Enhanced Extraction Yield Research Articles

Evaluation, prediction and optimization the ultrasound-assisted extraction method using response surface methodology: antioxidant and biological properties of Stachys parviflora L.

To optimize the extraction method using response surface methodology, extract the phenolic compounds, and identify the antioxidant and biological properties of Stachys parviflora L. extracts. Maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (4, 7, 10 min treatment time, 40, 70, 100 % high-intensity and 60, 80, 100 % (v v-1) methanol purity) were applied to obtain the extracts. SEM was conducted to provide the microstructure of the extracted plant. MICs (colorimetric assay), MFCs (colony diameter), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, radical scavenging capacity and extraction efficiency were determined. HPLC analysis was applied to measure the existent phenolic compounds. A quadratic model (4 min treatment time, 74.5 % high-intensity and 74.2 % solvent purity) was suggested as the best (TPC: 20.89 mg GAE g-1 d.m., TFC: 6.22 mg QEs g-1 d.m., DPPH IC50: 21.86 µg ml-1 and EE: 113.65 mg g-1 d.m.) UAE extraction model. The optimized UAE extract was generally more effective against Gram-positive microorganisms (MIC: 10-20; MBC: 10-40 (mg ml-1)) than Gram-negative ones (MIC: 40; MBC: >40 (mg ml-1)). Moreover, it (MGI: 2.32-100 %) revealed more anti-mold activity than maceration (MGI: <28.77 %). Explosive disruption of the cell walls, therefore, enhanced extraction yield by acoustic cavitation, was elucidated using SEM. Caffeic acid, tannic acid, quercetin, trans ferulic acid and rosmarinic acid were determined as the phenolic compounds in the optimized extract. RSM optimization was successfully applied for UAE from S. parviflora. The considerable antioxidant and biological properties were attributed to the phenolic compounds.

Application of ionic liquids based enzyme-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaves

A new approach for ionic liquid based enzyme-assisted extraction (ILEAE) of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides is presented in which enzyme pretreatment was used in ionic liquids aqueous media to enhance extraction yield. For this purpose, the solubility of CGA and the activity of cellulase were investigated in eight 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids. Cellulase in 0.5 M [C6mim]Br aqueous solution was found to provide better performance in extraction. The factors of ILEAE procedures including extraction time, extraction phase pH, extraction temperatures and enzyme concentrations were investigated. Moreover, the novel developed approach offered advantages in term of yield and efficiency compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Scanning electronic microscopy of plant samples indicated that cellulase treated cell wall in ionic liquid solution was subjected to extract, which led to more efficient extraction by reducing mass transfer barrier. The proposed ILEAE method would develope a continuous process for enzyme-assisted extraction including enzyme incubation and solvent extraction process. In this research, we propose a novel view for enzyme-assisted extraction of plant active component, besides concentrating on enzyme facilitated cell wall degradation, focusing on improvement of bad permeability of ionic liquids solutions.

New method to enhance the extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica using a novel ultrasonic extraction system by determining optimum ultrasonic frequency

A new method has been proposed for enhancing extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica, in which a novel ultrasonic extraction system has been developed to perform the determination of optimum ultrasonic frequency by a two-step procedure. This study has systematically investigated the influence of a continuous frequency range of 20–92kHz on rutin yields. The effects of different operating conditions on rutin yields have also been studied in detail such as solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, temperature and particle size. A higher extraction yield was obtained at the ultrasonic frequency of 60–62kHz which was little affected under other extraction conditions. Comparative studies between existing methods and the present method were done to verify the effectiveness of this method. Results indicated that the new extraction method gave a higher extraction yield compared with existing ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE). Thus, the potential use of this method may be promising for extraction of natural materials on an industrial scale in the future.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin.

