Throughput Enhancement Research Articles

Multi-field imprint technology: enabling the productivity enhancement of nano-imprint lithography

We have developed multi-field imprint (MFI) technology to improve the productivity of for nano-imprint lithography (NIL). Using a template having an imprinting size of 46 mm × 28 mm for MFI and the latest NIL system NZ2C (Canon Corp.), we successfully achieved MFI on a 300-mm wafer. The throughput being equivalent to 160 wafers per hour was demonstrated using throughput enhancement solutions, such as gas permeable spin-on-carbon and multi field dispense. The overlay accuracy around 7 nm was also obtained. In this report, we’ll report about the performance of MFI technology: patterning ability, throughput, and overlay accuracy, and discuss the future outlook.

Throughput enhancement for multi-hop decode-and-forward protocol using interference cancellation with hardware imperfection

In this paper, we propose three interference cancellation based multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocols to enhance end-to-end system throughput under constraint of half-duplex and hardware imperfection. In the first proposed protocol, the successive interference cancellation technique is used at each hop to send N signals from a source to a destination. Hence, the first proposed protocol can increase N times of the data rate, as compared with the corresponding conventional multi-hop DF relaying protocol in which only one source data is hop-by-hop relayed to the destination via M intermediate hops. In the second one, the source and relays can at the same time transmit their signals, and the interference cancellation can be performed to remove co-channel interference components. Therefore, the data rate of the second proposed protocol can increase M/2 times, as compared with the corresponding conventional protocol. The third proposed protocol is an efficient combination of the first and second proposed ones, and hence its data rate is higher N times than the second proposed one. Moreover, the imperfect co-channel interference cancellation is also considered in the second and third protocols. For performance evaluation, we derive exact closed-form expressions of the end-to-end throughput for three proposed protocols over Nakagami-m fading channel. We also perform simulations to verify the analytical formulas, and propose an simple transmit power allocation strategy to mitigate impact of the co-channel interference and imperfect co-channel interference cancellation.

Learning-Based Transmission Protocol Customization for VoD Streaming in Cybertwin-Enabled Next-Generation Core Networks

Next-generation core networks are expected to achieve service-oriented traffic management for diversified Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning based on software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). In this article, a learning-based transmission protocol customized for Video-on-Demand (VoD) streaming services is proposed for a Cybertwin-enabled next-generation core network, which provides caching-based congestion control and throughput enhancement functionalities at the edge of the core network based on traffic prediction. The per-slot traffic load of a VoD streaming service at an ingress edge node is predicted based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. To balance the tradeoff between network congestion and throughput enhancement, a multiarmed bandit (MAB) problem is formulated to maximize the expected overall network performance in a long run, by capturing the relationship between transmission control actions and QoS provisioning. A comprehensive transmission protocol operation framework is also presented with in-network congestion control and throughput enhancement modules. Simulation results are presented to validate the efficacy of the proposed protocol in terms of packet delay, goodput ratio, throughput, and resource utilization.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access-Based Handover for Throughput Enhancement

As non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology is considered as a new multiple access scheme in cellular networks, a new handover decision algorithm and operational procedure need to be investigated. In this paper, we apply the NOMA technique to handover situations for throughput enhancement in cellular networks. We first derive the condition of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NOMA-based handover</i> (NOMA-HO) theoretically to increase the handover user rate while guaranteeing the rate of paired user in the target cell. From this condition, we define a new measurement parameter called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Interference to Background Interference-plus-Noise Ratio</i> (IBINR) and design a practical NOMA-HO procedure for the measurement of IBINRs and the handover decision. Results show that the proposed NOMA-HO scheme significantly improves cell-edge user throughput compared with the classical OMA-based handover schemes.

