Engraulis Japonicus Research Articles

Effect of fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae on the biochemical and sensory properties of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) fish sauce

SummaryThis study obtained an anchovy flavourful fish sauce by a bioprocess of aerobic fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae OAY1 in a period of time as short as 3 days. Amino nitrogen of the fish sauce increased to 7.35 mg mL−1 by optimisation with response surface methodology (RSM). Results of chemical analysis showed that amino nitrogen, hydrolysis degree, reducing sugar and total amino acids all increased, along with the enhanced antioxidant activity. With regard to biogenic amines, most of the tested biogenic amines decreased after fermentation. Electronic nose test revealed that the odour of the fish sauce became more balanced and favourable after fermentation. In addition, volatile odorant analysis and sensory evaluation showed that no particularly unpleasant flavour ingredient was found in the anchovy fish sauce, and the taste was overall satisfactory. Meanwhile, consumer acceptance test showed that the anchovy fish sauce produced in this study using A. orzyae OAY1 had a high consumer acceptance similar to the commercial anchovy fish sauce. This aerobic fast‐fermentation process provided an efficient method for high‐quality fish sauce production.

남해 서부해역 저수온수 출현에 따른 진도 연안 낭장망에 채집된 어류 군집구조 변화

We examined the community structure of fish off the coast of Jindo Island in response to a cold water appearance in the southwestern sea of Korea each August between 2013–2015. Using a gape net with wings, we collected 31 taxa during the study period, wherein the most dominant species was Engraulis japonicus. Collichthys lucidus and Neosalanx andersoni, which are mainly distributed in the western sea of Korea, increased in abundance and were dominant in August 2013, possibly due to the apparent intrusion of cold water ( 20°C) at the coast, which resulted in a noticeable lessening of the cold water in the study area. However, no significant differences were observed in fish community structure in the month of August between 2013–1015. This implies that the small-scale spatial and temporal variations in the cold water had limited effects on the fish community structure, even though the abundances of several dominant species varied in the coastal waters.

진도 연안 낭장망에 어획된 어류의 종조성

【Species composition of the fish in the coastal waters of Jindo was determined using monthly sample collection by a gape net with wings in 2014. Of a total of 41 fishes collected, the dominant species were Engraulis japonicus, Thryssa kammalensis, Sardinella zunasi, Leiognathus nuchalis, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Neosalanx anderssoni, Acanthogobius flavimanus. The former three species were the migratory species and the other four species were the resident species. These 7 fishes accounted for 99.6% of the total number of individuals collected. Monthly species composition did not show a clear seasonal trend. The peak number of individuals occurred in May, lowest in November. Fish were divided into four groups by the cluster analysis.】

Approach to determine individual trophic level and the difference in food sources of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Sagami Bay, based on compound-specific nitrogen stable isotope analysis of amino acids

Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids (AA method) has recently been used to estimate the trophic level (TL) of animals. The individual TL (TLGlu/Phe) of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus was precisely determined using the AA method without sampling or analysis of primary producers. Previously, TLs of organisms were determined using bulk nitrogen stable isotopic composition (δ15Nbulk) of tissues (bulk method). The δ15Nbulk for Japanese anchovies varied widely because of their migratory behavior, and the TL of anchovies in Sagami Bay remained ambiguous. We showed that the TLGlu/Phe of anchovy was almost 3 and that food-web structures differed between inshore and offshore waters. Furthermore, there was little difference in TLGlu/Phe for representative Japanese anchovies in Sagami Bay, despite the large intra-sample variation in δ15Nbulk for anchovies ranging over a trophic shift of 3–4 ‰ in Sagami Bay. We speculated that this variation in δ15Nbulk resulted from differences in food sources among the different food webs. Estimation of individual TLs in some simple food chains using the AA method may enable the determination of the food-web structure of migratory fishes, which is difficult to determine using the traditional bulk method.

