Enhanced External Counterpulsation Therapy Research Articles

Enhanced External Counterpulsation Outcomes Study: Retrospective Analyses of Data Obtained from Patients at a Single Medical Center in United States

AbstractThe aim was to explore the effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) therapy in patients with severe angina pectoris/ chronic heart failure symptoms, who were not suitable candidates for invasive treatment. This retrospective study employed a comprehensive methodology that includes individualized treatment, continuous monitoring, and thorough pre- and postprogram evaluations to assess the efficacy of EECP therapy. The standard protocol involved 35 one-hour treatments, with flexibility for extensions based on therapeutic progress. When pre- and posttreatment results were analyzed, EECP improved the original functional class compared with pretreatment. The mean difference in the functional class was 1.32 (0.92), p < 0.0001. Six-minute walk (6MW) distance improved from 383.6 m (110.24) to 423.1 m (121.50) with mean difference of 37.1 (44.99), p < 0.0001. Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) score improved from 3.9 (2.75) to 6.0 (4.17) with mean difference of 2.16 (3.8), p < 0.0001. Training metabolic equivalents (METs) improved from 3.0 (0.74) to 4.0 (1.57) with mean difference of 1.04 (1.2), p < 0.0001. Weekly anginal events decreased from 13.1 (13.19) to 3.2 (7.38) with mean difference of –9.78 (11.7), p < 0.0001. EECP resulted in improvement of angina pectoris functional class, the 6MW distance, reduction in the number of hospitalizations in first year posttreatment, a significant decrease in sublingual nitroglycerin use, improvement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and improvement of DASI score.

A numerical study on the siphonic effect of enhanced external counterpulsation at lower extremities with a coupled 0D-1D closed-loop personalized hemodynamics model

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a treatment and rehabilitation approach for ischemic diseases, including coronary artery disease. Its therapeutic benefits are primarily attributed to the improved blood circulation achieved through sequential mechanical compression of the lower extremities. However, despite the crucial role that hemodynamic effects in the lower extremity arteries play in determining the effectiveness of EECP treatment, most studies have focused on the diastole phase and ignored the systolic phase. In the present study, a novel siphon model (SM) was developed to investigate the interdependence of several hemodynamic parameters, including pulse wave velocity, femoral flow rate, the operation pressure of cuffs, and the mean blood flow changes in the femoral artery throughout EECP therapy. To verify the accuracy of the SM, we coupled the predicted afterload in the lower extremity arteries during deflation using SM with the 0D-1D patient-specific model. Finally, the simulation results were compared with clinical measurements obtained during EECP therapy to verify the applicability and accuracy of the SM, as well as the coupling method. The precision and reliability of the previously developed personalized approach were further affirmed in this study. The average waveform similarity coefficient between the simulation results and the clinical measurements during the rest state exceeded 90%. This work has the potential to enhance our understanding of the hemodynamic mechanisms involved in EECP treatment and provide valuable insights for clinical decision-making.

Abstract 15114: Enhanced External Counter Pulsation for Treatment of Angina With No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (ANOCA)

Background: Angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA) is associated with poor outcomes and limited treatment options. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment that involves applying external inflatable cuffs to the lower extremities to increase blood flow during diastole (diastolic augmentation and increased preload), followed by deflation during systole (decreased afterload). Although EECP is indicated in refractory angina patients, its effectiveness in treating refractory angina in ANOCA patients is relatively unknown and limited to small case series. Objective: Assess the efficacy of EECP treatment in ANOCA patients using Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), and weekly anginal episodes. Methods: We examined ANOCA patients (defined as £50% stenosis in any major epicardial vessels) with CCS class 3 or 4 angina that completed EECP treatment at 2 large centers. CCS class, 6MWT, DASI, SAQ, and weekly anginal episodes were evaluated pre- and post- EECP treatment, as data was available. A paired Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and McNemar’s test were utilized as appropriate. Results: 65 ANOCA patients (63% female; 60±11 years) that completed 35±2 EECP sessions were included. Patients were on 4±2 cardiac medications pre-EECP (78% statin, 52% ACEI/ARB, 62% BBs, 34% CCBs, 48% nitrates, and 53% ranolazine). Post-EECP, 42 patients (65%) had an improvement of 3 1 CCS angina class with 16 (25%) improving by 3 2 classes. Significant improvements in CCS angina severity, 6MWT, DASI, SAQ, and weekly anginal episodes were evident post-EECP ( Table ). Conclusion: In ANOCA patients, EECP therapy reduces CCS angina class and improves exercise tolerance. EECP should be considered in ANOCA patients with refractory angina CCS class 3 or 4 as a part of optimal medical therapy.