Proxy-Based Adaptive Transmission of MP-QUIC in Internet-of-Things Environment

With the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, the efficient transmission of IoT data has been crucially required. The IETF has recently developed the QUIC protocol for UDP-based multiplexed and secure transport. The Multipath QUIC (MP-QUIC) is also being discussed as an extension of QUIC in the multipath network environment. In this paper, we propose a proxy-based adaptive MP-QUIC transmission for throughput enhancement in the IoT environment. In the proposed scheme, a proxy device is employed between IoT clients and IoT server to aggregate the traffics of many clients in the access network. The proxy will transport a large among of traffics to the server, adaptively to the network conditions, by using multiple paths in the backbone network. For this purpose, the proxy device employs a path manager to monitor the current network conditions and a connection manager to manage the MP-QUIC connections with the IoT server over the backbone network with multiple paths. For effective MP-QUIC transmission, the proxy will transmit the prioritized packets to the server using the best path with the lowest round-trip time (RTT), whereas the non-prioritized packets are delivered over the other paths for traffic load balancing in the network. From the testbed experimentations with the MP-QUIC implementation and ns-3 simulation modules, we see that the proposed scheme can outperform the normal QUIC (using a single path) and the existing MP-QUIC scheme (using the round-robin policy) in terms of response delay and total transmission delay. Such performance gaps tend to increase as the link delays and packet loss rates get larger in the network.

Energy-efficient framework for throughput enhancement of cognitive radio network by exploiting transmission mode diversity

Energy-efficient framework for throughput enhancement of cognitive radio network by exploiting transmission mode diversity

Interference Rejection Combining Approach in Vehicle Communication Systems for Throughput Enhancement

In this paper, we present interference rejection combining scheme for interference suppression in wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) system. WAVE system performances depend on interference traffic since various signals and noises are present due to various vehicles on the road. The IRC scheme can minimize the interference presence from the received signal within the massive interference condition, resulting in the substantial gain of signal-to-interference and noise ratios (SINR) and performance. Based on the experiment of our proposed scheme, given the vehicle speed, SINR and different channel condition, our proposed scheme for interference suppression achieved significant improvements by 2 dB SINR performance gain in the low speed condition and above 0.5 dB performance gain at the high speed case. To extend our scheme for the comprehensive analysis, we also produced the vehicle speed and SINR performance map, which showed the performance pattern over vehicle speed and SINR of our scheme.

Distributed user-to-multiple access points association through deep learning for beyond 5G

Future wireless networks will be facing unprecedented difficulties arising from mobile traffic growth, network densification, as well as diversification of applications and services. Indeed, future user devices are expected to integrate diverse radio interfaces such as 5G, WBAN or IoT, enabling each user to be served a wide range of applications at any time. This poses significant challenges in terms of wireless resource sharing and interference management, as more and more stringent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints should be jointly satisfied in dense interfering environments. Furthermore, future networks are expected to be highly autonomous and decentralized. To meet these challenges, this work proposes distributed user-to-multiple Access Points (AP) association methods, where the objective is to maximize the long-term sum-rate subject to application QoS constraints, as well as to AP load constraints. Our distributed methods enable each user to leverage their Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) capabilities, in particular Deep Q-Learning (DQL), to self-optimize their APs’ selection solely based on their local network state knowledge, so as to best satisfy their diverse requirements. Numerical results show that, compared to baseline schemes, the proposed methods enable global throughput enhancements while reducing user QoS outage probabilities, even in large and dense networks.

