Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance Research Articles

Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance by Harnessing Carbon Nanoparticles and Colloidal SnO2 Quantum Dots

Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance by Harnessing Carbon Nanoparticles and Colloidal SnO2 Quantum Dots

Biodegradable Activated Carbon Material Derived from Eggplant Waste for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance

Agricultural-waste-derived porous carbon and vegetable-waste-derived porous carbon materials have been extensively studied as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors due to their abundance and ability to be consistently reproduced. This paper focuses on utilizing eggplant waste, the primary by-product, as a precursor for producing porous carbon through the easy carbonization and activation process. The resultant porous carbon is then employed as an electrode material for supercapacitors. The Eggplant waste-derived porous carbon exhibits a notable surface area of 1095.4 m2 g-1. This carbon material possesses the benefits of being cost-effective and environmentally friendly while exhibiting superior electrochemical performance in comparison to materials obtained from agricultural waste. The carbon electrode made from eggplant demonstrates an energy density of 9.19 Wh Kg-1 and a power density of 2880 W Kg-1, indicating its outstanding energy storage capacity.

Enhanced supercapacitor performance through synergistic electrode design: Reduced graphene oxide-polythiophene (rGO-PTs) nanocomposite

In this investigation, we introduce an innovative method for the fabrication of a 2D/2D nanocomposite, involving the in-situ functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with thiophene monomer. This approach employs a modified surfactant-based bi-solvent swollen liquid crystalline lamellar mesophase (SLCLM) nanoreactor system, utilizing dimethyl sulfoxide and water as primary solvents. The nanocomposite is formed via simultaneous reactions at both the edge and basal plane of GO with thiophene monomers, resulting in polymerization and reduction to generate graphene oxide-polythiophene (rGO-PTs) nanocomposite.We assess the pseudocapacitive properties of rGO-PTs in a 2 M HCl electrolyte. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) investigations reveal distinctive redox curves, indicative of the materials capacitive behaviour. In the galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) study, the rGO-PTs exhibits a discharge duration of 169.50 s within a potential window of −0.2 to 1 V at a current density of 7.5 A/g. This performance corresponds to a significantly higher specific capacitance of 1412 F/g, sustained over 10000 cycles as asymmetric capacitor. Notably, the rGO-PTs nanocomposite retains 106 % of its initial capacitance even after a number cycles, tested at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. The exceptional durability and electrochemical performance of the rGO-PTs nanocomposite position it as a promising alternative to conventional materials such as metals, metal oxides, pure carbonaceous substances, and polymers. The simplicity of the synthesis process, coupled with the nanocomposites outstanding electrochemical characteristics, underscores rGO-PTs potential for advancing in the field of energy storage and supercapacitor technology.

Magnetic field-assisted electrodeposition of ZnCo2O4-rGo nanoelectrodes for enhanced supercapacitor performance

To investigate a convenient, rapid, and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of supercapacitor electrode materials to enhance supercapacitor performance, this study achieved the successful synthesis of ZnCo2O4-rGo (ZCG) nanomaterial electrodes on a nickel foam substrate. These electrodes were then assembled into supercapacitors using Magnetic field-assisted Electrodeposition (MFAED) technology. The surface morphology and structure characterization analysis revealed that the ZCG-4 material exhibited a mesoporous layered nanosheet structure. Moreover, they exhibited a significant specific active surface area of 155.7 m2/g and showed excellent adhesion to the nickel foam substrate. The electrochemical properties of the ZCG nanoelectrode material were studied in a 1 M KOH aqueous solution. The results revealed that the ZCG-4 nanoelectrode displayed low electrochemical impedance (Rs 0.23 Ω, Rct 1.36 Ω, and Zw 0.99 Ω) and a high specific capacitance of 2672 Fg−1. Furthermore, at a current density of 3 Ag−1, the electrode maintained good capacity retention (2672 Fg−1–2529 Fg−1, 94.6 %). Moreover, it retained a significantly high specific capacitance of 1339 Fg−1 even after 6000 cycles under a current density of 20 Ag−1. The supercapacitor assembled with ZCG-4 electrodes exhibits good electrochemical performance, possessing a high capacitance of 5.8F/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2. Moreover, the ZCG-4 supercapacitor demonstrates outstanding cyclic performance, maintaining 86 % capacity retention following 6000 charge–discharge cycles at a high current density of 30 mA/cm2. The mechanism of magnetic field electrodeposition for preparing ZCG has also been explained using magnetohydrodynamics theory. At a magnetic field strength of 6 T, the ion migration speed is 1.7 × 10−5 m/s, and the addition of the magnetic field effectively increases this speed. An effective magnetic field electrodeposition approach was thus proposed in this investigation to enable the synthesis of high-performance electrode materials and capacitors by combining metal oxide and rGo.