Impact of Enhanced External Counter-pulsation Therapy on Glycaemic Control in People With Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Enhanced external counter-pulsation (EECP) therapy is approved for refractory angina in coronary artery disease (CAD). EECP is being explored as a treatment modality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (PubMed), ClinicaltTrials. gov, CNKI database, Clinical Trials Registry-india (CTRI), and Google Scholar databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients receiving EECP therapy in the intervention arm. The primary outcome was the changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The secondary outcomes were the changes in blood glucose parameters, inflammatory markers and any adverse events. Results: Data from 3 RCTs involving 71 people with T2DM/prediabetes was analysed to find out the impact of EECP therapy compared with placebo. As compared with placebo, patients receiving EECP had significantly lower HbA1C immediately after completion of therapy (mean difference [MD] -0.70%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.95. -0.45;p<0.00001), at 2-4 weeks post completion of therapy (MD -1.04%, 95%CI -1.32. -0.77; p<0.00001) and 7-12 weeks after therapy completion (MD -0.98%, 95% CI -1.22, -0.74; p<0.00001). EECP therapy was well tolerated without any increased side effects (risk ratio 2.36, 95% CI 0.11-52.41; p=0.59. Conclusion: EECP therapy is effective in blood glucose and pressure lowering over at least 7-12 weeks of therapy completion. Blood glucose and pressure should be monitored with suitable modulation of drug doses to prevent hypoglycaemia and hypotension in patients with angina undergoing EECP therapy. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42023434533.

Enhanced External Counterpulsation for the Treatment of Angina With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Angina and nonobstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA) is associated with poor outcomes and limited treatment options. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive treatment that involves applying external inflatable cuffs to the lower extremities to increase blood flow during diastole, followed by deflation during systole. Although EECP is approved for treatment in patients with refractory angina due to obstructive coronary artery disease, its effectiveness in treating patients with ANOCA with refractory angina is limited to small studies. We assessed the efficacy of EECP treatment in patients with ANOCA (defined as ≤50% stenosis in any major epicardial vessels) with refractory anginaby measuring changes in Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina class, 6-minute walk test, Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), Seattle Angina Questionnaire 7 (SAQ7), and weekly anginal episodes pre-EECP and post-EECP treatment. A total of 101 patients with ANOCA with CCS class III/IV angina completed a full course of EECP treatment at 2 large EECP centers. In 101 patients with ANOCA the mean age (SD) of 60.6 (11.3) years and 62.4% of the cohort were women. We found significant improvements post-EECP treatment in CCS angina class (mean (SD) 3.4 (0.5) to 2.4 (2.9), p <0.001), 6-minute walk test (median 1200 (IQR 972 to 1411) to 1358 (1170 to 1600), p <0.001), DASI (mean (SD) 15.2 (11.6) to 31.5 (16.3), p <0.001), SAQ7 (mean (DS) 36.2 (24.7) to 31.5 (16.3), p <0.001), and weekly anginal episodes (mean (SD) 5.3 (3.5) to 2.4 (2.9), p <0.001). After EECP treatment, 71 patients (70.3%) had an improvement of ≥1 CCS angina class, including 33 (32.7%) patients improving by ≥2 CCS classes. In conclusion, in patients with ANOCA, EECP therapy reduces CCS angina class and improves exercise tolerance and capacity; and should be considered a part of optimal medical therapy.

