English Websites Research Articles

Governance and the provision of roads and mobility in five Japanese ‘societies’

Roads, and policies relevant to roads, impact on the economy and the environment and have profound impacts on society yet there are few studies of the interaction between civil and civic society covering state formation, transformations to the form of government, the administration of the road sector of the economy, and personal mobility. A conceptual diagram of interactions is presented where, through an historical lens, data from secondary literature and government websites in English and Japanese are interpreted for the five “Societies” identified by the Japanese Government, namely, hunter-gathering, agricultural, industrial, information technological and “Society 5.0”. These data are interrogated through key propositions based on the New Institutional Economics (NIE): the interplay between economic and political markets holds the key to the dynamics of institutional change; transformation occurs over long periods of time, with the dynamics of change in phases; it is people in institutions and organisations who make decisions about what to do when confronted with internal or external pressures for change; it is people who are informed by the circulation of ideas on technologies, policies, services and finance (policy transfer); and judgement on which values govern the decision and in what way do they impact on society. The discussion section uses summary tables that shed light on these propositions. The broad perspective taken suggests that policy objectives change over time in response to emerging problems (both internal and external) and that institutions and organisations also evolve in response to changing circumstances. The conclusions suggest areas for further research.

Comparative assessment of the information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language.

The study aimed to perform a cross-sectional comparative assessment of the content and quality of information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language. We screened the first 50 links obtained on searching for depression treatment on Google, and selected 72 (44 in English; 28 in Hindi) websites. They were evaluated for coverage of different aspects of depression, quality of treatments mentioned, esthetics, and interactivity. A significantly lesser number of Hindi websites discussed the minimum duration of treatment needed for a depressive episode (36% vs. 79%), possible side effects of treatment (18% vs. 77%), discussed suicidality in depression explicitly (25% vs. 57%), or recommended consultation with a mental health professional (11% vs. 43%). English websites more commonly mentioned psychotherapy (86% vs. 64%), electroconvulsive therapy (64% vs. 21%), and social support measures (59% vs. 32%) for depression treatment. Whereas, Hindi websites more commonly mentioned Ayurvedic/herbal medicines (46% vs. 16%), and yoga (29% vs. 4%) for treatment. Lastly, the esthetics score for English websites was significantly higher than for Hindi websites. A significantly greater number of Hindi websites were owned by commercial entities. This is the first study to systematically compare online information on depression treatment in English and Hindi language websites, and identify areas for further improvement in the overall quality of online information in Hindi. There is a need for the creation of credible and accessible online resources in regional languages like Hindi for the promotion of depression literacy among the general public by government and non-profit professional organizations.

Online public information about advance care planning: An evaluation of UK and international websites.

Healthcare information is increasingly internet-based. Standards require websites to be 'perceivable, operable, understandable and robust' with relevant content for citizens in appropriate language. This study examined UK and international websites offering public healthcare information on advance care planning (ACP) using current recommendations for website accessibility and content and informed by a public engagement exercise. Google searches identified websites in English from health service providers, governmental or third sector organisations based in the UK and internationally. Target keywords that would be used by a member of the public informed the search terms. Data extraction used criterion-based assessment and web content analysis of the first two pages of each search result. Public patient representatives as key members of the multidisciplinary research team guided the development of the evaluation criteria. A total of 1158 online searches identified 89 websites, reduced to 29 by inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most sites met international recommendations for knowledge/understanding about ACP. Differences in terminology, lack of information about ACP limitations and non-adherence to recommended reading levels, accessibility standards and translation options were apparent. Sites targeting members of the public used more positive, non-technical language than those for both professional and lay users. Some websites met accepted standards required to facilitate understanding and public engagement in ACP. Others could be improved significantly. Website providers have important roles and responsibilities in increasing people's understanding of their health conditions, future care options and ability to take an active role in planning for their health and care.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the English Exhibition Overviews on the Official Websites of Museums in Beijing

This paper carries out a case study of the 14 museums in Beijing, analyzing English exhibition overviews of around 60,000-words on their official websites with the help of Nvivo qualitative analysis software to obtain their topics and high-frequency words. At the same time, with a perspective of critical discourse analysis and a focus on the analysis of text representation and intertextuality, it aims to explain how these museums and exhibitions achieve their purposes of publicity and promotion in the specific social and cultural contexts. Based on this, this paper puts forward some strategies for the museums’ international communication, including enhancing the professionalism of exhibition publicity, optimizing the English websites of the museums, and strengthening the promotional nature of exhibition overviews.