Production and applications of lead (II) oxide/poly(aniline-co-thiophene) composite materials for enhanced supercapacitor performance

In this work, a novel approach was employed to prepare and utilize lead (II) oxide and poly(aniline-co-thiophene) (PANI-co-PTh) composite materials as electrode materials for supercapacitors, marking the first instance of such utilization in the literature. PANI-co-PTh was synthesized in bulk through chemical polymerization, and the conducting polymers underwent comprehensive spectroscopic, physical, and microscopic characterization. Subsequently, the material, incorporating lead (II) oxide (PbO) as a composite, was employed as electrode materials in asymmetric-type supercapacitors. The main results indicate a clear relationship between the surface area of conducting polymers and their specific capacitance. Notably, PANI-co-PTh-6, possessing the highest surface area, demonstrated the highest specific capacitance. Particle size distribution and specific surface area for PANI-co-PTh-6 were determined as 130 μm and 64.76 m2g−1, respectively. The PbO@PANI-co-PTh-3 configuration exhibited the highest specific capacitance, reaching 294 Fg−1 at a 10 mVs−1 scan rate. Remarkably, during long-cycle experiments, this system demonstrated a capacity retention of 70.69% after 1000 cycles. The inaugural application of the PbO@PANI-co-PTh-3 supercapacitor showcased notable capacitance values, establishing a substantial foundation for future research endeavors in this field.

Electrochemical evaluation of hybrid La2CoCrO6/Co3O4/rGO composite for enhanced supercapacitor performance

The present work focuses on the synthesis of hybrid La2CoCrO6/Co3O4/rGO composite via solvothermal technique for supercapacitor application. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda analyses are employed to assess phase structure, morphology, chemical state, surface area, and porosity of synthesized materials, respectively. The formation of mesoporous spheres is confirmed through FESEM and BET analysis. The inclusion of redox additive KMnO4 in KOH electrolyte enhances the accessibility of electrochemical sites in the mesoporous spheres of the La2CoCrO6/Co3O4/rGO electrode, resulting in excellent charge storage. Electrochemical analysis of the La2CoCrO6/Co3O4 exhibits specific capacitance of 633.2 F/g at 2 A/g in a redox electrolyte (6 M KOH + 0.05 M KMnO4) with capacitive retention of approximately 81 % over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the addition of rGO improves the overall performance of La2CoCrO6/Co3O4/rGO composite (763.9 F/g at 2 A/g with capacitive retention of approximately 86 %). The electrochemical analysis of hybrid La2CoCrO6/Co3O4/rGO composite showed improved performance, owing to the synergy of double perovskite (La2CoCrO6), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). These findings suggest promising applications for the material in advanced energy storage devices.