Simulation of the impact of climate change on the egg and larval transport of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) off Kyushu Island, the western coast of Japan

AbstractIn order to investigate the impact of climate change on egg and larval transport of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) off Kyushu Island western Japan, we conducted particle‐tracking simulations on transport success/failure to fishing grounds from 1960 to 2007. The modeled transport success since the mid‐1990s increased and decreased in the offshore and coastal zones, respectively, compared with the 1960s and 1970s. The estimated northward shift of the spawning ground and weakened Tsushima Warm Current contributed to increase in modeled transport success to the offshore zone. Conversely, the weakening trend of the modeled onshore current in the Goto‐Nada Sea combined with the northward shift of the spawning ground resulted in unsuccessful larval transport. These results suggest that fluctuations in juvenile and subadult anchovy catches in this area may be attributable to changes in the physical environment. The present study showed that changes in transport success induced by oceanographic fluctuations related to climate change, have the potential to affect anchovy recruitment off the western coast of Japan.

멸치(Engraulis japonicus)젓 잔사 분말칼슘이 난소적출 흰쥐의 골다공증에 미치는 영향

This study examined the effect of calcium (AC) extracted from salt fermented anchovy Engraulis japonicus on osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) SD female rats. After AC treatment for 8 weeks, the body weight of the OVX-AC group decreased, while the weight of the OVX group (control) increased 43.9%. The blood osteocalcin, calcium, and ALP levels were examined as physiological markers for osteoporosis. The concentrations of all markers were elevated in the OVX-AC group compared to the OVX group. Thus, anchovy calcium is useful as an organic calcium supplement.

Ichthyoplankton assemblage structure of springs in the Yangtze Estuary revealed by biological and environmental visions.

The ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in the Yangtze Estuary was analyzed based on four springs in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007 in order to provide detailed characterizations of the ichthyoplankton assemblage in springs, examine the long-term dynamics of spring ichthyoplankton assemblages, and evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution and inter-annual variations of ichthyoplankton assemblages associated with the Yangtze Estuary. Forty-two ichthyoplankton species belonging to 23 families were collected. Engraulidae was the most abundant family, including six species and comprising 67.91% of the total catch. Only four species (Coilia mystus, Engraulis japonicus, Trachidermis fasciatus and Allanetta bleekeri) could be considered dominant, accounting for 88.70% of total abundance. The structure of the ichthyoplankton spring assemblage persisted on an annual basis, with the dominant species reappearing consistently even though their abundance fluctuated from year to year. This inter-annual variation probably reflects variable environmental conditions influenced by jellyfish blooms, declining river flow, and overfishing. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated aspatial structure of the ichthyoplankton assemblage in three areas: (1) an inner assemblage dominated by C. mystus; (2) a central assemblage dominated by A. bleekeri and T. fasciatus; and (3) a shelf assemblage featuring E. japonicus. The observed ichthyoplankton assemblage structure appears to be strongly influenced by depth, salinity and suspended particulate matter gradients.

Impacts of fishing on the marine mean trophic level in Chinese marine area

Studying the long-term effects of fishing on the marine mean trophic level (MTL) is very important for understanding the status of marine ecosystems, and it will help in the design of appropriate conservation management strategies. Using data on fishery landings from the FAO Fishery Statistics (FishStatJ_2.0.0_win32, 1950 to 2011), we analyzed changes in the fishery landings of 51 marine species/groups in the Chinese marine area and their impacts on MTL. We obtained the following results: China's fishery landings increased gradually from 0.72×106t to 3.29×106t between 1950 and 1977; it increased sharply from 2.74×106t to 13.21×106t between 1981 and 1998, declined to 12.00×106t in 2002 and remained relatively stable until 2008, and increased again to 12.86×106t between 2009 and 2011. The percentage of landings from species/groups whose trophic level was higher than 3.5 was about 28% in 1975–1977; it declined to 17.1% in 1979–1981, increased to 27.00% in 1979–1981, declined from 24.57% to 13.64% in 1982–1988, fluctuated around 19.43% in 1997, and then increased steadily to 35.8% from 1997 to 2011. China's MTL remained stable from 1950 to 1974, fluctuated slightly around 3.45, declined to 3.35 in 1975–1978, and increased to 3.45 in 1979–1981. However, the MTL declined sharply to 3.25 in 1982–1987 and remained stable 10years afterwards. The decreasing rate of MTL was 0.05 per decade during 1950–1997; it increased gradually to 3.34 from 1997 to 2011, during which the increasing rate was 0.12 per decade. The fishing in balance index of Chinese marine area showed a clear increasing trend since 1950; the trend was greater than 0.5 since 1959, and it increased to greater than 1 since 1995. The changes in MTL were closely related to the composition of the fish species/groups in the total fishery landings, especially the fish species/groups of which the MTL was greater than 3.5, such as Trichiurus haumela, Larimichthys polyactis, Larimichthys crocea, Engraulis japonicas, and Decapterus spp. The general declining trend of MTL indicates that the dominant fishery landings changed from benthic fishes with a long life span and high trophic level (e.g., T. haumela) to invertebrates and pelagic fishes with a short life span and low trophic level (e.g., Decapterus spp.). The increase in MTL in China from 1997 to 2011 may be attributable to a series of fishery management countermeasures, such as setting up closed fishing seasons and non-fishing zones, establishing marine protected areas for fishery restoration. We also found that MTL may differ when statistical landings data and species richness data are used, and may be affected by the quality of the fisheries statistics. Moreover, species' trophic level, which is assumed to be constant, may have changed over time. The effects of these factors on MTL should be explored in the future.