Readability and Quality of English and Spanish Online Health Information about Cochlear Implants.

According to the American Medical Association, Internet web site health information should be written at or below a 6th grade reading level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the readability and quality of cochlear implant web site health information. Cross-sectional web site analysis. Four Internet search engines involving the top 200 web sites (English and Spanish). "Cochlear implant" was queried in four Internet search engines, and the top 200 English and Spanish web sites were aggregated. After removing duplicates, the web sites were evaluated for readability by using the following validated online readability calculators: Flesch Reading Ease score for English web sites and the Fernandez-Huerta Formula for Spanish web sites. Information quality was assessed using the validated DISCERN quality criteria and the presence of Health on the Net Code of Conduct (HONcode) certification. A total of 80 non-industry-sponsored (43 English and 37 Spanish) and 11 industry-sponsored (4 English and 7 Spanish) cochlear implant health information web sites were included in the study. English web sites were written at a higher reading level (mean = 50.88, SD = 11.98) compared with Spanish web sites (mean = 59.79, SD = 6.04) ( p < 0.01). For both English and Spanish web sites, these scores correlate to the reading level of the average 10th to 12th grade student. Only 12% of Spanish web sites and 27% of English web sites were HONcode certified. The average DISCERN quality score was 41.67 for English web sites and 43.46 for Spanish, indicating significant concerns for quality. There was no association found between readability and quality of the web sites analyzed. Patient-directed English and Spanish web sites regarding cochlear implantation were written at reading levels that significantly exceed those recommended by the AMA. Furthermore, these web sites have significant quality shortcomings. Patients would benefit from more rigorous editing to improve readability and quality of content.

技術傳播視域下跨境電商英文網站的實用性研究——以全球速賣通電子產品「商品介紹」欄目為例

Technical communication has developed rapidly in China with the popularization of the Internet and globalization of the economy. English websites of cross-border e-commerce, a form of technical communication, play an important role in the development of cross-border e-commerce enterprises, which is also one of the significant ways for China to go out to the world. Presently, the practicality and readability of domestic English websites for cross-border e-commerce are poor. This paper takes the “Electronic Products Introduction” of AliExpress as the research object compared with the Amazon platform, discussing the practicability of English websites for cross-border e-commerce in the process of technical communication. Concerning this issue, the authors put forward that the following three principles should be followed when designing English websites: First, mark the brand information of goods. Second, the words used in the commodity introduction should be accurate. Third, the order of commodity information should be orderly, aiming at helping global users get a better understanding of product information, and providing a better user experience, thus promoting Chinese cross-border e-commerce enterprises to go global.

What Patients Find on the Internet When Looking for Information About Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Multilanguage Cross-sectional Assessment.

