British Women Research Articles

From Wesel to Aarau: a case of a community of English emigrants (1555–1558)

The article discusses the issue of the organization of English Protestant migration to continental Europe during the reign of Mary I Tudor. The study is based on the materials of the English immigrant community that formed in Wesel and subsequently settled in Aarau. The aim of the research is to analyze the factors that shaped the course, structure, and nature of English migration, using the Aarau community as a case study. The study is supported by various types of sources, including documents compiled by authorities in Aarau, correspondence between English immigrants and figures of the European evangelical movement, and self-written accounts by the immigrants. The main research methods are methods of social analysis (group analysis, identification of its key parameters) and network analysis (analysis of communication networks). By examining the English immigrant community and the European evangelicals who supported it, the author identifies key individuals who influenced the conditions for emigration. Catherine Willoughby and Richard Bertie played a significant role in the establishment of the community. Thomas Lever, as a community leader, organized the relocation. Heinrich Bullinger and his associates were involved in relations between emigrants and local authorities. Based on the findings of the analysis of the emigration process, the author identified several key factors that contributed to it. These included the social composition of the group (with a predominance of artisans), the religious beliefs of community members, which determined the geography of the migration, inter-сonfessional relations in the area, and active involvement in the organization of migrant movements and accommodation, both by the pastor and prominent figures of the evangelical community.

What I say, or how I say it? Ethnic accents and hiring evaluations in the Greater Toronto Area

Abstract: This study investigated accent bias against job applicants with extralocal (non-Canadian) English accents in the Greater Toronto Area. Verbal guises recorded by British, Chinese, German, Indian, Jamaican, and Nigerian women and by Canadian women with at least one parent from these countries were evaluated by forty-eight human resources students, who rated the content of job interview responses and the candidates’ ‘expression’ and ‘employability’, determined what job they should be interviewed for, and provided commentary. Canadian voices were especially privileged in comments on speech. Quantitative analysis of responses reflected bias against extralocal voices. Consequently, we provide recommendations for relevant stakeholders.

Comment. Military Women

Abstract With inter-state war plaguing the region, the studies of this forum highlight the problem of historical precedent failing to inform discussions of gender and war in Central and Eastern Europe. As a response, this article highlights their common points of focus across the national histories of Polish, British, Yugoslav, and Russian women's militarization in the twentieth century. The discussion considers the potential for women's militarization to serve emancipatory purposes historically as well as its ambivalent contemporary implications for the region's warring societies. The article argues that a productive direction for future discussion will extend to the masculine values and embodied practices that women's successes in military training and combat disrupted.

THE LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD AS PART OF THE CULTURAL EXISTENCE OF ENGLISH SOCIETY

This article gives information about linguistic picture of the world by integrating cultural identies on English people. In addition, it provides English mind and national characters with vivid exapmles namely with sayings, proverbs as well as proposes several notions according topic.

Perinatal Outcomes and the Role of Obstetric Anesthesia Interventions

(Lancet 2023;401:2038–2039) This editorial discusses multiple recent studies that investigated perinatal outcomes and the impact of anesthetic interventions. A prior study published in the Lancet in 2022 reported poorer perinatal outcomes for neonates born to Black women compared to those born to White women. Another study examined nearly 450,000 deliveries and found an association between neonatal outcomes (Apgar <7 at 5 min, need for neonatal resuscitation, and neonatal admission to the intensive care unit) and maternal use of epidural analgesia. The authors of this editorial examined their own data regarding the incidence of obstetric anesthetic procedures among different ethnic groups and found that compared to White British women who had vaginal birth, incidence of epidural analgesia among Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Black African, and Black Caribbean women was much lower. They noted that similar disparities can be found in the United States and reiterated the socioeconomic and systemic disparities as one likely cause for poor neonatal outcomes, suggesting that offering equal access to neuraxial analgesia across all populations could lead to improved neonatal outcomes for Black women.