The Pacific decadal oscillation and changes in anchovy populations in the Northwest Pacific

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) has been identified as an important driver for fluctuation of fish populations on the eastern Pacific Ocean. However, the relationship between changes in fish population and climate oscillations on a decadal time scale in the Northwest Pacific is still unclear due to the lack of reliable long-term time series data. In the present study, a time series of Engraulis japonicus (Japanese anchovy) populations was reconstructed using the density of sedimentary fish scales in the Yellow Sea basin. E. japonicus populations and the PDO index showed similar patterns on a decadal time scale. Our results confirm that climate is a major driver of ecological changes on a decadal time scale, and indicate that suitable sea water temperature might be the main forcing of anchovy migration. This work also demonstrates the potential of predicting changes in fish population based on climate records.

A COIBar-RFLP strategy for the rapid detection of Engraulis encrasicolus in processed anchovy products

The species identity on anchovy products was tested through COI mitochondrial DNA sequences analysis in 50 samples belonging to 20 different commercial lots, such as anchovy fillets in vegetal oil, canned anchovies and anchovy paste. Seven samples (14%) were found to be not from Engraulis encrasicolus meats, confirming concerns of species substitution. Conventional COI-DNA barcoding revealed the presence of four different species, E. encrasicolus, Engraulis japonicus, Sardinella aurita and Sardina pilchardus, in the processed products labeled as European anchovy. The DNA barcoding was then used in combination with PCR-RFLP method to investigate labeling accuracy in processed anchovy products and to unveil putative fish fraud involving the replacement of the European anchovy, E. encrasicolus, with less valuable Engraulidae and Clupeidae species. We applied a COIBar-RFLP (Cytochrome Oxidase I Barcode-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis that yielded differential patterns allowing the unambiguous discrimination of European anchovy from the other species tested. The proposed molecular strategy relies on the efficiency of COI as a DNA barcode and proved very efficient and less expensive than DNA sequencing strategies. This approach may be useful in routine controls, especially in cases of large-scale sample screening.

Temperature-induced variation in sexual maturation of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus

Temperature is one of the most influential factors for the sexual maturation of fishes, but understanding of the extent to which temperature affects the maturational schedules is limited in multiple-spawning fishes over a protracted season. This study examined the effect of temperature on sexual maturation of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus siblings under high and low temperature regimes on different birthdates. The maturation probability differed between the two temperature regimes. Specimens in high temperature regimes matured at much smaller size and younger age than their counterparts. Also, a significant difference in the maturation probability between sexes was found at low temperatures, but not at high temperatures. Our findings show that temperature affects the maturational schedules of siblings of Japanese anchovy, suggesting that the size and age at sexual maturation could differ among cohorts, even in a given sampling location and/or year.

Structure and Organization of the Engraulidae Family U2 snRNA: An Evolutionary Model Gene?