The internet provides general users with wide access to medical information. However, regulating and controlling the quality and reliability of the considerable volume of available data is challenging, thus generating concerns about the consequences of inaccurate health care-related documentation. Several tools have been proposed to increase the transparency and overall trustworthiness of medical information present on the web. We aimed to analyze and compare the quality and reliability of information about percutaneous coronary intervention on English, German, Hungarian, Romanian, and Russian language websites. Following a rigorous protocol, 125 websites were selected, 25 for each language sub-sample. The websites were assessed concerning their general characteristics, compliance with a set of eEurope 2002 credibility criteria, and quality of the informational content (namely completeness and accuracy), based on a topic-specific benchmark. Completeness and accuracy were graded independently by 2 evaluators. Scores were reported on a scale from 0 to 10. The 5 language subsamples were compared regarding credibility, completeness, and accuracy. Correlations between credibility scores on the one hand, and completeness and accuracy scores, on the other hand, were tested within each language subsample. The websites' compliance with credibility criteria was average at best with scores between 3.0 and 6.0. In terms of completeness and accuracy, the website subsets qualified as poor or average, with scores ranging from 2.4 to 4.6 and 3.6 to 5.3, respectively. English language websites scored significantly higher in all 3 aspects, followed by German and Hungarian language websites. Only German language websites showed a significant correlation between credibility and information quality. The quality of websites in English, German, Hungarian, Romanian, and Russian languages about percutaneous coronary intervention was rather inadequate and may raise concerns regarding their impact on informed decision-making. Using credibility criteria as indicators of information quality may not be warranted, as credibility scores were only exceptionally correlated with content quality. The study brings valuable descriptive data on the quality of web-based information regarding percutaneous coronary intervention in multiple languages and raises awareness about the need for responsible use of health-related web resources.

The Current Quality of Web-Based Information on the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Search.

Background: An important aspect of managing chronic disorders like bipolar disorder is to have access to relevant health information. This study investigates and compares the quality of information on the treatments of bipolar disorder that is available on English websites, as an international language, and on Italian websites, as a popular local language. Methods: A systematic review search was obtained from four search engines. We excluded unrelated materials, scientific papers, and duplicates. We analyzed popularity with PageRank; technological quality with Nibbler; readability with the Flesh Reading Ease test and Gulpease index; quality of information with the DISCERN scale, the JAMA benchmark criteria, and on the extent of adherence to the HONCode. Results: 35 English and 31 Italian websites were included. The English websites were found to have a higher level of quality information and technological quality than the Italian ones. Overall, the websites were found to be difficult to read, requiring a high level of education. Conclusions: These results can be important to inform guidelines for the improvement of health information and help users to reach a higher level of evidence on the websites. Users should find the benefits of treatment, support for shared decision-making, the sources used, the medical editor’s supervision, and the risk of postponing treatment.

Contents and determinants of CSR website communication toward international stakeholders: evidence from Chinese MNCs

With Chinese companies increasingly transforming into powerful social and economic institutions in the global market, they have begun to face progressive pressure to sustain communication with international stakeholders in a socially responsible fashion. This study represents a preliminary attempt to explore Chinese MNCs’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication to their international audiences through corporate websites, as well as its company-level determinants. The CSR information posed by 149 leading Chinese MNCs on their official English websites was analyzed in terms of their visibility, extent, and themes, and the impact of four company-level factors on the communication was tested. The findings indicated that Chinese MNCs generally presented CSR information in a visible and readily accessible way, yet the extent of the communication was relatively low. The communication focused on issues related to consumers and stakeholders, followed by the community and employees, with inadequate addressing of suppliers. The positive impact of company-level determinants (i.e. degree of internationalization, overseas experience of top management, and industry affiliation to polluting sectors) on communication was confirmed. Theoretical and practical implications for online CSR communication in the global context are subsequently discussed.

A Brief Report: Comparative Evaluation of Online Spanish and English Content on Pancreatic Cancer Treatment.

The Internet is a major source of patient information on medical subjects. Several studies have evaluated the content of English medical material for patient use. However, few have focused on evaluating other languages, an important gap in a growing Spanish-speaking population. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare English and Spanish online content related to pancreatic cancer treatment. We conducted a Google web search in English and Spanish using the following terms "pancreatic cancer treatment" and "tratamiento cancer de pancreas." The first 15 educational patient-directed websites for each language were included. Two independent reviewers assessed materials for quality and understandability using the DISCERN and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)-validated tools. Readability was measured using two standardized tests. Wilcoxon rank sum test and unpaired Student's T-test were used for comparisons. Overall, websites in Spanish and English were understandable and had moderate to high quality. There were no significant differences in quality (p = 0.712) and understandability (p = 0.069) between languages. Readability level was significantly higher in English (p < 0.001) with content being at the university level, while Spanish was at the 12th grade level. Patient-directed online content on pancreatic cancer treatments exceeds the recommended reading level in both languages. Material is understandable with reasonable quality. Health content creators should acknowledge readability for information to be easily comprehended by those with lower health literacy.