Enhanced external counterpulsation, focusing on its effect on kidney function, and utilization in patients with kidney diseases: a systematic review.

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is provided by a noninvasive device positively affecting cardiovascular function via mechanisms called diastolic augmentation and systolic unloading. The renal aspects of EECP therapy have not been extensively investigated. To assess the effect of EECP on renal function and to determine the application in patients with kidney disease. MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for all studies involving EECP treatments. The title and abstract of all searched literatures were screened, and those focusing on renal outcome or conducting in kidney disease patients were selected. Eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis. EECP increases stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, renal artery blood flow, renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, urine volume, and urinary sodium chloride excretion, but reduces the plasma concentration of renin and endothelin-1 in healthy subjects. A single session of EECP after radioactive contrast exposure could provide increased contrast clearance, and this reduces contrast-induced kidney injury in patients, irrespective of previous kidney function. Thirty-five-hour sessions of EECP treatment were illustrated to increase long-term estimated GFR in patients with chronic angina and heart failure. In cirrhotic patients, EECP fails to improve GFR and renal vascular resistance. EECP device could maintain blood pressure, decrease angina symptoms, and increase cardiac perfusion in hemodialysis patients. EECP treatment potentially increases renal perfusion and prevents kidney injury in several conditions. EECP possibly provides beneficial effects on hemodynamics and cardiac function in hemodialysis patients.

Abstract P2148: Beyond Traditional Pharmacology: A Critical Appraisal Of Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) As A Promising Alternative Treatment For Hypertension

Introduction: Hypertension is a significant global public health concern and a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Despite the availability of numerous pharmacological therapies, many hypertensive patients experience inadequate blood pressure control, medication side effects, or resistance. Thus, non-pharmacological interventions such as Enhanced External Counter pulsation (EECP) have garnered interest as a promising alternative treatment for hypertension.This systematic review aims to evaluate the existing clinical evidence on the efficacy, safety, and underlying mechanisms of EECP as a non-invasive therapy for hypertension. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and observational studies. Material and Methods: A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE database was done from March 2002 to March 2023 to identify studies evaluating the use of “EECP in hypertensive patients”. Initially, 31 articles were screened for eligibility, and subsequently, 9 articles met the inclusion criteria, &amp; were thereby included in the review. The inclusion criteria being relevance to the research question, thereby excluding the rest. Results: The review finds that EECP therapy can have beneficial effects on blood pressure control, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and inflammation in patients with hypertension. The underlying mechanisms of EECP involve enhancing arterial blood flow, improving endothelial function, and reducing peripheral vascular resistance. Although the evidence base for EECP is limited, the available studies suggest that this therapy is safe and well-tolerated, with few adverse effects reported. Conclusions: EECP represents a promising alternative treatment option for hypertension beyond traditional pharmacotherapy. However, further high-quality studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and to identify optimal treatment protocols for different patient populations. Nevertheless, the current evidence suggests that EECP is a valuable addition to the armamentarium of hypertension management strategies.

Enhanced external counter pulsation therapy in patients with symptomatic and severe intracranial steno-occlusive disease: a randomized clinical trial protocol.

ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03921827.

External counterpulsation stimulation combined with acupuncture for vascular endothelial function in patients with hypertension: A randomized pilot trial

ABSTRACT Objective Endothelial function may improve with enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) or acupuncture. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of acupoint stimulation combined with EECP (acupoint-EECP) for endothelial cell function in patients with essential hypertension. Methods Thirty essential hypertensive patients were, randomly divided into two groups, with 15 patients in the acupoint-EECP group, and 15 patients in the control group, of which 3 cases were lost by week 6. Both groups were treated with continued medicine. The participants in the acupoint-EECP group received acupoint stimulation combined with EECP therapy, 45 min for each time, 5 times weekly for 6 weeks for a total of 22.5 hours. The selected acupoints are Zusanli (ST36), Fenglong (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). The curative effects of the two groups were compared. Results The acupoint-EECP group (n=15) showed significant improvement in endothelial function [nitric oxide (NO) ，endothelin-1 (ET-1) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), respectively] values compared to the control group (n=12). Multiple imputation (n = 20 imputations) was performed to account for potential bias due to missing data. In stratified analyses, SBP and DBP values decreased when the baseline SBP was ≥120 mmHg and DBP was ≥80 mmHg. Conclusions These findings suggest the feasibility of acupoint-EECP in improving endothelial function and treating hypertension. (The Chinese clinical trial registration number is ChiCTR2100053795.)

