-called Great Ordinances enacted during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV (II). The purpose of the following publication is not to perform a detailed characteristic of the ordinances but, first and foremost, to show that although certain significant institutions were regulated by the ordinances from group I in a way which left a permanent mark on the French legal system, the Great Ordinances by Louis XIV and Louis XV, which represent a completely different character from all the previous general ordinances, constituted codes in the strict sense of the word. As a result of that codification work, performed in stages during the reign of two sovereigns, the ancien régime France did not lack generaland unified legal acts, created with an understanding of the creative role of law in modifying the reality, regulating select fields of law in a comprehensive way and binding in the entire territory of the country. The code of civil procedure, the code of criminal procedure, as well as the commercial code and the maritime code, were enacted at the time. Some areas of civil law were also regulated. The only thing which was not elaborated, or evenapproached in those days, was the penal code. Napoleonic codes should be therefore considered as the subsequent chapter of codification activities in France, carried out for the first time by Louis XIV. The popularity of this issue in the Enlightenment literature and the fact that it was a common phenomenon in other European countries is not a sufficient argument to justify applying this term only to those French acts which were enacted in the 19th century and afterwards.

Murillo en la literatura de la Ilustración

This paper focuses on Murillo’s Spanish Enlightenment Literature. Murillo had appeared in various publications prior to the middle of the 18th century. However, during the Enlightenment, very important contributions were made, about his career and his work, as well as about its cultural meaning and its public influence.

Typology of the Genre of Belles-Letters Travel Notes in Tajik and Persian Enlightenment Literature

Typology of the Genre of Belles-Letters Travel Notes in Tajik and Persian Enlightenment Literature

Literary Turn in the Era of Consumerism

Under the wave of consumerism stage, literature increasingly become object of consumption, which resulting in four divisions presented in the field of literature: The sublime to daily life; Elite literature to popular literature; Literature theory to readers; Enlightenment literature to entertainment.

The Event of Charlie Hebdo: Imaginaries of Freedom and Control ed. by Alessandro Zagato

Reviews 287 of Rousseauan relations. Examining a wide range of Rousseau’s works including Émile, Julie, the Discourses, the Social Contract, the Letter to D’Alembert, the Reveries and others, Warner surveys “the major forms of human association” (2) in Rousseau’s thought. Adopting a perspective that is both literary and philosophical, Warner examines relationships based on pity, sexual desire, romantic love, friendship, and political association. In so doing, he seeks to determine whether or not these varied relationships can resolve the fundamental problem of man in society. This problem is defined in the study not as the establishment of freedom, but rather as the creation of inner unity within the fragmented individual. Warner’s keen eye for detail leads to complex and subtle analyses that defy simplistic resolution of the problem. Statements such as “I emphasize the defectiveness of Rousseau’s characterizations of the state of nature and the sentiment of pity not because he was unaware of them, but because he was” (69), or “the cross-cutting pressures that constitute social life overwhelm all efforts at comprehensive resolution, and the hybrid character of political life ends up producing the very dividedness it was set up to prevent” (28), exemplify Warner’s ability to tease out the not-so-obvious complexities, contradictions, and paradoxes of Rousseau’s thought. The author’s firm grasp of Rousseau’s works and modern-day criticism keeps the study on solid ground at all times, and the reader is bound to walk away from the book with much that is new and thought-provoking. Warner’s style is clear, concise, and aesthetically pleasing, with no small amount of wit worked into chapter subsection titles that include pop-culture references such as Lawrence Tureaud’s signature tagline (69) and English punk rock song lyrics (113). Far from diminishing the gravitas of Warner’s argument, such well-placed references provide a topic-appropriate release in tension as Warner dives deeper and deeper into his“tragic” (217) interpretation of Rousseau’s self-conscious “failure” (4, 217) to resolve the problem of the individual in society. Warner provocatively concludes that this selfconscious failure shows Rousseau’s intent was not to reform society, but rather to bring about the“moral improvement and transformation of individual readers”(225). Such a conclusion will no doubt generate discussion amongst specialists, as all worthwhile ideas should. Rousseau and the Problem of Human Relations will be of value to literary and political scholars specializing in Rousseau studies, as well as specialists in other areas of Enlightenment literature, history, and political philosophy. Ohio University Christopher Coski Zagato, Alessandro, ed. The Event of Charlie Hebdo: Imaginaries of Freedom and Control. New York: Berghanh, 2015. ISBN 978-1-78533-079-9. Pp. 114. $13. Les neuf articles de ce court volume s’interrogent sur les conséquences sociopolitiques de l’attaque terroriste du 7 janvier 2015 contre le journal satirique Charlie Hebdo. Dans“The Barbariat and Democratic Tolerance”, Knut Rio établit un parallèle entre les événements parisiens et la violence terroriste de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne (1954–1962)—faisant référence au film de Gillo Pontecorvo, La bataille d’Alger (1966)—qu’il considère comme “a continuing reapparance of the systematic conflicts built into French colonialist relations” (15). Il nous rappelle les rassemblements spontanés de millions de Parisiens, descendus dans les rues de la capitale quelques jours après les drames pour dénoncer la haine et la barbarie. Cette “France debout” (13), défenseuse de la République, fut prise d’un singulier élan de solidarité qui se manifesta notamment par le slogan populaire “Je suis Charlie”, un “global web buzz” (13). D’ailleurs, Mari Hanssen Korsbrekke dans “Where Were You, Charlie?” compare le slogan “Je suis Charlie” à la réplique “I’m Spartacus” du film de Stanley Kubrick Spartacus (1960),reconnaissant un même désir de solidarité,toutefois exprimé différemment. De plus, elle examine comment“Je suis Charlie”a engendré de nouvelles formes d’activisme politique sur les réseaux sociaux. À travers l’exemple d’Ahmed, un élève de huit ans qui n’avait pas adhéré au slogan—“Je ne suis pas Charlie...

