Power System Security Enhancement Research Articles

A Resilient Frequency Regulation for Enhancing Power System Security Against Hybrid Cyber-Attacks

A Resilient Frequency Regulation for Enhancing Power System Security Against Hybrid Cyber-Attacks

Enhancement of Power System Security by the Intelligent Control of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator

Improving and maintaining the stability of a power system is a major focus of modern technology and research. However, due to financial issues, environmental concerns, and health risks associated with electric and magnetic fields, the growth of the current transmission system is constrained. Transmission line problems can be resolved by the effective use of reactive power compensation based on Flexible AC Transmission (FACT) devices. The effectiveness of these devices in regulating active and reactive powers as well as dampening oscillations in the transient phase of the power system is examined using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control. When compared to the traditional Proportional Integral (PI) controller, the suggested ANN controller offers better dynamic performance. For the suggested test system, this study utilized modeling and simulation using the MATLAB/Simulink software. The observations show that by using ANN in disturbed situations, power oscillations are quickly damped and power flow is enhanced.

Localisation of facts compensator using reptile search algorithm for enhancing power system security under multi‐contingency conditions

AbstractDue to the improvement in power demand usage, the system causes more stress. Suitable placement of FACTS is introduced to improve power flows, stability, and power system security. An advanced optimal method has been introduced to resolve optimal power flow under various conditions. Five varied FACTS devices were positioned inside the power system to improve system safety at the least cost. Selecting the suitable location and size of FACTS device enabling high security and less cost was proposed using RSA. The objective functions were mitigated based on the RSA's inspiration to improve system security. The placement of the FACTS compensator was based on objective functions like LOSI, voltage deviation, real power loss, investment cost, sensitivity index, fuel costs, and constraints. The proposed model was validated under three conditions, namely generator outage, line outage, and both outage in IEEE 118 and IEEE 30 bus‐systems. In the IEEE 30 bus system, TCSC provides better security of 1.4 severity at normal conditions and 1.3 severity in contingency conditions. In the IEEE 118 bus system, UPFC has less severity of 2.4 at normal conditions, and STATCOM has the least severity of 3 at contingency conditions. The proposed model provides enhanced security in all circumstances and reduces overall costs.

Design of Static Var Compensator Model for Long Transmission Line

Design of Static Var Compensator Model for Long Transmission Line

Enhancing power system security using soft computing and machine learning

Purpose. To guarantee proper operation of the system, the suggested method infers the loss of a single transmission line in order to calculate a contingency rating. Methods. The proposed mathematical model with the machine learning with particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used to observe the stability analysis with and without the unified power flow controller and interline power flow controller, as well as the associated costs. This allows for rapid prediction of the most affected transmission line and the location for compensation. Results. Many contingency conditions, such as the failure of a single transmission line and change in the load, are built into the power system. The single transmission line outage and load fluctuation used to determine the contingency ranking are the primary emphasis of this work. Practical value. In order to set up a safe transmission power system, the suggested stability analysis has been quite helpful.

A demand side response scheme for enhancing power system security in the presence of wind power

One of the major concerns associated with the wind power integration is its anti-peaking characteristic which increases the required ramping of the conventional generators and potentially threatens power system security. Recently, demand side response has become one of the likely successful solutions that can be employed in overcoming the negative impact of the anti-peaking characteristic of the daily net load curve. This paper presents a demand side response framework in which the load shifting strategy is effectively applied to improve the daily load profile of the system in the presence of wind power. The size of the load to be shifted is determined such that the system security in terms of voltage magnitudes and voltage stability margins is preserved for the normal state and prospective emergency states. To stimulate the demand side response candidates to shift their load and support the utilities to realize a particular daily load shape, an incentive reimbursement pattern based on the participants’ submitted sizes has been proposed. The mathematical formulation of the problem is stated as a nonlinear mixed integer programming problem. The problem is solved using Benders decomposition technique where the intact problem is split into a master problem and several smaller nonlinear problems solved individually by the conventional methods. The performance of proposed approach has been evaluated by its application on the IEEE 57- and 118-bus systems.

Power system security enhancement in FACTS devices based on Yin–Yang pair optimization algorithm

Power system security enhancement in FACTS devices based on Yin–Yang pair optimization algorithm

A binary particle swarm optimization approach for power system security enhancement

Improvement of power system security manages the errand of making healing move against conceivable system overloads in the framework following the events of contingencies. Generation re-dispatching is answer for the evacuation of line overloads. The issue is the minimization of different goals viz. minimization of fuel cost, minimization of line loadings and minimization of overall severity index. Binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) method was utilized to take care of optimal power flow issue with different targets under system contingencies. The inspiration to introduce BPSO gets from the way that, in rivalry with other meta-heuristics, BPSO has demonstrated to be a champ by and large, putting a technique as a genuine alternative when one needs to take care of a complex optimization problem. The positioning is assessed utilizing fuzzy logic. Simulation Results on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems are presented with different objectives.

