Enhance Motor Performance Research Articles

Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms of Cicadae Periostracum in Parkinson's Disease: A Metabolomics-Based Study.

Cicadae Periostracum (CP) is a traditional Chinese animal-derived medicine with the potential to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aims to explore the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of CP against PD-based on metabolomics technology and provide a theoretical basis for developing new anti-PD medicine. First, MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells were used to evaluate the anti-PD activity of CP. In the animal study, an MPTP-induced PD mouse model was employed to assess CP's therapeutic effects. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining and Western blotting (WB) were used to evaluate its neuroprotective activity on neurons. A Serum metabolomics analysis was conducted to examine CP's regulatory effects on metabolites and to identify vital metabolic pathways. Finally, cellular experiments were performed to validate the critical pathways. Cellular activity experiments demonstrated that CP mitigates MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity, inhibits apoptosis, and restores mitochondrial homeostasis. Animal experiments revealed that CP significantly alleviates dyskinesia in PD mice, enhances motor performance, and restores neuronal integrity while reducing α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in the striatum (STR), showing its strong anti-PD effect. Metabolomic analysis revealed that CP can significantly improve the metabolic disorders of ten biomarkers that are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation and are closely related to oxidative stress pathways. Finally, pathway verification was performed, and the results show that CP exerted neuroprotective effects against PD through the dual signaling pathways of Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 and Nrf2/HO-1. This study provides a comprehensive strategy for elucidating the mechanisms by which CP exerts its therapeutic effects against PD, highlighting its potential in developing anti-PD drugs.

Human motor performance assessment with lower limb exoskeletons as a potential strategy to support healthy aging—a perspective article

With increasing age, motor performance declines. This decline is associated with less favorable health outcomes such as impaired activities of daily living, reduced quality of life, or increased mortality. Through regular assessment of motor performance, changes over time can be monitored, and targeted therapeutic programs and interventions may be informed. This can ensure better individualization of any intervention approach (e.g. by considering the current motor performance status of a person) and thus potentially increase its effectiveness with regard to maintaining current performance status or delaying further decline. However, in older adults, motor performance assessment is time consuming and requires experienced examiners and specific equipment, amongst others. This is particularly not feasible in care facility/nursing home settings. Wearable robotic devices, such as exoskeletons, have the potential of being used to assess motor performance and provide assistance during physical activities and exercise training for older adults or individuals with mobility impairments, thereby potentially enhancing motor performance. In this manuscript, we aim to (1) provide a brief overview of age-related changes of motor performance, (2) summarize established clinical and laboratory test procedures for the assessment of motor performance, (3) discuss the possibilities of translating established test procedures into exoskeleton-based procedures, and (4) highlight the feasibility, technological requirements and prerequisites for the assessment of human motor performance using lower limb exoskeletons.

Changes In the Brain with An External Focus of Attention: Neural Correlates.

Although it is well established that an external compared to an internal focus of attention enhances motor performance and learning, the underlying neural mechanisms remained relatively underexplored. Recent studies revealed that adopting different attentional strategies results in a differential cortico-motor organization. These findings hold great potential for applying attentional strategies for healthy subjects and populations that display motor deficiencies.

Neurofeedback-induced desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythm elicits pre-movement downregulation of intracortical inhibition that shortens simple reaction time in humans: A double-blind, sham-controlled randomized study

Abstract Sensorimotor rhythm event-related desynchronization (SMR-ERD) is associated with the activities of cortical inhibitory circuits in the motor cortex. The self-regulation of SMR-ERD through neurofeedback training has demonstrated that successful SMR-ERD regulation improves motor performance. However, the training-induced changes in neural dynamics in the motor cortex underlying performance improvement remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that SMR-neurofeedback based on motor imagery reduces cortical inhibitory activities during motor preparation, leading to shortened reaction time due to the repetitive recruitment of neural populations shared with motor imagery and movement preparation. To test this, we conducted a double-blind, sham-controlled study on 24 participants using neurofeedback training and pre- and post-training evaluation for simple reaction time tests and cortical inhibitory activity using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). The results showed that veritable neurofeedback training effectively enhanced SMR-ERD in healthy male and female participants, accompanied by reduced simple reaction times and pre-movement SICI. Furthermore, SMR-ERD changes correlated with changes in pre-movement cortical disinhibition, and the disinhibition magnitude correlated with behavioral changes. These results suggest that SMR-neurofeedback modulates cortical inhibitory circuits during movement preparation, thereby enhancing motor performance.