Tolerability safety and effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation versus individual shear rate therapy in patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease: Aprospective pilot clinical trial.

We aimed to investigate the tolerability, safety, and effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation therapy (EECP) versus individual shear rate therapy (ISRT) in patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease (LEAD). Eighteen patients (age: 73.1 ± 6 years) underwent EECP and ISRT, each daily over five consecutive days in a cross-over design with a 1 week resting period in between the two regimens. A quality-of-life questionnaire was used to assess the therapy experience. Oxygen saturation (SO2 ), relative hemoglobin amount (rHb) and blood flow (Flow) in the capillary-venous-system (microcirculation) of the skin were monitored continuously during all therapy sessions using the micro-lightguide spectrophotometer, also known as oxygen to see (O2C). The effects of EECP and ISRT on the renal function and skeletal muscles were evaluated using serial blood and urine tests. EECP therapy had to be terminated early before the end of the 5th session in 10 patients (55.6%) because of discomfort. Four patients (22.2%) experienced signs of critical limb ischaemia under EECP. The total score of the quality-of-life questionnaire was significantly higher (= better tolerated) post-ISRT compared with EECP. Microcirculation monitoring revealed that ISRT significantly increased the SO2 , blood flow and rHb during the therapy. All three parameters remained significantly increased in the observation period after ISRT. The serum levels of creatin kinase and myoglobin increased significantly under EECP. ISRT significantly improves tolerability, safety, and effectiveness over EECP in patients with LEAD.

Abstract 14980: Enhanced External Counterpulsation Improves Cognitive Function in Long Covid Patients

INTRODUCTION: Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) has been described to help Long Covid related cardiovascular (e.g. chest pain, fatigue) and neurocognitive (e.g. brain fog) symptoms. We sought to determine whether EECP improves cognitive function. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of a contemporary consecutive patient cohort referred to Flow Therapy for management of Long Covid. All patients subjectively reporting brain fog were assessed using the BrainCheck tool to determine degree of cognitive impairment pre- and post EECP therapy. BrainCheck is an FDA-approved, web-based battery of standardized neuropsychological tests that includes the Trail Making Test (Trails A, Trails B) for assessing executive function (cognitive flexibility), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for assessing attention and processing speed, the Stroop Test for assessing executive function (response inhibition), and the List Learning Test for immediate/delayed verbal memory evaluation. BrainCheck scores have a normative mean of 100±15 with a clinically meaningful change ranging from 12-21 depending on age. Change from baseline to post-EECP were assessed using the paired student’s t-test. Results: A total of 51 Long Covid patients were included (49.3±11.0 years, 60.8% female, 22% had CAD) with the average duration since Covid diagnosis being 9.9±6.1months. No patients were excluded. All patients completed 25-35 sessions of EECP. Baseline BrainCheck composite score was 88.0±22.1 which significantly improved to 100.1±16.4 post-EECP (+11.9±18.7, p&lt;0.001). When limiting to baseline score under 85 (n=20; baseline average 66.7±17.6) the improvement was +26.0±20.9 (p&lt;0.001). EECP therapy improved the patients’ performance across cognitive domains, as indicated by significant enhancements in scores from baseline in Trails A (+6.1±19.7), Trails B (+5.0±11.8), DSST (+12.9±24.1) and Stroop Test (+11.2±19.1) (all p-values&lt;0.05). Conclusion: This is the first evaluation showing significant improvement in Long Covid related cognitive impairment post-EECP therapy. Further study is needed to determine if the mechanistic basis may include EECP induced improved cerebral perfusion, change in endothelial function, or a yet unelucidated pathway.