In this study ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of polysaccharides from hazelnut skin has been studied. Optimum sonication time has been evaluated depending on responses such as amount of carbohydrate and dried sample and thermogravimetric analysis. Chemical and structural properties of extracted material have been determined by Fourier transform spectroscopy attenuated-total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Pretreated hazelnut skin powders were extracted in distilled water. Mixture was sonicated by ultrasonic processor probe for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. The results of UAE showed that maximum ethanol insoluble extracts in 60 min and the highest dry matter content could be obtained in 120 min extraction. Although total carbohydrate content of ethanol insoluble dry extract decreased with time, total carbohydrate in ethanol soluble fraction increased. Polysaccharides extracted from hazelnut skin were assumed to be pectic polysaccharide according to the literature survey of FTIR analysis result. Application time of UAE has an important effect on extraction of polysaccharide from hazelnut skin. This affect could be summarized by enhancing extraction yield up to critical level. Decrease of the yield in ethanol insoluble part could be explained by polymer decomposition. Most suitable model was hyperbolic model by having the lowest root mean square error and the highest R(2) values.

Characterization of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Obtained from Whole and Destoned Fruits and Optimization of Oil Extraction with a Physical Coadjuvant (Talc) Using Surface Methodology

The separation of the two components pulp-stone has allowed the development of a more scented product that respects the environment. According to a preliminary study, it was noticed that the destoning process produced a paste containing 67% moisture without resorting to the addition of water. The destoning process presents an ecologically sensitive system as the amount of waste watergenerated was reduced to 0.46 m3/ton of olives. Experimental studies indicate that stone removal before crushing affects to a greater extent the quality of the oil. Indeed the use of stoned olives decreases the acidity by 20%. The specific results of extinctions K232 and K270 confirm that using stoned olives improves the stability of oil since less oxidized compounds (K232 and K270 values 1.69 and 0.11 respectively) were detected. This study also shows that stoned olive oil had a better sensory note than the conventional one and consequently a higher commercial value in the market. Enhanced extraction yield of oil from stoned olives was attained using response surface methodology. Different olive oil extractions were investigated considering three variables: temperature of malaxation, time of malaxation and dose of adjuvant using Central Composite Design. Highest extraction yields were obtained when the temperature and the time of malaxation were respectively 37°C and 35 min. For the proportion of coadjuvant, the optimum dose was found at 1.5%.

Extraction of piperine from Piper longum using ultrasound

Efforts were made to enhance the yield of piperine using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) from fruit of Piper longum. The effects of various factors such as solvent, extraction time, solid to solvent ratio, duty cycle, ultrasound frequency, ultrasound power and temperature on the yield of piperine were investigated and optimized. The maximum yield of piperine (5.8mg/g) from Piper longum powder was obtained at optimal UAE conditions such as, ethanol as extracting solvent, extraction time 18min, solid to solvent ratio 1:10, ultrasound power 125W, 80% duty cycle, ultrasound frequency 25kHz and temperature 50°C. The experimental results revealed the advantage of UAE over traditional method of batch extraction and solvent extraction. The extraction time is reduced from 8h of batch solvent extraction and 4h of Soxhlet to 18min in UAE with enhanced extraction yield of piperine. Extraction yields of piperine obtained from Soxhlet extraction and batch extraction methods were found to be 1.67mg/g and 0.98mg/g, respectively, which were much lower than UAE optimized results. Hence, ultrasound assisted extraction of natural phytoconstituents will diminish the problem of lower extractability and higher extraction time over traditional methods.

RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM JATROPHA CURCAS LINN. LEAVES USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2 WITH A METHANOL CO‐SOLVENT