Advanced Modelling and Performance Analysis of a Separately Excited Direct-Current Motor Powered by Photovoltaic Generators Using Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into DC motor drives has prompted the enhancement of motor performance. This study explores the application of photovoltaic generators (PVs) to independently power and excite a Separately Excited Direct-Current (SEDC) system by utilizing a proportional open-circuit voltage method as a strategy for tracking the maximum power point. This approach offers an effective means of optimizing energy output from PV systems. The primary aim was to optimize power output from photovoltaic generators across varying solar intensity levels. This paper describes the nonlinear current/voltage behaviour of PV generators under different levels of irradiation, along with the magnetic characteristics of the core material in an SEDC motor, utilizing advanced polynomial equations for accurate mathematical representation. Furthermore, we conducted a dynamic analysis of the SEDC motor, powered by the PV generators, under varying solar intensities. This study investigates the operational performance of the SEDC motor under varying solar irradiance levels by developing a realistic model using MATLAB software, R2022a, for numerical simulations, followed by implementation on high-performance computing platforms, including a real-time simulator and testbed, using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS).

Autonomy-supportive instructional language does not enhance skill acquisition compared to controlling instructional language.

Instructional language is one of three techniques in OPTIMAL theory that can be manipulated to foster an autonomy-supportive practice environment to enhance motor performance and learning. While autonomy-supportive language has been shown to be beneficial in educational psychology, coaching, and health settings, the wording of task instructions has received minimal attention in the motor learning literature to date. We investigated the influence of two instructional language styles on skill acquisition in a preregistered experiment. Participants (N = 156) learned a speed cup stacking task and received instructions throughout practice that used either autonomy-supportive or controlling language. Although the autonomy-supportive instructions resulted in higher perceptions of autonomy, there were no group differences for motor performance in acquisition or retention. Perceptions of competence and intrinsic motivation did not differ between groups at any time point. These data are difficult to reconcile with key predictions in OPTIMAL theory regarding a direct and causal influence of motivational factors on performance and learning. However, our equivalence test suggests these effects on skill acquisition may be smaller than what we were powered to detect. These findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence highlighting the need for much larger N experiments in motor learning research.

The Distance Effect in Focus of Attention: Spatial or Temporal Distance?

ABSTRACT Purpose: The benefit of an external focus over an internal focus has been well-established. Within this literature, several studies have documented a distal effect of attentional focus by comparing the efficacy of a proximal and distal external focus. A potential confound is that most distal focus cues direct the performer’s attention to an outcome occurring after the completion of movement, while the proximal cues direct attention to something that occurs during the movement process. This study aims to disentangle whether the distal effect of attentional focus comes from spatial distance (proximal vs. distal) or temporal distance (during vs. after). Method: To test this, we employed a two-handed underhand medicine ball throw for maximum distance with 38 healthy young adults. This study employed five conditions: baseline, internal-during, internal-after, external-during, and external-after focus. Results: The result indicated that both external-during and -after foci elicited a significantly greater throwing distance than internal-during (p = .006) and internal-after (p < .001), where internal-after even significantly underperformed than baseline (p = .02). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that using an outcome cue unrelated to the intended action does not enhance motor performance. Rather, the most effective approach is to use an external cue that represents the action effect either during or after the movement.