Reduction in risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus by enhanced external counterpulsation.

To evaluate the efficacy of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with combined chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) by comparing the changes in renal function-related indicators in patients before and after coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There were 230 subjects consecutively included in the study. Of these, 30 cases with DM underwent rehydration therapy, and 200 cases underwent EECP therapy in addition to rehydration therapy, comprising 53 patients with DM and 147 patients without. All the patients were tested to measure the renal function indicators before and after CAG/PCI. The postoperative results of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), B2 microglobulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the three groups showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). After EECP therapy, patients with DM showed a significant decrease in BUN (9.1 ± 4.2 vs. 7.2 ± 3.0, t = 3.899, P < 0.001) and a significant increase in eGFR (41.5 ± 12.7 vs. 44.0 ± 15.6, t = -2.031, P = 0.047), while the patients without DM showed a more significant difference (P < 0.001). Patients with DM showed a lower percentage of elevated Scr (66.7% vs. 43.4%, P = 0.042), a higher percentage of elevated eGFR (30.0% vs. 52.8%, P = 0.044), and a lower incidence of CIN (16.7% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.042) after EECP therapy. Treatment with EECP can reduce Scr in patients with combined CKD and DM post CAG/PCI, increase eGFR, and decrease the incidence of CIN.

The Effect of Enhanced External Counterpulsation on Platelet Aggregation in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.

Resistance to antiplatelet therapy, especially aspirin or clopidogrel, triggers other therapies for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive, pneumatic technique that provides beneficial effects for patients with CHD. However, the physiological effects of EECP have not been fully studied, and the role of EECP on platelet function remains poorly understood. A total of 168 patients with CHD were finally selected from the Second Xiangya Hospital and randomly assigned to either a control group or EECP group. The control group accepted only standard medical treatment, while the EECP group accepted standard medical treatment and EECP treatment. Blood samples were collected from patients at baseline and after EECP, and platelet aggregation was assessed. Changes in platelet aggregation were compared before and after treatment. There was no difference in the basal levels of arachidonic acid (AA) induced platelet maximum aggregation ratio (MAR) between the two groups. The AA-induced platelet MAR was significantly decreased after EECP therapy. The logistic analysis showed that low HDL-C was not favorable for the decrease in platelet aggregation. EECP therapy is favorable for lowering platelet aggregation in patients with CHD, especially the AA-induced platelet aggregation ratio.

Enhanched External Counterpulsation Therapy Improves Clinical Outcomes, Quality of Life and Functional Effort Capacity in Patients with Symptomatic Heart Failure

ABSTRACT Introduction: Symptomatic chronic heart failure is an important health problem that limits the daily life, quality of life, effort capacity and physiological condition of the patients. In subset of these patients symptoms persist despite optimal medical management. Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapy which improves symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. However, there is limited data in Turkish cohort. In this study, we investigated the clinical effects of EECP on multiple parameters in Turkish patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure. Material and Methods: Twenty-one individuals who were diagnosed with symptomatic chronic heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%) with New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) II-III were enrolled in the study. Patients were assigned to 35-session EECP treatment. NYHA classification, SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, Minnesota living heart failure questionnaire, quality of life index cardiac version-IV and Beck depression scale were assessed, and 6-minute walk tests were performed before and after EECP treatment. Results: The mean age of the patients was 57.4±12.5 years. EECP therapy resulted in significant improvement in NYHA functional class, quality of life index, effort capacity and pyhsiological condition in all patients without any adverse event (p=0.001). Conclusion: Enchanced external counterpulsation treatment significantly improved clinical parameters and effort capacity in patients with symptomatic heart failure. These results suggest that EECP is an effective and a safe therapy in Class II-III heart failure patients whose symptoms persist despite optimal medical management. Keywords: heart failure, symptom, quality of life, depression, EECP