ABSTRACTResponse surface methodology was used to analyze the results of experiments designed using the Box–Behnken method to extract three phenolic compounds, gallic acid (GA), corilagin (CG) and ellagic acid (EA), from Jatropha curcas Linn. leaves using supercritical CO2 and methanol as a cosolvent. Experiments were carried out from 10 to 30 MPa, 40 to 80C and 30 to 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol. A 3 × 3 Box–Behnken design was used to design the experiments to determine the effects of pressure, temperature and concentration of methanol (MeOH) as well as their interaction on the extraction yield. Three nonlinear equations and 3‐D plots (one for each product) with 10 terms were developed. Analytical and numerical techniques were used to locate the optimal operating conditions. The highest experimental yields were obtained at 10 MPa, 60C and 30% (v/v) methanol modifier for GA; 20 MPa, 80C and 30% (v/v) methanol modifier for CG; and 30 MPa, 40C and 50% (v/v) methanol modifier for EA. The response surface models predicted that the maximum extraction yields of GA, CG and EA were 1,567.68 mg/kg of GA at 10 MPa, 80C and 30% (v/v) aqueous MeOH; 4,693.60 mg/kg of CG at 30 MPa, 80C and 30% (v/v) aqueous MeOH; and 1,089.02 mg/kg of EA at 10 MPa, 80C and 70% (v/v) aqueous MeOH, respectively. Because the theoretical optimum was on the limit of the range of the experiments, future work should focus on new experiments designed around the predicted optimum.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe purpose of this research was to study the extraction of gallic acid (GA), corilagin (CG) and ellagic acid (EA) from Jatrapha curcas Linn. leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) with a methanol cosolvent. Polar organic cosolvents or modifiers can be used to enhance extraction yield of polar solutes by increasing the CO2 polarity. Because methanol (MeOH) has a high polarity index, it was used to extract the three phenolic compounds (polar compounds) in the SCCO2 process. In addition to extracting GA, CG and EA, this research determined the maximum yield and the effect of operating parameters (pressure, temperature and MeOH concentration) using a response surface quadratic model to determine the location of the optimum operating conditions.

Immobilization of Cellulase on a Reversibly Soluble−Insoluble Support: Properties and Application

Cellulase was coupled to N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC) showing soluble-insoluble characteristics with pH change. Cellulase immobilized on NSC (NSCC) is in a soluble state during the enzyme reaction, yet can be recovered in its insoluble form by lowering the pH of the reaction solution after the reaction. NSCC was obtained under the optimized immobilization conditions of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) 10 mg, cellulase 15 mg, and pH 5.0. The retention activity of the immobilized cellulase was found to be 48.8%. The effects of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of NSCC were studied and compared with those of free cellulase. The optimum temperature and pH of NSCC was 45 degrees C and 4.0, respectively, which was found unchanged compared with the free one. The stability of cellulase against change in the pH and temperature was improved by the immobilization. The effectiveness of employing NSCC for extracting flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaf powder was investigated. Results showed that NSCC enhanced extraction yield up to 2.35-fold when compared with the conventional method. Moreover, NSCC retained 83.5% of its initial activity after five batches of hydrolysis reaction.

Antioxidant Activity of Pink-Flesh Guava (Psidium guajava L.): Effect of Extraction Techniques and Solvents

The effect of commonly used techniques and solvents in the antioxidant activities of pink-flesh guava fruit were studied. The extraction techniques compared were homogenization, shaking, sonication, magnetic stirring, and maceration for 1, 2, and 3 days. The solvent systems used were methanol, ethanol, and acetone at three different concentrations (50%, 70%, and 100%) and with 100% distilled water. The antioxidant activity of the fruit was evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu index, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging capacity. Ultrasonic and homogenization were the best techniques to extract the antioxidant from guava fruit. Homogenization technique was found to be the most convenient exhaustive and time-saving extraction technique. Results showed that the extracting solvent significantly (P < 0.05) altered the antioxidant property estimations of pink-flesh guava fruit. Pure solvents were inefficient extraction media for antioxidant. Enhanced extraction yields were obtained from solvent containing higher water concentrations and 50% acetone is a recommended solvent for extracting antioxidants compounds from pink-flesh guava fruit. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of pink-flesh guava extracts were observed. High levels of antioxidant activities were detected in pink-flesh guava, indicating that the fruit may serve as an excellent dietary source of natural antioxidants.