Mitigation of Saturated Cut-Sets During Multiple Outages to Enhance Power System Security

Ensuring reliable operation of large power systems subjected to multiple outages is a challenging task because of the combinatorial nature of the problem. Traditional approaches for security assessment are often limited by their scope and/or speed, resulting in missing of critical contingencies that could lead to cascading failures. This paper proposes a two-component methodology to enhance power system security. The first component combines an efficient algorithm to detect cut-set saturation (called the feasibility test (FT) algorithm) with real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) to create an integrated corrective action (iCA), whose goal is to secure the system against cut-set saturation as well as critical branch overloads. The second component only employs the results of the FT to create a relaxed corrective action (rCA) to secure the system against post-contingency cut-set saturation. The first component is more comprehensive, but the latter is computationally more efficient. The effectiveness of the two components is evaluated based upon the number of cascade triggering contingencies alleviated, and the computation time. The results obtained by analyzing different case-studies on the IEEE 118-bus and 2000-bus synthetic Texas systems indicate that the proposed two-component methodology successfully enhances the scope and speed of power system security assessment during multiple outages.

Assessment and enhancement of static power system security with multi‐line FACTS devices under congestion conditions

Assessment and enhancement of static power system security with multi‐line <scp>FACTS</scp> devices under congestion conditions

Joint corrective optimization based on VSC-HVDC and distributed energy storage for power system security enhancement

The growing integration of flexible control devices like VSC-HVDC links and distributed energy storage (DES) devices into power systems introduces new challenges in addition to increasing the flexibility for power system operation. To explore the potential advantages of flexible controllable devices in power system operation, this paper proposes a joint corrective measure (JCM). Based on the VSC-HVDC and DES devices, post-contingency power flow violations in the hybrid AC/DC power system can be cured. The power sensitivity of adjusting line overloads with VSC-HVDC and DES is derived and calculated. Considering that not all corrective control variables are required to participate in subsequent optimization decision-making calculations, a dynamic search algorithm for the action threshold is designed to screen qualified control variables. Furthermore, to achieve an optimal tradeoff between the actions of the VSC-HVDC and DES, a corrective decision optimization modelling is performed with which the individual solutions to the line overloads after the contingencies are obtained. Finally, numerical tests on two modified hybrid AC/DC power systems are conducted to validate that the proposed JCM decision method can efficiently coordinate VSC-HVDC and DES, eliminate overload, and reduce decision-making time.

Optimal Corrective Rescheduling of Real and Reactive Powers for Power System Security Enhancement.(Dept.E)

This paper presents an optimal technique for solving the corrective rescheduling problem in p ower system. A successive dual linear programming approach is used with linearized p ower flow model. The system real and reactive power generations and transformer tap ratios are optimized within their operating limits so that no limit voilations of the line flow and bus voltage magnitudes in either the base case and contengency cases. The rest results on IEEE-30 bus test system show that the proposed technique can be successfully employed in conjunction with any fast security assessment scheme for a fast on-line security assessment and control.

Enhanced Contingency Analysis—A Power System Operator Tool

Contingency analysis (CA) is a well-known function in power system planning and operation. In accordance with CA results, the system operator dispenses information regarding static security of the power system (overloads and/or voltage outside tolerable limits). However, classic CA with remedial action schemes cannot distinguish safe operating regimes from potentially dangerous ones in terms of voltage (in)stability. In fact, voltage instability is considered as one of the major threats leading to power system insecurity. Therefore, in this study an enhanced contingency analysis (ECA) is presented where the classical CA is extended with static voltage analysis based on the modal analysis. The article presents a dedicated methodology for the proposed ECA tool, with special emphasis on the analysis of corrective measures provided by the system operator, intended for enhancing power system security (regulation transformer action, distributed generation and energy storage). Also the influence of the load model was analyzed by simulation and the main conclusions are presented. The study demonstrated the advantages that distributed generation resources and energy storage can provide in the context of voltage stability. Also, the simulations acknowledged the importance of correct load modeling, since over or under estimation of a certain load-type component can result in too optimistic or too pessimistic power system operation limits.

Optimal Location and Parameter Setting of IPFCDevices based on ITLBO for Power System SecurityEnhancement Under Multi line Contingency

Optimal Location and Parameter Setting of IPFCDevices based on ITLBO for Power System SecurityEnhancement Under Multi line Contingency

Modified deep learning and reinforcement learning for an incentive-based demand response model

Incentive-based demand response (DR) program can induce end users (EUs) to reduce electricity demand during peak period through rewards. In this study, an incentive-based DR program with modified deep learning and reinforcement learning is proposed. A modified deep learning model based on recurrent neural network (MDL-RNN) was first proposed to identify the future uncertainties of environment by forecasting day-ahead wholesale electricity price, photovoltaic (PV) power output, and power load. Then, reinforcement learning (RL) was utilized to explore the optimal incentive rates at each hour which can maximize the profits of both energy service providers (ESPs) and EUs. The results showed that the proposed modified deep learning model can achieve more accurate forecasting results compared with some other methods. It can support the development of incentive-based DR programs under uncertain environment. Meanwhile, the optimized incentive rate can increase the total profits of ESPs and EUs while reducing the peak electricity demand. A short-term DR program was developed for peak electricity demand period, and the experimental results show that peak electricity demand can be reduced by 17%. This contributes to mitigating the supply-demand imbalance and enhancing power system security.