Performance Analysis of Two-Hop mmWave Relay Nodes over the 5G NR Uplink Signal

In this paper, the uplink in a two-hop 5G new radio co-operative system using Relay Nodes (RNs) in millimeter bands has been simulated and studied. We focus on an uplink Amplify-and-Forward Relay Node (A&amp;F RN) and Decode-and-Forward Relay Node (D&amp;F RN) with an mmWave-band transceiver chain (Tx/Rx). We study two uplink mmWave MIMO D&amp;F relaying protocols assuming, firstly, the complete knowledge of the uplink channel and, secondly, the uplink channel estimation through a Least Square (LS) algorithm. To verify the benefits of the proposed uplink mmWave MIMO co-operative network, a link-level co-operative simulator has been developed using MatlabTM and SimulinkTM software, where an indoor-to-outdoor scenario and mmWave transceiver with off-the shelf components are considered. The main novelty of this link-level co-operative simulator and the implemented relay nodes is the usage of signals with 5G NR features, such as UL-SCH transport channel coding and PUSCH generation, which are the other main contributions of this article. Based on the numerical results in terms of the achievable Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput, we show that the two-hop uplink co-operative network substantially improves the performance in the communications between the NR-User Equipment (NR-UE) and the logical 5G Radio Node (gNodeB). For example, the results from using uplink mmWave NR-D&amp;F protocols far exceed those achieved with the uplink mmWave NR-A&amp;F algorithm; in the case of the 64-QAM modulation scheme for the SISO technique, an improvement of 6.5 Mbps was achieved using the D&amp;F PCE protocol, taking into account that the 256-QAM constellation is higher by 4.05 Mbps. On the other hand, an average throughput enhancement of 28.77 Mbps was achieved when an uplink mmWave (2 × 4 × 4) D&amp;F PCE strategy was used versus an uplink mmWave SISO D&amp;F LS protocol for a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 20 dB and 64-QAM signal. However, an improvement of 56.42 Mbps was reached when a 256-QAM modulation scheme was employed. Furthermore, this paper introduces the first study to develop an uplink mmWave MIMO 5G co-operative network platform through a Software Defined Radio (SDR) from a practical implementation point of view.

A survey on 802.11 MAC industrial standards, architecture, security & supporting emergency traffic: Future directions

The IEEE 802.11-based Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has become a ubiquitous networking technology deployed around the world. IEEE 802.11 WLAN are now widely used for real-time multimedia applications (e.g. voice and video streaming) and distributed emergency services such as telemedicine, healthcare, and disaster recovery. Both time-sensitive applications and emergency traffic are not only characterized by their high bandwidth requirements, but also impose severe restrictions on end-to-end packet delays (i.e. response time), jitter (i.e. delay variance) and packet losses. In other words, time-sensitive applications and emergency services require a strict Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is one of the key factors that influence the performance of WLANs. The IEEE 802.11e working group enhanced the 802.11 MAC to provide QoS support in WLANs. However, recent studies have shown that 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) standard has limitations and it neither supports strict QoS guarantee nor emergency traffic. Providing a strict QoS guarantee as well as supporting emergency traffic under high traffic loads is really a challenging task in WLANs. A thorough review of literature on QoS MAC protocols reveals that most QoS schemes have focused on either network throughput enhancement or service differentiation by adjusting Contention Window (CW) or Inter-Frame Spaces (IFS). Therefore, a research on developing techniques to provide a strict QoS guarantee as well as support for emergency traffic is required in such systems. To achieve this objective, a general understanding of WLANs is required. This paper aims introduce various key concepts of WLANs that are necessary for design, model and develop such framework. Our main contribution in this paper is the QoS for IEEE 802.11 WLAN and MAC protocols for supporting industrial emergency traffic over network and future directions.

Optimal packet length for wireless communications using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) allow significant throughput enhancement as all reflections have the same phase at the receiver. In this paper, we suggest to optimize packet length for wireless communications using RIS. Two techniques are suggested in order to maximize average or instantaneous throughput. Average throughput maximization requires only the average signal to noise ratio to determine the optimal packet length. The Gradient algorithm is used to maximize the average throughput. Instantaneous throughput maximization requires the instantaneous SNR in order to adapt packet length to channel conditions. We derive in closed form the expression of optimal packet length, maximizing the instantaneous throughput. Our results are valid for any number of reflecting meta-surfaces N of the RIS.