Synthesis and characterization of magnesium ferrite-activated carbon composites derived from orange peels for enhanced supercapacitor performance

Supercapacitors have emerged as highly efficient energy storage devices, relying on electrochemical processes. The performance of these devices can be influenced by several factors, with key considerations including the selection of electrode materials and the type of electrolyte utilized. Transition metal oxide electrodes are commonly used in supercapacitors, as they greatly influence the electrochemical performance of these devices. Nonetheless, ferrites' low energy density poses a limitation. Hence, it is crucial to create electrode materials featuring unique and distinct structures, while also exploring the ideal electrolyte types, to enhance the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors incorporating magnesium ferrites (MF). In this study, we effectively prepared magnesium ferrites (MgFe2O4) supported on activated carbon (AC) derived from orange peels (OP) using a simple hydrothermal method. The resulting blends underwent comprehensive characterization employing various methods, including FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, and mapping analysis. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of MgFe2O4@AC composites was evaluated using GCD and CV techniques. Remarkably, the MF45-AC electrode material showed exceptional electrochemical behavior, demonstrating a specific capacitance of 870 F·g−1 within current density of 1.0 A g−1 and potential windows spanning from 0 to 0.5 V. Additionally, the prepared electrodes displayed exceptional cycling stability, with AC, MF, and MF45-AC retaining 89.6%, 94.2%, and 95.1% of their initial specific capacitance, respectively, even after 5000 cycles. These findings underscore the potential of MF-AC composites as superior electrode materials for supercapacitors. The development of such composites, combined with tailored electrolyte concentrations, holds significant promise for advancing the electrochemical performance and energy density of supercapacitor devices.

External and internal stimuli for enhanced supercapacitor performance

Use of internal and external stimuli can be an alternative tool to address the limitations of a supercapacitor for its enhanced electrochemical properties. Influence of internal stimuli, such as redox active dopants and vacancies, can alter the electronic structure or phase of the electrode material, leading to an improved redox behavior of the pseudo-capacitors by virtue of electron polarizations, leading to a better electrochemical charge transfer kinetics. On the other hand, external stimuli, such as applied magnetic field, can alter the diffusion characteristics of the active ions in the electrolyte, thereby changing the ion/charge rearrangement and ion diffusion characteristics within supercapacitor electrodes. This Perspective emphasizes the importance of these two aspects, supported by an in-depth literature review to give a comprehensive overview of internal and external stimuli effects in designing the model systems for future electrochemical applications.

Mixed metal oxide-based binder-free electrode and redox additive electrolyte combination for enhanced supercapacitor performance

In this study, a novel Co3O4/CeO2 nanocomposite for supercapacitors was fabricated through a one-step hydrothermal method, to achieve distinct crystalline phases and a unique flower-like structure. Integrated into a binder-free electrode (BFE) on Ni foam, the Co3O4/CeO2@NF electrode outperformed individual Co3O4 and CeO2-based electrodes. The synergistic effect between Co3O4 and CeO2, enhances the overall surface area, porosity and conductivity of the composites, which improved the supercapacitor characteristics. Detailed analyses confirmed the Co3O4/CeO2@NF electrode's superior cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, rate capability, and stability under potassium hydroxide (KOH) and redox additive electrolytes (RAE). The incorporation of RAE further boosted the performance, showcasing the potential for advanced energy storage applications. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device exhibited outstanding energy and power densities, making it promising for practical applications. Comprehensive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies offered insights into charge transfer dynamics, highlighted the positive impact of redox additives. This work contributed to understand the synergistic effects in metal oxide composites on advancing the high-performance supercapacitor development.

Enhancing supercapacitor performance with biomass-derived activated carbon interlinked CoS2 embedded graphitic carbon nitride