Improvement of Network Cyber Security Services using Security Operation Models

Concerns for service computer networks’ security and reliability are growing rapidly due to increasing service devices with connections to external networks. This aggravates vulnerability of service networks to cyber attacks through external connections. Though encryption can provide security for user data transmissions, encryption itself could not provide protections against traffic analysis attacks. Techniques against traffic-analysis attacks through statistically controlling the transmission rate of padded and encrypted frames are unsuited for power system applications. This paper proposes three security operation modes for the newly developed security layer, located below DNP3 data-link layer, to strengthen encryption and authentication operations against the effectiveness of traffic- analysis and cryptanalysis attacks. The security models use padding to disguise the amount of user data transmitted and disguise the user data link layer frame amongst a group of manufactured frames similar to statistically controlling data transmission rate. The proposed security operations have been successfully applied to enhance power system security controls.

Power System Security Assessment and Enhancement: A Bibliographical Survey

Power system security assessment and enhancement are two major crucial issues in a large interconnected power system. System security can be classified on the basis of major functions that are carried out in control centers, namely system monitoring, contingency analysis and security enhancement. The key element involved in security assessment is contingency analysis. In real-time, all contingencies may not cause same severity level. To eliminate non-violation cases and select only critical cases, called contingency analysis, the idea of severity/performance indices seems to fulfill this need. Security enhancement incorporates security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) which ensures that system is operating at normal state by taking preventive and corrective control actions so that no contingencies result in violations. SCOPF recommends controller actions to optimize specific objective function such as fuel cost, power losses, emission that subject to a set of power system operating constraints. This paper presents a literature review on two topics which are reviewed in chronological order of appearance; security assessment and enhancement. We explore both traditional and soft computing techniques for assessing system security and enhancement of the power system and also identify key areas for future research.

Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm for Power System Security Enhancement

The present-day power system is vulnerable to instability and security threats due to the continuously changing load pattern. To enhance the security of the power system and to avoid the electrical power system from collapsing, the condition of the system security has to be inspected by security analysis tools and it can be enhanced by the proper integration of FACTS devices into the network. This paper presents a methodology in which the security of the system can be analyzed with the help of an index called Line Overload Severity Index (LOSI). Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is preferred to improve the security of the power system. Owing to the cost involved in placing UPFCs it is obligatory to use minimum number of devices, by optimally placing them in the network. It is obligatory to recognize an ideal location to install UPFC. Considering the Line overload Sensitivity Index, the optimal location identification for UPFC is done. The paper also presents the formulation of a new severity function using transmission line loadings. The severity function combines the objectives of reducing transmission line loadings and improvement of voltage profile during multi line contingencies. In the event of multi-line contingencies, the objective function for reducing the fuel cost and the severity function are analyzed. Optimal power flow method is followed to analyze the security of the electrical power system during contingency situations. This optimal location identification procedure and the OPF are solved using a metaheuristic technique, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The whole methodology that is proposed is experimented on a standard IEEE-30 bus test system.

Optimal Location of multi-type FACTS for Power System Security Enhancement

Transmission congestion results from the contingencies in the power system and increasing load demand that has to be supplied through predetermined corridors in case of restructured environment. The Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices when deployed in a power system can result in improving the system performance in terms increased loading capability of transmission lines, reduction in losses, improved stability and security of the system by relieving stress on congested lines. This work deals with congestion management of the power transmission network by employing FACTS devices, with the help of Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization algorithm. Optimal location of FACTS placement and optimal parameter settings of these devices are the objectives for the optimization problem. The optimization process aims at maximizing the loading capability by the network by transferring power from overloaded lines to adjacent lightly loaded lines. FACTS devices considered are TCSC, SVC and UPFC for the alleviation of the overload on transmission lines and to reduce overall transmission loss of the system. An IEEE 30-bus system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

RBFN Based IPFC for Enhancement of Power System Security

Where the information is perverted by extreme noise level, causes complicated relationship between information and its yield. In that case, ANN is well known to solve this dilemma by giving fine result. Now, for specification and fine tuning of parameter, role of RBFN comes into picture. For optimizing the adoptability of the computational operation, Radial basis function (RBF) networks [10] is suggested which reduces execution time by providing more flexibility to identify the dynamic changes. For checking strength of 10-machine system, while designing, two signals: variation in V &amp; variation in Vdc are correlated. Competency of PI controller with RBFN has been analyzed under varying system conditions. Influence of additional suppression controller: POD is designed to get promising results. Recommended intelligent controllers are having proficiency of scrutinizing unique features of IPFC. Feasibility of different controllers subject to a three phase fault are studied and investigated on time domain basis in MATLAB software to verify the effectiveness of each controller.