Performance evaluation of the effect of traffic decentralization with mobile edge computing

In the centralized architecture of traditional mobile cellular network, every traffic of mobile terminals has to traverse the centered network core and then deliver to the corresponding service mobile terminals. Since the traffic load is concentrated on the central network core, it is difficult to deliver the explosive amount of network traffic and guarantee latency requirements of diversifying applications. In order to solve this problem, the mobile edge computing (MEC) architecture that distributes the traffic load by locating the computing and caching server closer to the terminal is currently being developed. In this paper, the effect of distribution of mobile traffic with MEC is evaluated in terms of throughput enhancements and latency reduction. The simulations were conducted using Mininet to determine what performance gains can be obtained when applying the MEC architecture to the mobile cellular network. As a result, under the same link bandwidth condition, MEC architecture provides an increase in data rates of approximately 265% for high-quality video transmission and about 162% for low-quality video transmission, and shows the reduced delay of packet arrival times.

Hyphenated sample preparation-electrospray and nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for biofluid analysis

Stand-alone electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been advancing through enhancements in throughput, selectivity and sensitivity of mass spectrometers. Unlike traditional MS techniques which usually require extensive offline sample preparation and chromatographic separation, many sample preparation techniques are now directly coupled with stand-alone MS to enable outstanding throughput for bioanalysis. In this review, we summarize the different sample clean-up and/or analyte enrichment strategies that can be directly coupled with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS for the analysis of biological fluids. The overview covers the hyphenation of different sample preparation techniques including solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), slug flow micro-extraction/nano-extraction (SFME/SFNE), liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA), extraction electrospray, extraction using digital microfluidics (DMF), and electrokinetic extraction (EkE) with ESI-MS and nano-ESI-MS.

Relay Positioning for Load-Balancing and Throughput Enhancement in Dual-Hop Relay Networks.

In a cellular communication system, deploying a relay station (RS) is an effective alternative to installing a new base station (BS). A dual-hop network enhances the throughput of mobile stations (MSs) located in shadow areas or at cell edges by installing RSs between BSs and MSs. Because additional radio resources should be allocated to the wireless link between BS and RS, a frame to be transmitted from BS is divided into an access zone (AZ) and a relay zone (RZ). BS and RS communicate with each other through the RZ, and they communicate with their registered MSs through an AZ. However, if too many MSs are registered with a certain BS or RS, MS overloading may cause performance degradation. To prevent such performance degradation, it is very important to find the proper positions for RSs to be deployed. In this paper, we propose a method for finding the sub-optimal RS deployment location for the purpose of load-balancing and throughput enhancement. The advantage of the proposed method is the efficiency in find the sub-optimal location of RSs and its reliable tradeoff between load-balancing throughput enhancement. Since the proposed scheme finds the proper position by adjusting the distance and angle of RSs, its computational complexity lower than other global optimization approach or learning-based approach. In addition, the proposed scheme is constituted with the two stages of load-balancing and throughput enhancement. These procedures result in the appropriate tradeoff between load-balancing and throughput enhancement. The simulation results support these advancements of the proposed scheme.

STYX: A Hierarchical Key Management System for Elastic Content Delivery Networks on Public Clouds

Hosting content delivery networks (CDNs) on clouds has the potential to improve the performance as resources and caches can be placed closer to subscribers. However, avoiding data leakage over an untrusted public cloud is critical, especially for sensitive data such as the SSL private key. The popular Keyless SSL solution allows content owners to retain on-premise custody of SSL private keys on their own key servers, but this solution likely causes performance bottlenecks and impedes the elasticity of CDNs. This paper describes a novel key management system, named STYX, for transmitting trusted data over untrusted channels and storing them on untrusted platforms. STYX accomplishes secure key provisioning for CDN scale-out and the key is securely protected with full revocation rights for CDN scale-in. STYX is implemented as a three-phase hierarchical key management scheme by leveraging Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) and QuickAssist Technology (QAT). Furthermore, STYX supports CDN services by integrating Nginx as the SSL termination proxy and the popular Redis/Memcached/Apache as backend caching engines. The performance evaluation shows that STYX significantly outperforms the native HTTPS servers on the CDN node due to QAT acceleration, providing up to a 5x enhancement in throughput and a 50 percent reduction in latency.