This work investigates the improved electrochemical performance of CoS2 on composites CoS2/AC and CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 that are prepared via hydrothermal method and the production of activated carbon is of bio-derived configuration. The structural, vibrational modes, and functional groups of the as synthesized nanostructures are confirmed through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman, and FTIR analyses. The specific surface area of CoS2/AC and CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 is 54.3 m2g−1, and 41.3 m2g−1, respectively. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the charge state of Co2+ and high charge transfer between Co and C in CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 compared to CoS2/AC. Nanoprobe Projection X-ray microscopy (PXM) discloses distorted octahedral coordination of Co2+ and site-dependent charge transfer by Co in CoS2/AC in comparison with CoS2/AC/g-C3N4. Further, the CoS2/AC electrode demonstrates a high specific capacity of 984 Fg−1 in the three-electrode system. The high-performance CoS2/AC electrode produced a high-power density of 2042.21 W Kg−1 and an energy density of 28.36 Whkg−1 in an aqueous electrolyte. The integration of CoS2 nanoparticles into the CoS2/AC and CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 composite framework significantly contributes to the improvement of specific capacity and excellent cycle stability up to 5000 cycles. This improvement could be influenced by several factors, such as reduced ion transport distances, strengthened interfacial interactions, high surface area, distortion of octahedral coordination of Co2+, and spatial-dependent charge transfer by Co in CoS2/AC. The distinct characteristics in specific capacity and cycling stability is attributed to the incorporation of CoS2 nanoparticles within the CoS2/AC and CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 composites that cause the short transport distance of the ions, enhanced interfacial interaction, and further provide better structural stability of the CoS2/AC and CoS2/AC/g-C3N4 composite network.

Boosted electrochemical properties of Co3O4 nanoflakes by the addition of a redox-additive electrolyte

Abstract Metal oxide-based electrode materials and redox additive electrolytes hold great promise as essential components of energy storage devices and have a great impact on their overall performance. Co3O4 nanoflakes (NFs) have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. After thorough characterization of structure, functional group, and surface morphology, the potential of the as-prepared Co3O4 NFs is assessed as an electrode material for a supercapacitor. The powder XRD analysis confirms the formation of the spinel cubic phase and space group Fd 3 ‾ $\bar{3}$ m. Morphological studies showed prepared Co3O4 having nanoflakes-like structures and, with analysis by EDX, the presence of elemental composition has been confirmed. The electrochemical performance of the Co3O4 electrodes has been studied in three electrode configurations using a redox-additive electrolyte. The electrode demonstrates enhanced supercapacitor performance with a redox additive electrolyte due to the reversible oxidation states of Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+, which significantly reinforced the Faradaic redox reaction. The CV curve has maintained its shape even at all scan rates, confirming the outstanding rate capability of the electrode. The Co3O4 electrode showed a greater specific capacitance (C sp) of 611.16 F g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1 in a redox additive electrolyte solution and capacitance retentions up to 69.23 % after 10,000 cycles. The calculated charge transfer resistance (R ct ) of before and after GCD 10,000 cycles is obtained. The overall performance of the electrode material being consider as a promising candidate for supercapacitor applications.

3D porous Ti3C2Tx prepared on carbon cloth by electrophoretic co-deposition for enhanced supercapacitor performance

3D porous Ti3C2Tx prepared on carbon cloth by electrophoretic co-deposition for enhanced supercapacitor performance

Enhanced performance and cycling behavior in symmetric supercapacitors developed by pure HfB2 and HfB2-SiC composites

Boron-based materials have attracted growing interest as promising candidates for energy storage applications. This study focuses on synthesizing pure HfB2 powders through a straightforward method involving the mechanical activation of a powder mixture comprising hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), boron (B), and magnesium (Mg). The HfB2 powders were mechanically alloyed with varying amounts of SiC powders to create HfB2-based composite structures. The chemical and microstructural properties of the synthesized samples were assessed using XRD, SEM/EDX, and DLS characterization techniques. Supercapacitor device performances of all resulting powders as symmetrical electrodes were systematically investigated. The test results revealed that the pure HfB2 electrode material exhibited a pseudocapacitor behavior, whereas composite powders exhibited battery-like behavior. Composite powders, demonstrated enhanced supercapacitor performance surpassing that of pure powder in terms of energy density and cycle efficiency. The pure HfB2 electrode displayed the highest power density (95 Wkg−1) among all samples: Its distinctive pseudocapacitor behavior results in the highest power density, providing valuable insights into the intricate relationship between composition and electrochemical performance in boron-based supercapacitor materials. Moreover, these results propose that by synthesizing composite powders, the charge storage mechanism can be altered and used to improve the energy density.