Development, Usability Testing, and Promotion of the English- and Spanish-language RESCUE Stroke Caregiver Websites

ABSTRACT Background Caregivers of stroke survivors need trusted information on stroke prevention, rehabilitation, and self-care. Purpose Develop and evaluate the English and Spanish-language RESCUE stroke caregiver websites and conduct a promotional campaign to enhance their reach. Methods We developed websites by partnering with organizations and using health communication guidelines for consumer-oriented, age-appropriate, and culturally sensitive materials. Healthcare provider focus groups and caregiver interviews were conducted to obtain feedback. Websites were refined and assessed for usability through “think aloud” testing and surveys. We implemented a multi-faceted promotional campaign and measured website visits. Results Providers (N = 32) and caregivers (N = 47) responded positively to the websites, describing them as comprehensive and appropriate. Usability testing indicated the websites were appealing, informative, and organized. Caregivers with minimal computer skills had difficulty navigating the websites. The websites received 218,529 visits over 2 years. Promotional activities corresponded with increases in website visits. Discussion Involving end-users and collaborating with partners enhances the accessibility and relevance of online health resources. Multi-faceted promotional efforts and key stakeholder partnerships are required to enhance and sustain the reach of online caregiving resources. Translation to Health Education Practice: The RESCUE websites are comprehensive public sources of evidence-based materials to support stroke patients and their caregivers.

Online health information on induction of labour: A systematic review and quality assessment study

ObjectivesMany women will seek information online about induction of labour. However, the quality of the available information varies greatly and there are no regulations regarding the content that is published. Our objective was to systematically evaluate the quality of online health information on induction of labour. Study DesignWe established a bespoke search strategy with our public and patient representative using common induction of labour search terms. In January 2021 we used the metasearch engines Dogpile, Duckduckgo and Ecosia to identify relevant websites and additional searches were undertaken using different google platforms. We included all open access websites in English which provided specific advice to women on induction of labour. We assessed the quality of the websites for their credibility, accuracy, readability, and content quality in duplicate. The websites were compared according to their source of funding, target user and whether they were pregnancy specific websites or generic. There was no funding for this project. ResultsWe screened 2875 websites from the searches. 221 websites were included out of which only 45 (20%) were pregnancy specific and 109 (50%) had governmental funding. Generic websites had higher credibility (median 6.0 vs 5.5; p = 0.031), accuracy (median 10.75 vs 9.5; p = 0.042) and quality scores (median 45.0 vs 40.0; p = 0.036) than pregnancy specific ones. Those with governmental funding had higher quality scores than commercially funded ones for credibility (median 6.5 vs 5.5; p = 0.002), accuracy (median 13.5 vs 9.0; p < 0.000), readability (72.2 vs 61.2; p = 0.001) and quality (51.0 vs 38.5; p=<0.000). ConclusionsThe quality of online health information on induction of labour is varied. Governmental websites seem to offer better quality information to pregnant women awaiting induction of labour.