What’s in a Name? Tracing the Origins of Alfred’s ‘the Great’

Abstract King Alfred (r. 871–99) is the only native-born English ruler to have gained the byname ‘the Great’. This was not a contemporary sobriquet, but is often considered to have been bestowed in the Elizabethan era by Reformation scholars who increasingly cast Alfred in the role of the founder of the English nation. The acknowledged exception is a reference to Alfred as Rex Alfredus magnus (King Alfred the Great) in a marginal annotation in Matthew Paris’s early thirteenth-century text, Deeds of the Abbots of St Albans Monastery. This medieval attestation of Alfred’s sobriquet is, however, less isolated than has been previously thought. Drawing on a variety of medieval English and Old Norse-Icelandic texts, this article identifies twenty-five examples of Alfred being called ‘the Great’, twenty-three of which have previously gone unremarked. In so doing, it argues for a widespread tradition of Alfred as ‘the Great’, the first sole ruler of all England, from at least the thirteenth century.

The developmental activities of women’s professional pathway cricketers

ABSTRACT The growth of investment in women’s cricket has led to the development of new professional pathways. However, there is lack of specific evidence to support the development of these athletes. This study aimed to take a first step in understanding the participation histories of female cricketers selected into English women’s professional academies. 84 players completed the Participation History Questionnaire (PHQ) to capture details of activities engaged in across development, including milestones, cricket activity, and engagement in other sport activities. There were relative age effects where players' birthdate distributions differed from national norms (X 2 = 8.451, p = .003, V = 0.227), and more players than expected attended independent schools (X 2 = 7.980, p = .005, V = 0.232). Participants engaged in cricket informally before coach led training, have siblings (particularly brothers) interested in cricket and often played boy’s cricket before engaging in the girl’s or women’s game. Developmental activities were characterised by early engagement, high levels of diversification, and very low levels of play compared to high levels of formal practice and match play. These findings have implications for the advancement of talent identification and development policies and processes in women’s cricket.

What I say, or how I say it? Ethnic accents and hiring evaluations in the Greater Toronto Area

This study investigated accent bias against job applicants with extralocal (non-Canadian) English accents in the Greater Toronto Area. Verbal guises recorded by British, Chinese, German, Indian, Jamaican, and Nigerian women and by Canadian women with at least one parent from these countries were evaluated by forty-eight human resources students, who rated the content of job interview responses and the candidates’ ‘expression’ and ‘employability’, determined what job they should be interviewed for, and provided commentary. Canadian voices were especially privileged in comments on speech. Quantitative analysis of responses reflected bias against extralocal voices. Consequently, we provide recommendations for relevant stakeholders.

Sport-related concussion knowledge and attitudes of staff working in English elite women’s football: a survey-based study

ABSTRACT Background Sport-related concussion (SRC) remains an injury of concern in sport, including football(soccer). There has been little investigation into SRC knowledge and attitudes of support staff working in the professional setting. Methods An amended version of the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey(RoCKAS) was distributed online to coaching staff, and medical and performance staff, working at clubs in the English Football Association Women’s SuperLeague (WSL) and Championship. Completion of the survey generated two scores: concussion knowledge index (CKI) and concussion attitudes index (CAI). Results Sixty-three completed surveys were returned. Eighteen respondents were coaching staff, and 45 were medical and performance staff. The median CKI in medical and performance staff was significantly greater than in coaching staff. There was no significant difference in CAIbetween coaching staff and medical and performance staff. There was no correlation between CKI and CAI across all staff. Conclusion Medical and performance staff working in elite women’s football have greater knowledge of SRC than coaching staff. However, this does not always translate into safe behaviours on the field. Education should continue to be mandated across the professional game amongst support staff in order to maximise player welfare and enhance injury outcomes, whilst also reinforcing present SRC guidance.

“Now Designed to the Worst”

“Now Designed to the Worst”

Book review: Ipshita Nath, Memsahibs: British Women in Colonial India

Ipshita Nath, Memsahibs: British Women in Colonial India. Harper Collins, 2022, 325 pp., ₹699 (Hardbound). ISBN: 978-93-5629-008-2.