Construction of core-shell coordination polymers@layered double hydroxides microspheres via ions-exchanging strategy for enhanced supercapacitor performances

Coordination polymers (CPs) are gained numerous investigations due to their structure talents, such as ultrahigh high specific area, abundant pores or channels, and diverse and adjustable composition in energy storage area. However, their application on supercapacitor devices is restricted by low conductivity and lack of stability. In this work, a Co- and benzenetricarboxyl-based CPs (Co-BTC) is selected as precursor, and then used as template to fabricate a layer-double-hydroxide-covered core-shell structure (noted as Co-BTC@LDH) using a cation/anion co-exchanging process. This fine tune nanomaterial is achieved by, which demonstrates a remarkable specific capacitance of 1226 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, and outstanding ratio performance of maintaining 86.79% initial capacitance even as the current density elevates tenfold to 10 A g−1. Moreover, the as-fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor based on Co-BTC@LDH and active carbon (AC), displays an energy density of 58.70 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 0.36 kW kg−1 and an impressive cycle stability of retaining 98.2 % initial capacity even after 9000 cycles.

Rationally designed CeO2 decorated Ti3C2 MXene interface for efficient water splitting and enhanced supercapacitor performance

MXenes serve as competent electrodes for applications such as energy storage and conversion owing to their unique characteristics, which include substantial surface area, excellent conductivity, abundant surface-terminating groups, and high hydrophilicity. However, MXene nanosheets exhibit a pronounced tendency to restack via Van der Waals force, hindering the active sites and resulting in sluggish electronic and ionic kinetics. This phenomenon limits the capabilities, processability, and overall performance of MXene. In this study, CeO2 is utilized as an interlayer spacer for the Ti3C2 MXene substrate, providing a promising noble metal-free multifunctional electrode. The Ti3C2/CeO2 composite, synthesized via the hydrothermal method, efficiently mitigates restacking while exhibiting excellent conductivity, substantial surface area, and enhanced kinetics. The as-synthesized catalysts undergo diverse physiochemical characterizations and electrochemical measurements to understand their properties and potential multiapplications. The fabricated electrode material, Ti3C2/CeO2, shows excellent specific capacitance of 1908.5 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 in a three-electrode setup using 3 M KOH as electrolyte. It has a capacitive retention of 91% even after 4000 cycles. Besides, Ti3C2/CeO2 also functions as a proficient electrode material for overall water splitting, having a lower overpotential of 178 mV and 350 mV for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively, at a current density of 10 mAcm−2. It also displays a lower cell voltage of 1.78 V to obtain a current density of 10 mAcm−2. This study introduces the multi applications of a well-designed interface between Ti3C2 layers and CeO2 within the realm of electrochemical energy storage and conversion.

Enhancing Supercapacitor Performance with Cassava Tuber- Bamboo Stem Blended Porous Activated Carbon: An Environmentally Friendly Approach

Supercapacitor electrodes based on porous activated carbon from a blend of cassava tubers and bamboo stems were successfully synthesized using a chemical activation method with a 4M KOH activator. In this study, we characterized the morphological structure of porous activated carbon blended from cassava tubers and bamboo stems using SEM, while the electrochemical performance was tested using GCD, CV, and EIS. The porous activated carbon blend derived from cassava tubers and bamboo stems exhibits a micro-meso pore morphology, resulting in superior electrolyte ion storage capacity when compared to the carbon precursors of cassava tubers and bamboo stems. The porous activated carbon blend from cassava tubers and bamboo stems, serving as a supercapacitor electrode, demonstrates specific capacitance, energy density, and power density values of 43.44 F/g, 4.81 Wh/kg, and 178.64 W/kg, respectively. The CV curve results show that the supercapacitor electrode has EDLC properties, with Rs and Rct of 15.52 Ω and 7.40 Ω. The results of the research provide a valuable contribution to the development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical materials, with potential broad applications in energy storage technologies.

Enhanced supercapacitor performance of a Cu-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composite material: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical analysis.