Efficiency Parameters for Node Indexing to Get Energy Efficient and Bandwidth Aware Path

Background: MANET is a constrained environment having limited energy, restricted bandwidth, and unstable wireless connectivity, etc. It creates a high demand to design an efficient QoS routing protocol having a multi-criteria metric to make efficient routing decisions. Aims: This work is to enhance end-to-end network throughput. To achieve our aim we optimized MBQA-OLSR, which is an enhancement of MP-OLSR. MP-OLSR is enhancement of OLSR, which is a prominent proactive routing protocol. Main advantageous concept in OLSR is selection of MPR nodes that minimize excessive transmission of control packets. Selected MPR nodes should carry enough battery to increase network life time. Packet loss is another issue on wirelesThe main aim of QoS based routing protocol EB-OLSR (Energy efficient and Bandwidth aware Optimized Link State Routing) is to achieve enhanced aggregate network throughput. Which is acquired by selecting QoS qualified efficient nodes to transmit data packets. EB-OLSR set out analogous efficient mobile nodes for routing by applying newly defined multi-criteria metric EPNI (Efficiency Parameters for Node Indexing) which estimates the node’s efficiency index on the basis of four QoS parameters that are unconsumed power, slothful period, queue length and residual bandwidth.s links, it is due to poor quality unstable links; hence link quality is another work of this paper. Method: We obtained a single node index for each mobile node through EPNI metric based on residual battery, node idle time, packet queue length and residual bandwidth. Result: EB-OLSR produced aggregate network throughput enhancement of 574 bits per second in comparison of MP-OLSR and 390.66 bits per second in comparison to MBQA-OLSR. Average End-to-End Delay for EB-OLSR is 0.41, 0.16 times less and Packet Delivery Ratio enhances 30.74%, 9.5% respectively. Conclusion: This paper evaluated network performance parameters of proposeExperimental results proved that the EB-OLSR is an energy-efficient and bandwidth aware optimized link-state routing protocol, which successfully meets the main aim of this study i.e. throughput enhancement of mobile ad-hoc network. The EPNI metric is the major strength of the work which is used to get a single-valued weighted sum of multiple criteria.d routing protocol EB-OLSR that are packet delivery ratio average end to end delay and throughput. It has been observed from simulation experiments that EB-OLSR outer perform other compared similar kind of routing protocols at different network sizes. In proposed work, EPNI metric is defined to get weighted sum of multiple criteria and it is considered to make decision for routing data packets. Single valued multiple criteria evaluation helps to simplify relationship and priority between multiple criteria and combined them in a single node index. Hence along with optimized throughput control overheads are also minimized. EB-OLSR is energy efficient and bandwidth aware optimized link state routing protocol, which successfully meet the main aim of this study i.e. throughput enhancement of mobile ad-hoc network. Aggregate throughput enhances 574 bits per second in comparison of MP-OLSR and 390.66 bits per second in comparison of MBQA-OLSR. Average End-to-End Delay for EB-OLSR is 0.41, 0.16 times less in comparison of MP-OLSR, MBQA-OLSR respectively. Packet delivery ratio enhances 30.74% in comparison of MP-OLSR and 9.5% in comparison of MBQA-OLSR. Performance analyzes at varying traffic load shows only slighter improvement. In this study, we put fixed weights to every considered metric according to general priority. In future, we will study the priorities of metrics in different network scenarios like at varying node speeds, at different mobility patterns, etc to see whether priorities of metrics changes in different scenario or not.

An Enhanced Cooperative Communication Scheme for Physical Uplink Shared Channel in NB-IoT

Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is a standard-based Low Power Wide Area Network technology developed to connect a wide range of new Internet of Things (IoT) devices and services. NB-IoT bandwidth is limited to a single narrow-band of 180 kHz. Although NB-IoT provides low-cost connectivity, it provides channel to large number of smart IoT installed in households, building etc. However, in NB-IoT systems, repeating same signal over additional period of time has been taken as a key technique to enhance radio coverage up to 20 dB compared to the conventional LTE. Performance of NB-IoT system optimization and modeling are still challenging particularly coverage improvement in the case of real applications. For example, the narrow bandwidth in IoT and low energy have led to problematic issues in communication between IoT devices and network station, which results in low transmitter channel quality. Repetition process is used in the paper to enhance coverage and throughput, however in mean time increase the number of repetitions demands high bandwidth. So, an enhanced cooperative relay is used with repetition to reduce the demanded bandwidth. In this paper, we proposed an enhanced repetitions cooperative process of narrowband physical uplink shared channel (NPUSCH). The NPUSCH is transmitted using one or more resource units (RUs) and each of these RUs are repeated up to 128 times to enhance coverage as well as to meet requirement of ultra-low end IoT. The optimum number of repetitions of identical slots for NPUSCH per RUs is calculated and then simulated. In addition, the paper describes the analytical simulation to evaluate the proposed repetition of cooperative process performance for LTE-NPUSCH channel. Results show dramatical enhancement of uplink NB-IoT channel quality where the performance evaluation metrics were BLER, data rate, system throughput, spectral efficiency and transmission delay. The enhanced cooperative communication scheme for NPUSCH transmission channel in NB-IoT is achieved an average 23% enhancement in overall network throughput.

Throughput enhancement of buffer-aided multi-hop UAV relaying wireless networks

Due to the advantages of high mobility, flexibility and fast reconfiguration, the interest of applying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to wireless communications is growing rapidly in the past decade. A multiple UAVs relaying wireless network is considered in this paper, where buffer-aided UAVs form a multi-hop aerial relaying network to provide the reliable wireless communication services for ground terminals where the direct communication link is unavailable. Considering the buffer constraints, the link selection constraints, the transmit power constraints and the UAV mobility constraints, the average throughput is maxiesqmized. Nevertheless, the formulated optimization problem is intractable because it involves mixed-integer non-convex programming. To track this problem, an iterative algorithm is proposed which can efficient obtain a suboptimal to the original problem. Numerical results validate that this algorithm is convergent and efficient. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed design can greatly enhance the system performance as compared to benchmark schemes.

Performance analysis of game based MAC protocol for cognitive radio based wireless network

A Cognitive Radio based Wireless Network (CRWN) is an emerging trend in wireless networks. Cognitive Radio (CR) has opened up many new opportunities to utilize the frequency spectrum to its fullest utilization. Many researchers and engineers are coming up with new protocols for CRWN. In this paper, existing MAC protocols for CRWN are studied and found that all the protocols are designed for optimized node performance but not the network performance. Moreover, individual node’s optimized performance may harm network’s performance. So, there is a gap of performance to be filled at an individual node and network-level. In this paper, the frame work of existing MAC protocol is modified to achieve the global optimized performance of CRWN under saturated and unsaturated traffic conditions. Also, majority of the existing work proposed their solutions assuming full information-based game theoretical models, whereas in this paper more realistic approach based on incomplete information is presented. A rigorous simulation study is carried out to compute various parameters such as channel capacity, throughput and delay to understand the limitations of the non-game theoretic approach. Later, a game theoretical framework to MAC protocol is applied for CRWN to improve the network performance in terms of these parameters. It is shown that the application of game theory to the MAC layer avoids collision and reduces the delay by 54% and energy consumption leading to enhancement of the overall throughput of a network by 57% respectively.

A Novel Hybrid Clustering Based Transmission Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless sensor networks are a collection of intelligent sensor devices that are connected to one another and have the capability to exchange information packets amongst themselves. In recent years, this field of research has become increasingly popular due to the host of useful applications it can potentially serve. A deep analysis of the concepts associated with this domain reveals that the two main problems that are to be tackled here are throughput enhancement and network security improvement. The present article takes on one of these two issues namely the throughput enhancement. For the purpose of improving network productivity, a hybrid clustering based packet propagation protocol has been proposed. The protocol makes use of not only clustering mechanisms of machine learning but also utilizes the traditional forwarding function approach to arrive at an optimum model. The result of the simulation is a novel transmission protocol which significantly enhances network productivity and increases throughput value.