Research on Optimal Design of Ultra-High-Speed Motors Based on Multi-Physical Field Coupling Under Mechanical Boundary Constraints

This study investigates the impact of rotor structure, material selection, and cooling methods on ultra-high-speed motor performance, revealing performance variation laws under multi-physical field coupling. Considering mechanical boundary constraints, we propose an optimization design method based on a multi-physical field coupling model. Using a MaxPro experimental design, initial samples are obtained and fitted using a Kriging surrogate model. The NSGA-2 algorithm is then applied for optimization, with Relative Maximum Absolute Error (RMAE) and Relative Average Absolute Error (RAAE) employed for accuracy evaluation. The Kriging model is iteratively updated based on evaluation results until the optimal design is achieved. This method enhances motor performance, ensures mechanical boundary conditions, and reduces computational load. Experimental results show significant improvements in efficiency and power density. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for ultra-high-speed motor design and offers new ideas for related motor research and development. Future work will explore more efficient and intelligent optimization algorithms to continuously advance ultra-high-speed motor technology.

Enhancing Motor Performance and Physical Fitness in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Through Fundamental Motor Skills Exercise.

Background: A lack of evidence exists regarding the effects intervention has on the motor performance, including the timing ability and health-related physical fitness, of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Objectives: We aimed to assess the effects of school-based intervention that improves fundamental motor skills (FMS) on the motor performance and health-related physical fitness of children with DCD. Methods: The participants were 55 children (age 8-9 years) with DCD. Children with DCD were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 27) or control group (n = 28). The intervention group participated in FMS training. The control group participated in a conventional physical education class. Motor performance was evaluated before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development, second edition; Movement Assessment Battery for Children, second edition; and the Interactive Metronome. Health-related physical fitness was assessed using the physical activity promotion system. Results: A significant difference was observed when we considered the interaction effect of the intervention and time regarding motor performance and health-related physical fitness; however, no significant difference was observed regarding body composition. Conclusions: the intervention showed significant improvements in the parameters evaluated, suggesting that a school-based intervention to improve FMS may effectively improve the motor performance and health-related physical fitness of children with DCD.

Intermittent hypoxia enhances voluntary activation and reduces performance fatigability during repeated lower limb contractions.

Prior research has highlighted the therapeutic benefits of acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) in enhancing motor performance after motor incomplete spinal cord injury and in able-bodied individuals. Although studies in rodents and humans indicate that AIH may facilitate motor excitability, the relationship between excitability changes and functional performance remains unclear. In addition, discrepancies in the effects of AIH on excitability in able-bodied individuals merit further investigation. Understanding the concurrent impact of repetitive AIH on voluntary activation and spinal reflex excitability may clarify the functional implications of AIH for muscle force production. High voluntary activation is vital for sustaining torque production during activities that require repeated muscle contractions. We hypothesized that repetitive AIH would attenuate decreases in both voluntary activation and maximum torque production typically observed during fatiguing contractions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of four consecutive days of AIH on voluntary activation and torque generation during repeated maximal plantar flexion contractions. We assessed changes in voluntary activation using the central activation ratio by calculating the ratio of voluntary torque to the torque produced with supramaximal electrical stimulation. Consistent with our hypothesis, we show that repetitive AIH significantly increases both voluntary activation and peak torque during fatiguing contractions. We did not observe any changes in resting spinal reflex excitability or antagonist muscle coactivation during fatiguing contractions post-AIH. Together, these findings suggest that repetitive AIH reduces performance fatigability through enhanced descending neural drive. Optimizing voluntary activation is critical for facilitating the recovery of functional walking skills after neurological injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) significantly increases both voluntary activation and peak torque during fatiguing lower limb contractions. However, resting spinal reflex excitability and antagonist muscle coactivation during fatiguing contractions did not change following repetitive AIH. Together, these observations indicate that repetitive AIH reduces performance fatigability through enhanced descending neural drive. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of AIH for promoting motor recovery after neurological injury.

HouShiHeiSan attenuates sarcopenia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats

Ethnopharmacological relevancePhysical therapy is the main clinical treatment for limb symptoms after ischemic stroke, and there is a lack of reliable drug intervention programs. HouShiHeiSan (HS)comes from “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber”, where it is recorded: “seauelae of wind stroke and heaviness of limbs”, indicating this formulae is a promising opion for clinical practice. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effect of HS on sarcopenia after ischemic stroke (ISS) by using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Materials and methodsAfter 7 days of adaptive feeding Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham and MCAO surgery groups. After MCAO operation, the agreement of the models was evaluated with a laser speckle instrument, and then, treatment groups were administered HS and related solvent. During the 7 days treatment period, the Zea-Longa score was used to assess the neural function, the treadmill for exercise capacity and traction instrument for grip strength. Besides, the physiological electrical signal system was used to record muscular electrical signals, while the muscle thickness was measured by ultrasound. After data acquisition on the 7th day after MCAO operation, the soleus muscle was dissected, and the indexes of length, weight of whole muscle tissue and cross-sectional area of muscular cells by H&E were recorded. Subsequently, mechanistic indicators were examined. MuRF1 and MAFbx expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Furthermore, the expression level of more related indicators of muscular differentiation and cellular proterin balance, including mTOR, p-mTOR, AKT, p-AKT, p70s6k, p-p70s6, FOXO1, p-FOXO1, MyoD1, Myostatin, MuRF1 and MAFbx, were tested via Western blot. ResultsHS improved motor performance and promoted muscle regeneration in MCAO rats. In terms of motor ability, HS mixed with alcohol significantly improved the neurological function damage, reduce the weight loss, increase the running distance per unit time and increase the grip strength. The postoperative muscle electrical signal intensity increased, and muscle thickness, weight, and length were maintained. The HS with alcohol group significantly maintained the cross-sectional size of muscle cells and reduced the number of MyoD1 and myostatin-positive cells in the muscle tissue. It simultaneously promoted the expression of p-mTOR, p-AKT, p-p70s6k, and MyoD1 to promote the synthesis of muscle proteins and inhibited the expression of p-FOXO1, myostatin, MAFbx, and MuRF1 to reduce muscle protein degradation. ConclusionHS can enhance muscle protein synthesis and decrease protein breakdown by activating the AKT/mTOR/FOXO1 pathway, thereby preserving muscle health and enhancing motor performance following stroke in rats.

Use your imagination for better performance. Effects of analogy instruction in motor skills. A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of analogy instruction (ANA) on motor performance and knowledge declared (KD) compared with explicit learning (EXP) and control conditions. Five databases were included. The study analyzed 16 randomized controlled trials. Subsequent analysis was performed for moderators variables as age, skill, retention, stress situations number of rules, specificity and number of trials. The ANA instruction demonstrated greater efficacy than the control (ES = 0.32, p = 0.03) or EXP condition (ES = 0.29, p = 0.02) in motor tasks performance in general terms. ANA instructions also showed superiority in motor performance when compared to control conditions in retention (ES = 5.72, p = 0.004), and a trend towards significance was found under stress (ES = 1.18, p = 0.05). ANA also showed superiority in motor performance when compared to EXP instruction (ES = 0.29, p = 0.02). ANA demonstrated greater effects than EXP in retention (ES = 7.25, p = 0.01), but not under stress (ES = 0.62, p = 0.18). Sub-analyses demonstrated that children (all p < 0.01) and novices (all p < 0.01) are more likely to benefit from ANA instruction when compared to control or EXP. A subgroup analysis based on quantity of information comparing ANA versus EXP condition shows that ANA is more effective for enhancing motor performance than EXP when the number of rules are similar. Sub-analyses comparing ANA versus CNT shows that as the number of repetitions increases and the task becomes less specific, ANA instruction significantly improves performance. A comparison between ANA and EXP indicates no significant differences in performance regarding the number of repetitions and task specificity. A secondary analysis examined KD of different instructions. KD was greater in EXP instructions (ES = −1.48, p < 0.001) when compared to ANA. Findings suggest that analogy instruction may improve motor performance, especially in novice and child populations. However, caution is needed due to concerns when comparing with other instructional types and environments, as well as due to high heterogeneity in most of the comparisons and high risk of bias in included studies.