Interview with Kyaw Zwa Moe

Interview with Kyaw Zwa Moe Penny Edwards (bio) and Kyaw Zwa Moe Sentenced to ten years in prison in 1991 for taking part in the democracy movement, Kyaw Zwa Moe was jailed first in Insein Prison, in Yangon, and then in Tharrawaddy jail. On his release in 1998, he fled to Chiang Mai, where he became a journalist with The Irrawaddy, a major news magazine founded by journalists living in exile in Thailand. Following the February 2021 coup, the offices of all independent media houses, including The Irrawaddy, were raided and sealed by the junta's troops. The magazine continues to publish independent news. Now in hiding, Kyaw Zwa Moe has been publishing stories under a pseudonym. This interview took place at The Irrawaddy offices in Yangon in July 2015 and at Ashi Tea House, in Berkeley, in April 2016, well before the most recent turmoil in the country. It was first published as "Truth to Power" in Mekong Review (vol. 1, no. 4, August–October 2016, pp. 9–11). p.e. penny edwards Your book They Must Apologize to the People, a compilation of interviews with dissidents, is now in its third print run. How do you explain its popularity with Burmese readers? kyaw zwa moe Most of the interviews were done between 2010 and 2012, when our country was in transition. Many people in Burma had no idea how difficult life could be as a dissident, a political activist, a political prisoner, or as a refugee outside Burma. I think that's one reason for its success—inspirational stories that bring out the experience and views of people with very different experiences of the past three or four decades. pe Some of the more intriguing titles are "Prisoner Monk" and "Fish-paste Democracy." kzm "Fish-paste Democracy" is about the wife of a political prisoner and her struggles to support her husband while he's in prison. At the same time, she's taking care of her entire family and also helping the families of other political prisoners. It's a sad story, but it's also a survival story. There are wives and mothers like her who are really courageous and brave, who kept supporting husbands, sons, and fathers jailed for their beliefs, whose families were harassed [End Page 197] by the authorities. The determination and courage of these women made that interview really inspiring to my readers. In Burma, Buddhist monks are respected as spiritual leaders, but monks who got involved in the democracy struggle were treated as criminals. I decided to interview a monk arrested for his political activism, because I wondered how many people in my country knew about the military junta's treatment of religious leaders. The monk I interviewed, U Zawana, had been in the same prison as me, and is very articulate. He described his life in prison and how terrible he felt. The monks were sometimes badly tortured. Outside prison, monks are looked up to as religious leaders, but in prison it was a totally different situation. pe The Irrawaddy was founded as a print journal in 1990, but in January of this year you stopped print production. Why? kzm It's not easy for traditional media to survive, especially in Burma. Print is very costly. Those media organizations that can keep publishing news can afford to lose money on their publications because they get enough revenue from other businesses they own. Another reason it's difficult is because Burma has become the most connected nation in the world, with over thirty million mobile phones for a population of about fifty million. That's why we decided to switch from traditional to digital journalism. But we are not new to digital media. We launched our Burmese and English websites in 2000. Millions of Burmese use Facebook for daily communications and as a source of news. Even the offices of the president and of Aung San Suu Kyi's state counselors have their own Facebook pages, as does the Commander in Chief of our military. That's why we believe that digital media is the right platform for The Irrawaddy to get information to our audience. pe There's a Thomas...

A web application for solving puzzles with logic grids: design, user tests, and first experiences in a Logic course

Searching for new in-class activities for a Symbolic Logic course, we found a type of puzzle that uses a specially constructed matrix for solving. They were available on websites in English and possibly in other languages, but not in Spanish. Their interactive nature and logical structure make them appropriate for the class although it was clear that Spanish versions of the puzzles would be needed. Puzzle statements presented in websites in English appeared ungenuine or artificial, and often out of context. In this article, we present a description of this type of logic puzzle, the problems found when using them in websites in English, the process followed to design and create a web application for distribution and solving puzzles in Spanish, and the user tests conducted. The prototype presented here includes modifications to the user interface, internal algorithms, and the process to create the enunciates and clues of the puzzle.

Discoursal representation of masculine parenting in Arabic and English websites

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences and similarities between Arabic and English parents’ role in Arabic and English parenting website texts and the linguistic exponents used to address parents and signal their roles, and to find out the socio-cultural ideologies that have given rise to variations in gender roles. To this end, a corpus of 40 articles targeting gender-neutral titles and father related ones were selected equally from English and Arabic websites. Drawing on Van Leeuwen’s (2008) framework on critical discourse analysis (CDA) and Sunderland’s (2000, 2006) framework of analysis, the data were analysed and contrasted. The English texts reflected the prevalence of ‘shared parenting’ discourse, whereas the Arabic ones revealed a ‘very traditional parenthood’ discourse. These differences can be attributed to variation in the socio-cultural practices dominant in Arab and Western societies. Such findings will hopefully provide some useful insights for family life educators and parents who resort to such websites.