Oświeceniowe rozważania o eposie. Dyskusja wokół Pułtawy i Jagiellonidy

Literary polemics are a very characteristic phenomenon of eighteenth century culture. Some of the polemics refer to the essential problems of culture, while others, such as the analysed discussion on “Jagiellonida” and “Pultawa”, are critical in nature. The reviewers criticise the two unsuccessful epics, however, they also touch upon the important issues concerning this genre. Who should be the protagonist in epic literature? How to combine realism with fantasy fiction? Which classical authors should be imitated? The answers to these questions are sought by the theoreticians of Enlightenment literature and the participants in this argument. A reconstruction and juxtaposition of their opinions are presented in this article.

Korean Modern Literature and Aesthetics of Scottish Enlightenment

Korean Modern Literature and Aesthetics of Scottish Enlightenment

Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature by Penrose MehlAllan

Reviewed by: Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature by Penrose MehlAllan Carlos López Penrose, MehlAllan, Masculinity and Queer Desire in Spanish Enlightenment Literature (New Hispanisms: Cultural and Literary Studies), Farnham, Ashgate, 2014; hardback; pp. 210; 2 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. £60.00; ISBN 9781472422262. In this compelling monograph, Mehl Allan Penrose 'examines the construction of "queerness"' (p. 1), and the changing ideas of masculinity and sexuality in Spanish Enlightenment cultural discourse. Penrose focuses his study on three non-normative male figures: the petimetre (or afeminado), an effeminate Francophile; the bujarrón, the active male in same-sex sexual relations; and the Arcadian shepherd who expresses his desire for other males. He argues that these figures were characterised in a 'queer' manner to reinforce rigid ideas of gender. In doing so, however, they actually engendered non-normative men and helped to create 'an alternative version of "man"' (p. 2). The book is divided into two parts. The first examines the 'cultural and historical context of the afeminado … and the perceived crisis of masculinity in Spain' (p. 26). Chapter 1 analyses how language and concepts such as hermaphrodita and jembra vestía de hombre (women dressed as men) were used in Spanish periodicals to establish the petimetre as a gendered other. In Chapter 2, Penrose applies a camp reading to the comedic sainetes of Ramón de la Cruz, arguing that Cruz's petimetres, exaggerated in their behaviour and appearance, represent a 'proto-camp figuron' (p. 107). The second part explores homoerotic images in Spanish poetry and the messages they delivered, both homophobic and homophile. Chapter 3 analyses the negative and often violent depictions of same-sex sexual relations in the poetry of Félix María de Samaniego and the poem known as 'The Dandy of Seville'. While negative, these poems created a new discourse on male sexuality, and empowered men who engaged in same-sex sexual relations. In the fourth and final chapter, Penrose examines the classically inspired poems of Manuel María del Mármol and the figure of the Arcadian shepherd. Mármol's shepherds express romantic feelings for other men in a positive manner and are given agency through their own voice, in stark contrast to the petimetre and bujarrón. Penrose concludes that the works examined in his study reveal that 'the idea of queerness in gender and sexuality started long before the invention of the word "homosexual" around 1870' (p. 171). Moreover, Penrose calls for continued research into queerness and non-normative expressions of gender and sexuality to better understand how these ideas were constructed in the past and continue to be constructed today. [End Page 241] Carlos López The University of Notre Dame Australia Copyright © 2017 Carlos lópeZ

The first Arabic translations of Enlightenment literature: The Damietta circle of the 1800s and 1810s

The subject of this paper is a circle of translators working in the Egyptian port of Damietta in the 1800s and 1810s. Based around the household of a wealthy Syrian merchant, this circle translated scientific, fictional and historical works of the Enlightenment, from Greek and other languages into Arabic. The first section gives some background on Damietta, the Syrian Christian merchant community there, and the Fakhr family, including contemporary accounts of Basili Fakhr and his household. The second presents the biography of .Isa Petro, the main translator of the Damietta Circle. I then consider the translations themselves, presenting a thematic list of the known translations. I examine three sets of influences on the project: the Modern Greek Enlightenment, contacts with Western Europeans and the revival of Arabic letters among Christians in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. I also compare the Damietta project with similar translations being made into Arabic at the same time in Constantinople. I go on to analyse the diffusion of manuscript copies of the Damietta translations, and their influence on readers. Finally, in a conclusion I attempt to assess the general significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history, in the Arab and Mediterranean contexts.

“Folded White Napkins”: The Etiquette Discourse in Haskalah Literature

This article discusses the linkage between the discourse of manners in Jewish Enlightenment literature and modern literary thinking. Through a corpus of maskilic ethical writings ( safrut musar ) disseminated at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, it examines the different cultural models of behavior the modern Jew was supposed to adopt in order to be regarded as civilized or cultured. Among these behavioral models, reading emerges not only as a channel through which a cultural repertoire is learned, but also as a refined behavior in itself, which embodies and reproduces the European social order and draws a connection between the concepts of civility, civilization, and civil rights.

Colonial Patterns in Latvian Popular Enlightenment Literature

The article addresses the question of colonial interpretation of Latvian secular literature of the late 18th and early 19th century. It has been argued recently that because of the colonial language used by contemporaries to describe ethnically determined social relationships between Baltic peasants and the German upper class in the Enlightenment era in the Baltics, it would be possible to expand the understanding of peasant enlightenment by applying to it theoretical approaches of postcolonial studies. Aspects of colonial features in the peasant discourse of the 18th century Baltics are analyzed in the article by paying special attention to their role in creating the secular writing praxis in the Latvian language.