Optimized design of a fault-tolerant 12-slot/10-pole six-phase surface permanent magnet motor with asymmetrical winding configuration for electric vehicles

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for optimizing the design of a 12-slot/10-pole permanent magnet (PM) motor with a six-phase winding configuration tailored for electric vehicles (EVs). The design aims to enhance motor performance under both healthy and fault conditions. While the single neutral configuration offers superior torque during faults, it also introduces zero sequence currents and additional space harmonics, which can lead to increased torque ripple that is difficult to control. This study addresses these challenges through innovative machine design optimization. The optimization process begins with sizing equations to establish an initial design. K-means clustering techniques are then employed to identify distinct loading points that accurately represent the full EV driving cycle, effectively minimizing computational power requirements. Following this, the Full Range Minimum Loss (FRML) strategy is applied to determine optimal current profiles across these loading points, significantly reducing copper losses. Finally, a multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to minimize torque ripple, enhance average torque, and optimize machine losses. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in torque and reduced ripple, validated through experiments conducted with a 2 kW lab-scale motor. This integrated approach not only ensures a robust and efficient motor design but also enhances fault tolerance, making it well-suited for advanced EV applications.

The Physiological Mechanisms of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Enhance Motor Performance: A Narrative Review.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that applies a stable, low-intensity (1-2 mA) direct current to modulate neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex. This technique is effective, simple to operate, affordable, and widely employed across various fields. tDCS has been extensively used in clinical and translational research, with growing applications in military and competitive sports domains. In recent years, the use of tDCS in sports science has garnered significant attention from researchers. Numerous studies have demonstrated that tDCS can enhance muscle strength, explosive power, and aerobic metabolism, reduce fatigue, and improve cognition, thereby serving as a valuable tool for enhancing athletic performance. Additionally, recent research has shed light on the physiological mechanisms underlying tDCS, including its modulation of neuronal resting membrane potential to alter cortical excitability, enhancement of synaptic plasticity to regulate long-term potentiation, modulation of neurovascular coupling to improve regional cerebral blood flow, and improvement of cerebral network functional connectivity, which activates and reinforces specific brain regions. tDCS also enhances the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, further regulating brain function. This article, after outlining the role of tDCS in improving physical performance, delves into its mechanisms of action to provide a deeper understanding of how tDCS enhances athletic performance and offers novel approaches and perspectives for physical performance enhancement.

Enhancing motor performance through brief skin cooling: exploring the role of enhanced sympathetic tone and muscle spindle sensitivity

Enhancing motor performance through brief skin cooling: exploring the role of enhanced sympathetic tone and muscle spindle sensitivity

Darts fast-learning reduces theta power but is not affected by Hf-tRNS: A behavioral and electrophysiological investigation

Sports trainers have recently shown increasing interest in innovative methods, including transcranial electric stimulation, to enhance motor performance and boost the acquisition of new skills during training. However, studies on the effectiveness of these tools on fast visuomotor learning and brain activity are still limited. In this randomized single-blind, sham-controlled, between-subjects study, we investigated whether a single training session, either coupled or not with 2 mA online high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS) over the bilateral primary motor cortex (M1), would affect dart-throwing performance (i.e., radial error, arm range of motion, and movement variability) in 37 healthy volunteers. In addition, potential neurophysiological correlates were monitored before and after the training through a 32-electrode portable electroencephalogram (EEG). Results revealed that a single training session improved radial error and arm range of motion during the dart-throwing task, but not movement variability. Furthermore, after the training, resting state-EEG data showed a decrease in theta power. Radial error, arm movement, and EEG were not further modulated by hf-tRNS. This indicates that a single training session, regardless of hf-tRNS administration, improves dart-throwing precision and movement accuracy. However, it does not improve movement variability, which might require multiple training sessions (expertise resulting in slow learning). Theta power decrease could describe a more efficient use of cognitive resources (i.e., attention and visuomotor skills) due to the fast dart-throwing learning. Further research could explore different sports by applying longer stimulation protocols and evaluating other EEG variables to enhance our understanding of the lasting impacts of multi-session hf-tRNS on the sensorimotor cortex within the framework of slow learning and training assistance.

Simulating tDCS electrode placement to stimulate both M1 and SMA enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on current flow direction.