Evaluating children’s websites from an information visualization perspective: findings of a comparative mixed-methods study

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the selected children’s websites in terms of information visualization features based on the criteria existing in the related literature and expert scrutiny. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) study was conducted with a descriptive-comparative approach. A set of 80 English websites, as well as 24 quality Persian websites, were selected constituting a sample size of 104 websites. A conceptual model was developed from an extensive literature review on information visualization in children’s websites. In the quantitative part, a checklist derived from the conceptual model and based on the heuristic evaluation method was distributed among 20 related experts, the data of which were then analysed through Partial Least Squares using SmartPLS 3.0. Findings Confirmatory factor analysis showed high-reliability indicators and fit indices in measurement and structural models showing that the conceptual model had the necessary validities among the expert evaluators. Path coefficients showed that layout design and user interface design were the first and last priorities among the dimensions. It was also found that English websites were much more successful than Persian websites in supporting the features of information visualization. Originality/value The current study has implications for the effective use of standard features related to information visualization in children’s websites usable for designers, media specialists, parents, instructors and librarians, which would also make the children more engaged to better use, learn and interact with the websites.

Integrating research tools with library websites

Purpose The present investigation aims to measure the extent of the adoption of research tools among libraries of higher education (HE) institutes across the world based on the types of research tools and their diverse purposes of use. This study also intends to identify the current practices followed by the HE libraries to implement research tools. Design/methodology/approach First, a stratified sampling method was used to select 130 HE libraries from four continents – Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Second, a two-step Web content analysis was followed to collect data from the selected libraries along the parameters chosen for the survey. Findings This study gives an overview of the recent advances in the use of research tools by the libraries with numerous examples. Highlighting the differential rate of adoption of research tools across the regions, this study illustrates the degree of acceptance of research tools among the libraries. Research limitations/implications This study limits itself to a handful of libraries with English websites in four regions only to avoid the language limitation of the researcher. Inaccessible websites of libraries of HE institutes were also excluded from the survey. Originality/value Future researchers may use the evaluation instruments as basic tools to develop advanced research instruments to carry out Web content analysis in diverse spheres. This study guides librarians to develop an improved understanding of the requirements of an immersive online environment with enhanced accessibility to a multiplicity of research tools and facilities to provide improved research support throughout the entire research life cycle.

COVID-19 Communication From Seven Health Care Institutions in North Texas for English- and Spanish-Speaking Cancer Patients: Mixed Method Website Study.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need to rapidly disseminate health information, especially to those with cancer, because they face higher morbidity and mortality rates. At the same time, the pandemic’s disproportionate impact on Latinx populations underscores the need for information to reach Spanish speakers. However, the equity of COVID-19 information communicated through institutions’ online media to Spanish-speaking cancer patients is unknown.ObjectiveWe conducted a multimodal, mixed method document review study to evaluate the equity of online information about COVID-19 and cancer available to English- and Spanish-speaking populations from seven health care institutions in North Texas, where one in five adults is Spanish-speaking. Our focus was less on the “digital divide,” which conveys disparities in access to computers and the internet based on the race/ethnicity, education, and income of at-risk populations; rather, our study asks the following question: to what extent is online content useful and culturally appropriate in meeting Spanish speakers’ information needs?MethodsWe reviewed 50 websites (33 English and 17 Spanish) over a period of 1 week in the middle of May 2020. We sampled seven institutions’ main oncology and COVID web pages, and both internal (institutional) and external (noninstitutional) linked content. We conducted several analyses for each sampled page, including (1) thematic content analysis, (2) literacy level analysis using Readability Studio software, (3) coding using the Patient Education and Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), and (4) descriptive analysis of video and diversity content.ResultsThe themes most frequently addressed on English and Spanish websites differed. While “resources/FAQs” were frequently cited themes on both websites, English websites more frequently addressed “news/updates” and “cancer+COVID,” and Spanish websites addressed “protection” and “COVID data.” Spanish websites had on average a lower literacy level (11th grade) than English websites (13th grade), although still far above the recommended guideline of 6th to 8th grade. The PEMAT’s overall average accessibility score was the same for English (n=33 pages) and Spanish pages (n=17 pages) at 82%. Among the Dallas-Fort Worth organizations, the average accessibility of Spanish pages (n=7) was slightly lower than that of English pages (n=19) (77% vs 81%), due mostly to the discrepancy in English-only videos and visual aids. Of the 50 websites, 12 (24%) had embedded videos; however, 100% of videos were in English, including one on a Spanish website.ConclusionsWe identified an uneven response among the seven health care institutions for providing equitable information to Spanish-speaking Dallas-Fort Worth residents concerned about COVID and cancer. Spanish speakers lack equal access in both diversity of content about COVID-19 and access to other websites, leaving an already vulnerable cancer patient population at greater risk. We recommend several specific actions to enhance content and navigability for Spanish speakers.