The U2 snRNA multigene family has been analyzed in four species of the Engraulidae family--Engraulis encrasicolus, Engraulis mordax, Engraulis ringens, and Engraulis japonicas--with the object of understanding more about the structure of this multigene family in these pelagic species and studying their phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that the cluster of this gene family in the Engraulis genus is formed by the U2-U5 snRNA with highly conserved sequences of mini- and micro-satellites, such as (CTGT)n, embedded downstream of the transcription unit; findings indicate that this gene family evolved following the concerted model. The phylogenetic analysis of the non-transcribed spacer of cluster U2-U5 snDNA in the 4 species showed that the sequences of the species E. encrasicolus and E. japonicus are closely related; these two are genetically close to E. mordax and slightly more distant from E. ringens. The data obtained by molecular analysis of U2-U5 snDNA and their secondary structure, with the presence of the micro-satellite (CTGT)n and mini-satellites, show clearly that the species E. encrasicolus and E. japonicus are closely related and would be older than E. mordax and E. ringens.

Relationships between fish size and otolith measurements for 33 fish species caught by bottom trawl in Haizhou Bay, China

Information from otoliths, together with data such as fish length and growth, can be a useful tool for population identification, aging, and feeding studies as well as stock assessments (Harvey et al., 2000; H€ ussy et al., 2010; Jawad et al., 2011). Since Trout (1954) and Templemann and Squires (1956) studied the relationship between cod size and otolith measurements, relationships between fish size and otolith dimensions have been explored for many species (Jawad et al., 2012). For example, Steward et al. (2009) used the relationship between fish length and otolith dimensions to predict age in gray angelfish, and Ag€ uera and Brophy (2011) used otolith shape analysis for the discrimination of Atlantic saury stocks. Haizhou Bay is an open bay on the western margin of the southern Yellow Sea and historically an important fishing ground. The bay still serves as a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many commercial fish species, such as Larimichthys polyactis, Setipinna taty and Engraulis japonicas (Editorial Board of Annals of Bays in China, 1993). The relationship between fish length and otolith dimensions can be described by using a simple linear regression (Harvey et al., 2000; Jawad and Al-Mamry, 2012), but these relationships between fish size and their otolith dimensions are lacking in the literature for species living in the Haizhou Bay. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between fish length and otolith dimensions (otolith length, width, long radius and short radius) using simple linear regression for 33 species in Haizhou Bay. These results can provide a foundation for further research on these species, which may require knowledge of these relationships.

2013년-2014년 춘계와 동계에 대한 통영과 여수 연안역의 멸치 어군의 현존량 추정

Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) is one of the most important species in the South Sea of South Korea. In order to estimate the biomass of anchovy, acoustic surveys, concurrently with trawling, were conducted in April, July, and September of 2013 and February of 2014 off the coast of Tongyeong and Yeosu. However, anchovies were found only during spring (April) and winter (February) surveys. To display only anchovy species confirmed by trawls on empty spaced echograms, virtual echograms were created. Three target strength (TS) values of anchovy were used: TS_z

相模湾カタクチイワシ (Engraulis japonicus)のδ13C・δ15N による回遊個体群の検討

相模湾カタクチイワシ (Engraulis japonicus)のδ13C・δ15N による回遊個体群の検討

鹿島房総沖における小型浮魚類（マイワシ，カタクチイワシ）の放射性セシウム濃度

鹿島房総沖における小型浮魚類（マイワシ，カタクチイワシ）の放射性セシウム濃度

4. カタクチイワシの飼育系とゲノム編集

4. カタクチイワシの飼育系とゲノム編集

거제도 다포 연안 정치망 어획물의 종조성 및 주요 어종의 분포 특성

We analyzed annual and seasonal variations in fish species composition and distribution patterns using both daily catch and quantitative analysis data collected from a set-net fishery over a period of two years (2011-2012) on the coast of Dapo, Geoje Island. Set-net fishing season in this area is from May to November, and the annual yield based on the daily catch data was 171,412 kg in 2011, and 102,611 kg in 2012. In total, there were 46 species (belonging to 36 families and 12 orders) in 2011, and 41 species (belonging to 25 families and 9 orders) in 2012. The dominant species in terms of numbers were Trachurus japonicus, Engraulis japonicus, Clupea pallasii, Scomber japonicus, and Sphyraena pinguis. The range in fork length for T. japonicus and E. japonicus was from 3.2 to 23.9 cm, and from 2.6 to 13.3 cm, respectively. The fork length of recruiting juveniles to the Dapo set-net fishing ground ranged from 4.6 to 7.8 cm (median) for T. japonicus, and from 4.1 to 5.0 cm (median) for E. japonicus. The fact that most of the fish caught from the two species were at immature growth stages implies that the coast of Dapo can act as a nursery area for these migratory species.