The conventional method of placing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrodes is just above the target brain area. However, this strategy for electrode placement often fails to improve motor function and modulate cortical excitability. We investigated the effects of optimized electrode placement to induce maximum electrical fields in the leg regions of both M1 and SMA, estimated by electric field simulations in the T1and T2-weighted MRI-based anatomical models, on motor performance and cortical excitability in healthy individuals. A total of 36 healthy volunteers participated in this randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled experiment. They were stratified by sex and were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the stimulation paradigm, including tDCS with (1) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over FCz and POz, respectively, (A-P tDCS), (2) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over POz and FCz, respectively, (P-A tDCS), and (3) sham tDCS. The sit-to-stand training following tDCS (2 mA, 10 min) was conducted every 3 or 4 days over 3 weeks (5 sessions total). Compared to sham tDCS, A-P tDCS led to significant increases in the number of sit-to-stands after 3 weeks training, whereas P-A tDCS significantly increased knee flexor peak torques after 3 weeks training, and decreased short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) immediately after the first session of training and maintained it post-training. These results suggest that optimized electrode placement of the maximal EF estimated by electric field simulation enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on the direction of current flow.

Immediate Effects of Wearing an Ankle Bandage on Fine Coordination, Proprioception, Balance and Gait in the Subacute Phase of Ankle Sprains.

Ankle sprains are the most frequently occurring musculoskeletal injuries among recreational athletes. Ankle support through bandages following the initial orthotic treatment might be beneficial for rehabilitation purposes. However, the literature is sparse regarding the use of an ankle support directly after the acute phase of an ankle sprain. Therefore, this study investigates the hypothesis that wearing an ankle bandage immediately after an acute ankle sprain improves motor performance, stability and reduces pain. In total, 70 subjects with acute unilateral supination trauma were tested. Subjects were tested five weeks post-injury to assess immediate effects of the ankle bandage. On the testing day, subjects completed rating questionnaires and underwent comprehensive biomechanical assessments. Biomechanical investigations included fine coordination and proprioception tests, single leg stances, the Y-Balance test, and gait analysis. All biomechanical investigations were conducted for the subject's injured leg with and without a bandage (MalleoTrain® Bauerfeind AG, Zeulenroda-Triebes, Germany) and the healthy leg. Results indicated moderate to strong improvements in ankle stability and pain relief while wearing the bandage. Wearing the bandage significantly normalized single leg stance performance (p < 0.001), stance phase duration (p < 0.001), and vertical ground reaction forces during walking (p < 0.05). However, the bandage did not have a clear effect on fine coordination and proprioception. The findings of our study suggest that ankle bandages may play a crucial role in early-stage rehabilitation by enhancing motor performance and reducing pain.

ADVANCES IN FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR LOWER LIMB REHABILITATION INSTROKE: A REVIEW ON PHYSIOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE

Stroke results in considerable impairment of lower limb (LL) function. The objective of rehabilitation is to restore pre-stroke motor skills through the promotion of neuroplasticity. Existing literature indicates that mere movement of the impacted limb does not necessarily enhance motor performance instead, the movements should engage the patient and activate the entire neuromuscular network responsible for the intended motion. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) stands out among various rehabilitation strategies and is endorsed in numerous stroke rehabilitation protocols as an adjunctive therapy alongside standard care interventions. The aim of this research is to offer a thorough examination of the use and physiological rationale of FES in post-stroke rehabilitation. Many studies advocate for incorporating FES into a contemporary stroke rehabilitation regimen, complemented by activities such as cycling, treadmill exercises, and robotic interventions, to optimize recovery outcomes in poststroke rehabilitation.

A Study Article of Advancing Electric Motor Performance through Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) Control

Abstract: Electric motor performance can be significantly enhanced through the implementation of Maximum Torque per Ampere control. This advanced control technique allows for optimizing the motor operation by maximizing the torque produced per unit of current. By implementing MTPA control, electric motors can achieve higher efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and improved overall performance. This paper explores the principles and benefits of MTPA control and provides insights into its application across various electric motor systems. The implementation of Maximum Torque per Ampere control has garnered significant attention in the field of electric motor performance enhancement. This advanced control technique offers a promising opportunity to optimize motor operation and achieve higher efficiency. By maximizing the torque produced per unit of current, MTPA control not only reduces energy consumption but also improves the overall performance of electric motors. Furthermore, the application of MTPA control has shown promising results across various electric motor systems, making it a versatile and impactful advancement in the field.