Heathcliff’s Demonization: A Reading of Wuthering Heights

Emily Brontë, the nineteenth-century English woman writer, together with her first and only published novel, Wuthering Heights, has always been a riddle in the history of British literature. Critics and readers are all curious about why a female writer should create such a merciless and malicious demon as Heathcliff in her novel. This paper explores Heathcliff’s demonization from three aspects: the root and inspiration of demonization as well as Heathcliff’s aspiration after a life of eternal bliss. On one hand, the repressions Heathcliff suffers from the society, culture, family and even himself are the roots of his demonization, while on the other, his rebellious spirit inspires his demonization. Unfortunately, no matter how thoroughly he rebels, he still can’t get satisfied or feel happy until starving himself to death, the only way for him to achieve a life of eternal bliss.

“Friends? Supported. Partner? Not so much …”: Women's experiences of friendships, family, and relationships during perimenopause and menopause

In recent years, there has been increased cultural interest in perimenopause and menopause. The importance of peri/menopause in many women's lives makes this topic particularly pertinent for feminist psychologists. Some feminist scholars have acknowledged both physical and psychological factors as important aspects of women's experiences within their wider social and cultural contexts. However, consideration of relational aspects during peri/menopause remains sparse. We report our research exploring peri/menopausal women's experiences of friendships, family, and relationships. Thematic analysis was used to analyse responses to an online qualitative survey in which 71 mainly British women participated. In our analysis, we discuss the Menopause Sisterhood and how these women described social support as grounded in embodied experiences shared with other women. However, there were tensions concerning partners, whose understanding varied, which we report in the second theme: Accounting for (lack of) partner support: Men as heroes (or as absolved of any blame). We discuss the importance and implications of our findings for feminist scholars and psychologists more widely.

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The Classification of the Proverbs and Sayings Reflecting Distinctive Features of National Character of the English People Summary The article deals with the classification of the proverbs and sayings reflecting distinctive features of national character of the English people. The proverbs are fixed statements in which simple and popular words are used to reflect the deep truth, and are generalization of experience in everyday life. The proverb is a crystallization of human wisdom, embodied in the language, is declared “a national mirror” or “a lively finding of the language”. The contents of proverbs comprise all aspects of public life. In definite sense, as an important component the proverbs have become an encyclopedia for people to understand their life and regulate their behaviour. They reflect the culture, customs and traditions of people. Key words: The English People, National Character, Distinctive Features, Proverbs, Sayings, Classification

Seasonal Variation and Positional Differences in Anthropometry, Strength, and Power Characteristics in English Premiership Women's Rugby Union Players.

Yao, X, Austerberry, A, Bishop, C, Wilson, L, Chiang, C-Y, and Turner, A. Seasonal variation and positional differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics in English premiership women's rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 924-931, 2024-Women's rugby is a collision sport that relies heavily on body composition and physical characteristics of strength and power to achieve competitive success. Furthermore, the seasonal nature presents a variety of physical challenges that can cause fluctuations in a player's physical development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the differences in anthropometry, strength, and power characteristics between forwards and backs in women's rugby union athletes in England and to identify changes throughout a season. Forty-seven players were recruited from the English premiership women's rugby during the 2020-2021 season. Players were split into forwards and backs and underwent body composition testing by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and strength and power tests (countermovement jump, drop jump [DJ], and isometric midthigh pull) on 3 separate occasions (preseason, midseason, postseason). Overall, forwards had significantly ( p < 0.01) higher body mass, fat mass, lean mass [LM], bone mineral content, and take off momentum, and backs had significantly higher ( p < 0.01, d > 0.5) jump height, reactive strength, and shorter DJ contact time. When observing seasonal changes, there were statistically significant differences ( p < 0.01) or moderate-to-large practical differences ( d > 0.5) in LM, reactive strength index modified, time to take-off, and DJ flight time [FT] among forwards when comparing 3 testing time frames. For backs, statistically significant differences ( p < 0.01) or moderate-to-large practical differences ( d > 0.5) were reported in LM and DJ FT throughout the season. In conclusion, the strength and power testing and characteristics shown in this study could support coaches and junior women's rugby athletes to have a basic understanding of English premiership physical standards.