Structures of THE, QS and ARWU Top 100 universities’ websites in different languages and social media accounts: Binary matrix approach

The aim of the study is to understand how the diversity of university language websites and social networks influence the universities’ reputation in the World University Rankings and how this diversity can be described. Combining the union of sets of university names in Times Higher Education (THE), QS World University Ranking (QS), and Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2018, the World’s Top 100 Universities Rankings enabled us to obtain a set of 146 universities. From October 18, 2018, through November 1, 2018, the availability of website versions in different languages and social media applications was checked. The study enabled a 146x15 binary matrix to be built in the first case, and a 146x21 one in the second, with 15 meaning the number of website versions in foreign languages, and 21 standing for respective number of various social media accounts. The binary matrices were clustered with a view to obtaining dense submatrices consisting of units only. The study shows that approximately 47 percent of the universities surveyed have their websites in more than one language. All the 146 universities have websites in English, those in Chinese coming second and equalling to 21. Most popular social networking sites have been revealed, with over 84 percent of universities having Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram accounts. On the whole, 18 universities form a dense binary submatrix for 6 social media, including four of the above, as well as LinkedIn and Google+. The binary matrices are proved to be effective for higher education managers and experts focusing on specific regions and social media. Correlational dependence calculations on comparative analysis of traditional and altmetrics rankings are also performed.

The Assessment of Quality of Products Called Sandalwood Oil Based on the Information Provided by Manufacturer of the Oil on Polish, German, and English Websites.

Background Sandalwood oil is one of the most valuable raw materials worldwide. As a highly valued product, it has its own regulations based on the ISO 3518 standard, which clearly informs producers, distributors, and consumers of the requirements to be met. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of products called sandalwood oil based on the information provided by the manufacturer of the oils on Polish, German, and English websites. Methods A Google search was utilized to collect data on sandalwood oil offered by producers and distributors in Polish and foreign markets. Information from 50 websites in each of the aforementioned languages, including the description of sandalwood oil properties on websites, method for using it, safety limitations, and presence of a product description consistent with the INCI recommendations, was gathered using Microsoft Excel software and was analyzed. The information that enabled us to estimate the quality of the oils was the botanical name of the oil-bearing plant and the price. Good-quality oils were considered to be oils with the botanical name Santalum album in the description and with a price not considerably less than the price of white sandalwood oils sold by reliable distributors who control the quality of the oils by chromatography. Ultimately, the lower price limit for one milliliter of the oil was established as PLN 21. Results and Conclusions. Good-quality sandalwood oils derived from the Santalum album plant at a price equal to or greater than the chromatographically tested items amounted to a negligible percentage of products sold online. Without knowing the botanical name of the essential oil plant and the price range of unadulterated sandalwood oil, the likelihood of buying a reliable product is low on all of the analyzed websites, with the lowest probability being observed on the Polish websites.