Enzyme assisted extraction of lutein from marigold flowers and its evaluation by HPLC

Lutein is a carotenoid, found in dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and various fruits and flowers. The most important source of lutein is flower petals of Tagetes erecta, commonly termed as Marigold; where lutein is chemically bound to various types of fatty acids such as lauric, mystric and palmitic acids. In this work an attempt has been made to study the effect of non commercial enzymes like cellulase and pectinase on extraction of lutein from Marigold flowers.The results have demonstrated enhanced extraction yield for lutein after treatment of the dried and powdered flower petals with enzymes. The isolated lutein was further subjected to spectral analysis and quantitation by HPLC. Keywords:- Lutein; Tagetes erecta; enzyme treatment; HPLC analysis

Enhanced extraction yields and mobile phase separations by solvent mixtures for the analysis of metabolites in Annona muricata L. leaves

The effects of five extraction solvents and their mixtures on the yield of metabolites in crude and fractionated extracts of Annona muricata L. leaves were investigated by direct comparison. Extraction media were prepared using simplex centroid mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, acetone, and chloroform. The effects of the mobile phase solvent strength and the analysis wavelength on the chromatographic separation were also investigated. Solvent mixtures rather than pure solvents were found to be the most efficient extractors for the different fractions. The results indicated that the mobile phase composed of methanol/acetonitrile/water (26:27:47 v/v/v) was most suitable for the basic fraction analysis at 254 nm, whereas the mobile phase composed of methanol/acetonitrile/water (35:35:30 v/v/v) was the most adequate for the organic fraction analysis at 254 nm. The results indicated that the chromatographic profiles and number of peaks were affected by the mobile phase strength and analysis wavelength.

Composition and antioxidant activity of raisin extracts obtained from various solvents

Experiments were conducted to determine if the contents of phenolics and browning reaction products and antioxidant activity of raisin extracts were closely dependent on the extraction solvent. Enhanced extraction yields were obtained from solvent containing higher water concentrations. However, total phenolic content (TPC) was highest for extracts obtained from solvent to water ratios of 60:40 (v/v), whereby the extract obtained from ethanol:water (60:40, v/v) had the highest TPC of 375mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g extract. HMF content was highest in extracts obtained from 60% solvent, regardless of solvent type. The extract obtained from 60% methanol had the highest HMF content at 199μg/g extract. Although the 60% solvents provided extract with high antioxidant components, the antioxidant activity of raisin extracts obtained from 80:20 (v/v) solvent/water was significantly higher than other raisin extracts obtained from different solvent concentrations. Phenolic acids, HMF, and low-molecular-weight flavonoids were responsible for the antioxidant activity, but not the high-molecular-weight flavonoids.

Effect of Pretreatment with Carbonic Acid on “HyperCoal” (Ash-Free Coal) Production from Low-Rank Coals

The use of 'HyperCoal' (ash-free coal) as feedstock for gas turbines results in higher net power output with lower CO{sub 2} emissions. HyperCoal can be produced by thermal extraction from low-rank coals with industrial organic solvents in an inert atmosphere, providing raw materials. The pretreatment of low-rank coals with carbonic acid (CO{sub 2} dissolved in water - CO{sub 2}/H{sub 2}O) produced a strong increase in HyperCoal yields at relatively lower CO{sub 2} pressures of 0.1-0.5 MPa; the thermal extraction yields at 360{sup o}C increased by 7%-15% with extraction yields of 52% and 45% obtained for Wyodak sub-bituminous coal and Beulah-Zap lignite, respectively. In the range of 320-360{sup o}C, crude methylnaphthalene oil (CMNO) extraction yields of pretreated Wyodak coal increased significantly (by 4%-11%) over those of raw coal. The enhanced extraction yields of these low-rank coals are attributed to disruption of cation-bridging crosslinks on acid pretreatment, and the release of the hydrogen bonds by CMNO extraction. 18 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

Die Probleme der Polarität bei der Weinrebe

The objective of this review is to discuss the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of various compounds using clean, green solvents. We also outline fundamental mechanisms and factors associated with the design and the development of clean, green UAE systems. Growing consumer demands for greener alternatives and natural ingredients that do not involve toxic chemicals and the environmental and health risk associated with the use of chemical solvents have attracted the interest of industries to sustainable, non-toxic routes of extraction. UAE can benefit the chemical industry in multiple ways:•enhancing extraction yield;•enhancing aqueous extraction processes without using solvents;•providing the opportunity to use alternative clean and/or green solvents by improving their extraction performance; and,•enhancing extraction of heat-sensitive components under conditions that would otherwise have low or unacceptable yields.