A Cu-doped Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composite, synthesized via a straightforward hydrothermal process with controlled morphologies, represents a significant advancement in supercapacitor electrode materials. This study systematically analyzes the impact of Cu doping in Fe2O3 and its synergistic combination with g-C3N4 to understand their influence on the electrochemical performance of the resulting composite, focusing on Cu doping in Fe2O3 rather than varying Fe2O3/g-C3N4 content. The comprehensive characterization of these composites involved a suite of physicochemical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the successful synthesis of the composite, while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the morphological attributes of the synthesized materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra confirmed the elemental composition of the composite with 6% Cu doped Fe2O3/g-C3N4. The composite electrode, which incorporated 6% Cu doped Fe2O3 with g-C3N4, exhibited exceptional cycling stability, retaining 94.22% of its capacity even after 2000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. Furthermore, this Cu doped Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composite electrode demonstrated impressive electrochemical performance, boasting a specific capacitance of 244.0 F g-1 and an impressive maximum energy density of 5.31 W h kg-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. These findings highlight the substantial potential of the Cu doped Fe2O3/g-C3N4 electrode for supercapacitor applications.

Enhanced supercapacitor performance of porous carbon through tuning maceral composition proportion of coal.

Porous carbons (PCs) have been widely investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, during the preparation process, intense pore formation reactions result in an amorphous carbon structure, which limits the rate performance of the electrode material. Herein, coal is chosen as a carbon source and making use of different reaction characteristics of vitrinite and inertinite with a KOH activator, an interconnected porous structure carbon material with an abundant graphite microcrystalline structure is obtained; the organic relationships between the ratio of vitrinite and inertinite, carbonization conditions, material structure and capacity performance were researched. At the ratio of vitrinite to inertinite of 1 : 2, the sample shows a specific surface area of 2507 m2 g-1 and its ID1/IG is 1.31, which is lower than that of raw coal (1.36). Due to the synergistic effect of the pore structure and graphite microcrystals, PC-900-40 exhibits an improved specific capacitance of 229.40 F g-1 at a current density of 1.0 A g-1, and even at a high current density of 10.0 A g-1 it delivers a specific capacitance of 170.04 F g-1. The PC-900-40//PC-900-40 symmetrical capacitor retains 96% of its initial capacitance after 20 000 cycles.

Enhancing supercapacitor performance of Ni-Co-Mn metal-organic frameworks by compositing it with polyaniline and reduced graphene oxide.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most sought-after materials in the domain of supercapacitors and can be tailored to accommodate diverse compositions, making them amenable to facile functionalization. However, their intrinsic specific capacitance as well as energy density is minimal, which hinders their usage for advanced energy storage applications. Therefore, herein, we have prepared six electrodes, i.e., Ni-Co-Mn MOFs, polyaniline (PANI), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) along with their novel nanocomposites, i.e., C1, C2, and C3, comprising MOFs : PANI : rGO in a mass ratio of 100 : 1 : 0.5, 100 : 1 : 1, and 100 : 1 : 10, respectively. The polyaniline conducting polymer and rGO enabled efficient electron transport, enhanced charge storage processes, substantial surface area facilitating higher loading of active materials, promoting electrochemical reactions, and ultimately enhanced nanocomposite system performance. As a result, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques confirmed the successful synthesis and revealed distinct morphological features of the materials. Following electrochemical testing, it was observed that composition C2 exhibited the highest performance, demonstrating a groundbreaking specific capacitance of 1007 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. The device showed a good energy density of 25.11 W h kg-1 and a power density of 860 W kg-1. Remarkably, the device demonstrated a capacity retention of 115% after 1500 cycles, which is a clear indication of the wettability factor, according to the literature. The power law indicated b-values in a range of 0.58-0.64, verifying the hybrid-type behavior of supercapacitors.

Significantly enhanced supercapacitor performance of W3Nb14O44 by introducing serine and histidine-functionalized and boron-doped graphene quantum dots

This study reported one solution for the synthesis of a W3Nb14O44 electrode material. The multiple structure engineering constructed by special graphene quantum dot significantly improves the supercapacitor performance of W3Nb14O44.