An Analysis of the Identity Structures Built Up by the Characters in Zadie Smith's Novel White Teeth

This paper has been prepared in order to analyze the construction of an identity of both Bangladeshi migrants (Samad Iqbal) as well as English men (Archies Jones) who emigrated from other countries. Those are close friends. Lived in the multicultural city of London in Britain. In the novel White Teeth, the author explores the problems resulting from immigrants from various countries living in Britain, especially those who have left behind physical artifacts (cultural properties) and intangible attributes relating to their ethnic group inherited from the past of the immigrants, who lived in Britain from the first generation to the second generation. The novel of the Smiths is interconnected with their past and also deals with their dissatisfaction with their lives in a society in which they live today. According to Smith, his work is sensitively concerned with the second generation immigrants and their beliefs, which are transmitted from ultra-modern societies via their bringing up, living standards, values, taboos, thinking processes, and the likes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the way in which the construction of identity of different characters in the novel White Teeth is explored through the lenses of different theories of social scholars, such as Colonial theory, hybridity theory, and post-modern era theories of identity in the social system. This paper also explores how characters existing in the novel construct identity of themselves and how different cultural interact on their identity formation in White Teeth

Rudyard Kipling’s Oriental Perspective and Representation in Kim

Rudyard Kipling has been judged as an advocate of imperialism in his novels, particularly in Kim, where he implies the message that the Britishers are the finest race to rule the land they have colonized. He has set his novel in India from the colonial and oriental perspectives. This research article, in general, is a study and analysis on what oriental perspectives Kipling has represented in his description of the land and characterization of the Indian people and how he has shown English superiority on them in the novel. The research is based on primary and secondary data. Discussion and analysis of the data are carried out through inducting reasoning, applying the post-colonial perspective of Orientalism propounded by Edward Said in his book Orientalism. This paper particularly attempts to interpret the way Kipling has characterized the protagonist, and the way he has depicted socio-cultural and geopolitical contexts through which the colonial message of English superiority upon colonized land and peoples is conveyed. The finding shows that Kipling has shaped the protagonist, an Irish boy under fifteen, as an able English personality to influence, control, dominate and lead Indian natives in many occasions. He has been presented as decisive role player upon the natives he is associated with. The protagonist’s presence in the novel gives the colonial message that India and Indians are still unable to rule themselves well and save their land from their enemies. Therefore, they need English people to rule the country for their prosperity and protection.&#x0D;

Fragmentation, diversity, and inequality: the city and everyday youth culture

ABSTRACT This study examines a lesser explored area of research involving the interaction between young people and culture in an Indian city, Pune. By looking at young peoples’ conceptions about the city and their everyday cultural participation, we show that the city is culturally divided on the lines of language, spatiality, class, and status, and these further interact with each other in complicated ways. For young people in Pune city, English and Marathi are set in an unequal relationship, however there is a disagreement on the place of these languages in this relationship. Further, the recent young migrants showed ‘in-betweenness’ in their cultural imaginations about the rural and the urban. Young people’s everyday cultural interactions happened through family, friends, and the internet. Diversities, inequalities, and tensions marked those processes. Their families’ differential access to cultural capital shaped their cultural socialisation and opportunities in cultural fields. They saw engagement with the digital world as inevitable; but recognising the difference between the virtual and the real worlds, they involved themselves in online debates only with persons with whom they had some real-world connections. We further show that along with socio-economic inequalities, young people are fragmented at the cultural level too, and they navigate these different cultural worlds.

An examination of the role and legacy of the first USFHA-funded British women’s field hockey coaches to travel to America in 1922

ABSTRACT In October 1920, 15 American women arrived in Plymouth, England, to take part in the first transatlantic field hockey tour. Three more exchanges between the nations would take place before the end of the decade, and an Irish team also visited the US in 1925. English physical educationalists had introduced field hockey to America in the late-1890s and numerous physical training college graduates were employed by US colleges to teach the game prior to World War One. But demand for British coaches grew exponentially after the Americans’ tour and the subsequent visit to the US of an All England Women’s Hockey Association (AEWHA) team in October 1921. After the United States Field Hockey Association (USFHA) was formed in January 1922, one of the first things it did was ask the AEWHA to source suitably qualified coaches to travel to the US. Eight women were selected and would play a pivotal role in not only exchanging sporting knowledge, but also in fostering the friendships and comradery that would influence field hockey’s development globally in the interwar period.

Oates, Anti-Jacobitism and the English People, 1714–1746

Oates, <i>Anti-Jacobitism and the English People, 1714–1746</i>