종 특이 프라이머를 이용한 동물성 식품원료의 진위 판별법 개발

본 연구에서는 식품 중 동물성 사용원료의 진위 판별을 위하여 분자생물학적 기법을 이용한 시험법을 개발하였다. 동물성 식품원료의 종 판별을 위한 유전자로는 미토콘드리아 DNA에 존재하는 COI, Cytb, 및 16S rRNA 유전자를 대상으로 하였으며, 가공식품에 적용하기 위하여 PCR 산물의 크기는 200 bp 내외가 되도록 종 특이 프라이머를 설계하였다. 대상종으로는 가축류 2종, 가금류 6종, 민물어류 2종, 해양어류 13종 및 갑각류 1종, 총 24종을 선정하였으며 종 특이 프라이머를 이용하여 예상되는 PCR 산물의 생성 유무를 확인하였다. PCR을 수행한 결과 토끼, 여우, 꿩, 집비둘기, 멧비둘기, 메추리, 참새, 제비, 메기, 쏘가리, 날치, 열빙어, 청어, 까나리, 멸치, 참조기, 넙치, 조피볼락, 홍어, 가오리, 말쥐치, 농어, 성게 및 바닷가재에 대하여 각각 156, 204, 152, 160, 113, 163, 167, 152, 165, 121, 136, 151, 178, 178, 146, 188, 177, 166, 179, 218, 188, 185, 127 및 172 bp에서 PCR 증폭 산물을 확인하였다. 그리고 프라이머 별로 비교종에서는 비특이적 PCR 산물(non-specific PCR product)은 생성되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 개발된 유전자 분석법을 이용하여 동물성 식품원료가 사용된 식품 원료 및 가공식품의 진위 판별에 활용이 가능할 것이며, 불량식품 근절에 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. In this study, the detection method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish authenticity of animal raw materials. The genes for distinction of species about animals targeted at Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), Cytochrome b (Cytb), and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes in mitochondrial DNA. The species-specific primers were designed by that Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product size was around 200 bp for applying to processed products. The target 24 raw materials were 2 species of domestic animals, 6 species of poultry, 2 species of freshwater fishes, 13 species of marine fishes and 1 species of crustaceans. The results of PCR for Rabbit, Fox, Pheasant, Domestic Pigeon, Rufous Turtle Dove, Quail, Tree Sparrow, Barn Swallow, Catfish, Mandarin Fish, Flying Fish, Mallotus villosus, Pacific Herring, Sand Lance, Japanese Anchovy, Small Yellow Croaker, Halibut, Jacopever, Skate Ray, Ray, File Fish, Sea Bass, Sea Urchin, and Lobster raw materials were confirmed 113 bp ~ 218 bp, respectively. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in compare species by species-specific primers. The method using primers developed in this study may be applied to distinguish an authenticity of food materials included animal raw materials for various processed products.

Genetic analysis of the populations of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence

Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus was not only a commercial species but also a key link in the marine food chain in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. However, in recent years, E. japonicus experienced a deep recession caused by over fishing. Therefore, determination of population genetic structure is essential to underpin resource recovery and to aid delineating and monitoring populations for fishery management. In this study, sequence variation of a 402-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene from ten populations of E. japonicus in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea was determined, detecting 73 haplotypes. Haplotype diversities and nucleotide diversities for the ten populations ranged from 0.4706 ± 0.1177 (D) to 0.9935 ± 0.210 (WH), and from 0.0014 ± 0.0013 (D) to 0.0090 ± 0.0053 (WH), respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed no significant differences at all hierarchical levels, and almost all FST values were non-significant, indicating no significant population genetic structure in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Two indistinct clades with low support values were detected and the analysis of haplotype frequency distribution showed no significant geographic differences among populations. These results supported the null hypothesis that E. japonicus within the Yellow Sea and East China Sea constituted a panmictic mtDNA gene pool. Based on the present study, the existence of separate genetic stocks in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were not detected. Strong dispersal capacity of planktonic larvae, and ocean current could be the reasons for genetic homogeneity in this species in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.