Trimetazidine Improves the Outcome of EECP Therapy in Patients with Refractory Angina Pectoris

Introduction:Cardiovascular disease (CAD) associated with death and disability remains a serious medical problem. In some patients the initial clinical coronary artery disease presentation is stable angina pectoris.Aim:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of EECP therapy with or without trimetazidine (TMZ) in patients with refractory angina via modulating peripheral monocyte expression of Toll like receptor2 (TLR2) and its downstream signaling.Methods:This is a double-blind randomized prospective study in which 88 stable refractory angina patients allocated into two groups, Enhanced External Counter Pulsation (EECP) group: included 44 patients with stable refractory angina, and were treated with EECP-Therapy. TMZ-EECP group: included 44 patients with stable refractory angina, we gave TMZ 35 mg twice daily in addition to EECP-Therapy.Results:TLR2 expression in peripheral monocyte investigated by flow cytometry and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2β (8-iso-PGF2 β), interleukin1β (IL-1β), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and monocytes chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) were also measured before the EECP-therapy and before giving TMZ to patients, and after 35 hours of EECP treatment (7 consecutive weeks). Inhibition in TLR2 expression in peripheral monocyte was observed among the EECP group (P<0.05). Inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 was remarkably decreased in both study groups but (heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), MCP-1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) significantly decreased levels were observed among the TMZ-EECP group (P<0.05). Also, the oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2β (8-iso-PGF2β) was decreased in both study groups but significantly decreased levels were observed among the TMZ-EECP group (P<0.05). TMZ and EECP therapy in patients with stable refractory angina remarkably decreased the inflammatory markers HSP60, MCP-1 and IL-1β in serum levels also the decreased levels were found in serum levels of oxidative stress marker 8-iso-PGF2β serum level.Conclusion:EECP-therapy decreased the expression of TLR2 on peripheral monocytes in patients with chronic stable refractory angina which yield improvement in the quality of patients’ life by decreasing the frequency of angina episodes, decreasing the Short-acting nitrate use and change the exercise tolerance and distance.

Enhanced external counterpulsation improves cardiac function in Beagles after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on the cardiac function of beagle dogs after prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Twenty-four adult male beagles were randomly divided into control and EECP groups. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in the animals for 12 min, followed by 2 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. They then received EECP therapy for 4 h (EECP group) or not (control group). The hemodynamics was monitored using the PiCCO2 system. Blood gas and hemorheology were assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 4 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The myocardial blood flow (MBF) was quantified by 18F-flurpiridaz PET myocardial perfusion imaging at baseline and 4 h after ROSC. Survival time of the animals was recorded within 24 h. Ventricular fibrillation was successfully induced in all animals, and they achieved ROSC after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Survival time of the control group was shorter than that of the EECP group [median of 8 h (min 8 h, max 21 h) vs median of 24 h (min 16 h, max 24 h) (Kaplan Meyer plot analysis, P=0.0152). EECP improved blood gas analysis findings and increased the coronary perfusion pressure and MBF value. EECP also improved the cardiac function of Beagles after ROSC in multiple aspects, significantly increased blood flow velocity, and decreased plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index, and hematocrit levels. EECP improved the hemodynamics of beagle dogs and increased MBF, subsequently improving cardiac function and ultimately improving the survival time of animals after ROSC.

Efficacy of Enhanced External Counter Pulsation on Clinical Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life in Coronary Heart Disease patients with Diabetes Mellitus

To assess the effect of Enhanced External Counter Pulsation (EECP) treatment on clinical parameters and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) patients with Diabetes Mellitus. This was a pretest-posttest designed prospective study among 163 diabetic and non-diabetic coronary heart disease patients enrolled from SAAOL Heart Center, New Delhi, India. Patients were divided into two groups- diabetic CHD group and non-diabetic CHD group. EECP treatment was given to both the groups for 35 day. After EECP treatment physical and clinical profile along with HRQoL of study participants was assessed. The physical profile of study participants was assessed using Cooper’s 12 minutes’ walk test, Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) angina scale and Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale and HRQoL was assessed through SF-36 (short form) and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) scale. The follow-up of both groups was done at 6th and 12th months. Collected data were assessed through IBM, SPSS software v 21. Descriptive analysis with sample t-test for two independent groups and paired sample t-test for EECP effectiveness within the group was done. A significant improvement was observed in blood pressure; heart rate, lipid profile angina and MRC score in both the groups at 6th and 12 month follow-up. A significant reduction was observed in blood sugar fasting, blood sugar postprandial (PP) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic CHD patients. A significant improvement was also observed in all health domains of SF-36 &amp; SAQ scale HRQoL after EECP treatment. EECP therapy is an effective non-invasive method to treat diabetic and non–diabetic CHD patients. This therapy may improve both physical (physical functional capacity, angina, dyspnea) and clinical profile (lipid profile, lower the blood glucose level) in diabetic CHD patients. EECP may also improve clinical symptoms of CHD patients and lower the blood glucose level in diabetic CHD patients this may directly improve overall HRQoL of CHD patients with DM.

GW28-e0922 The effects of EECP therapy on functions of endothelial progenitor cells and the restoration of endothelial function after emergency PCI of AMI

We selected patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). To search the effects of enhanced external counter-pulsation (EECP) on the number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood of these patients. And also

Abstract P191: Improved Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure After Enhanced External Counterpulsation Therapy Combined With a Lifestyle Modification Program

Background: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a noninvasive, FDA approved therapy for refractory angina. Because EECP increases nitric oxide release, it may have an ancillary benefit on blood pressure (BP). Methods: We measured changes in BP at baseline over 35 sessions of EECP, which included lifestyle coaching. Supine blood pressure was measured before and after every EECP session by trained healthcare technicians with calibrated manual sphygmomanometers. Results: 404 patients (age 67.2 ± 10.0, 50% male - 200/404, 77% African American - 311/404) completed the program. Hypertensive subjects at baseline (37% - 150/404) showed an improvement in both systolic and diastolic BP (Table). Notably, there was a marked reduction in BP after the first EECP session, with a further, more modest reduction by the end of the 35 sessions. Weight decreased by a mean 3.0 lbs (p&lt;0.001) and there was no significant difference in the number of patients receiving antihypertensive medications before or after completing EECP (46% - 184/404 vs. 47% - 189/404, p=0.62). Conclusions: EECP therapy leads to a reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which is most prominent in patients with baseline hypertension. These results maintain throughout the 35 sessions. These results reflect observational data from one highly experienced clinic in which EECP is routinely combined with daily coaching on vegan plant-based lifestyle modifications and exercise. Further studies are indicated to investigate this observed phenomenon to both confirm these findings as well as assess for the length and durability of the effect.

Enhanced external counterpulsation as an effective nonsurgical solution for ischemic heart disease patients

Stable angina is managed primarily through lifestyle advice, medication therapy, and coronary revascularization procedures. Some patients with refractory angina exhibit symptoms that are not optimally controlled with the optimal medication and revascularization options available. Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a technique that can be used to improve symptoms in chronic stable angina. However, the role of EECP has also been investigated following positive outcomes in patients with both angina and heart failure in multicenter studies. We performed a systematic review of the evidence of the clinical effectiveness of EECP. EECP has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of refractory angina (Class IIb). About 200 hospitals across India have adopted this technique. EECP uses three sets of pneumatic cuffs that sequentially contract during diastole, increasing aortic diastolic pressure, augmenting coronary blood flow, and central venous return. EECP improves anginal symptoms and exercise tolerance, and reduces nitroglycerin use in patients with chronic, stable angina. EECP has also been shown to be safe and beneficial in patients with symptomatic stable congestive heart failure. It has been postulated that cardiac benefits of EECP are mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation and angiogenesis. In June 2002, the FDA also approved EECP therapy for heart failure patients. EECP is cost-effective if the observed quality of life benefits are assumed to continue throughout a patient's lifetime. However, there remain uncertainties around the long-term effects of the intervention.