English Tradition Research Articles

Claudia Jones, theWest Indian Gazette and Afro-Asian-Caribbean Newsand the Rise of a New Black Radicalism in the UK and US

In recent years, considerable scholarly attention has been paid to the Black Communist Claudia Jones as a progenitor of Black radical feminist notions of intersectionality. In Britain, Jones has also been hailed as an important part of the Black British political and cultural radical tradition. Less studied is how Jones brought a U. S. Black Left institution-building sensibility to the UK, particularly as embodied in the West Indian Gazette and Afro-Asian-Caribbean News (WIG) newspaper, helping to lay the foundation for the growth of Black Power and Black Arts in the UK. In turn, Jones and WIG brought to Black radicals in the U. S. a renewed sense of Black internationalism inspired by Africa's crossroads and its diaspora in London and other major British cities.

Scripting the Nation: Court Poetry and the Authority of History in Late Medieval Scotland by Katherine H. Terrell

Reviewed by: Scripting the Nation: Court Poetry and the Authority of History in Late Medieval Scotland by Katherine H. Terrell Joanna M. Martin katherine h. terrell, Scripting the Nation: Court Poetry and the Authority of History in Late Medieval Scotland. Interventions: New Studies in Medieval Culture. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2021. Pp. viii, 232. isbn: 978–0–8142– 1462–6. $99.95/£94.95. Katherine Terrell’s Scripting the Nation is a detailed, engaging, and authoritative account of the relationship between late medieval Scottish historiography and courtly poetry. This book takes a fresh approach to the well-established subject of Anglo-Scottish literary relations by considering how these two apparently distinct strands of Scotland’s literary culture interweave with one another and with analogous English traditions to define a sense of Scottish nationhood. Terrell observes that ‘the very nature of a border implies a relationship between sides; borders are points of interaction as well as separation’ (p. 49), and the monograph skilfully maps the appropriation and repudiation of English sources in the development of the two Scottish genres. Her detailed account covers chronicle literature composed in the aftermath of the ‘Wars of Independence’ (1279–1328, 1332–1357), in which Scotland’s political integrity was constantly under threat from English aggression, and the vernacular verse of the early sixteenth century, composed before the defeat of James IV by the English at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. The first three chapters of this book focus on the development of Scottish historiography and its methods of shaping, and indeed ‘actively promoting,’ national identity and ‘Scotland’s political destiny’ (p. 10). Chapter One considers the patronage of historiography as England and Scotland embarked on an ideological battle to define their borders. This chapter shows how English and Scottish records of the past were ‘interdependent’ (p. 14): Scotland’s chroniclers set about refuting the narratives of their English forebears by also co-opting their rhetorical strategies in an act of ‘writing back’ (p. 4). Terrell also argues for the prominence of the ‘genealogical mode . . . in Scottish historical writing, which, like much medieval history writing is often more concerned with the present-day uses of the past than with establishing an accurate record of past events’ (p. 35), and later in the study she identifies these same genealogical tropes in Older Scots courtly poetry. Chapter Two explores the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s narratives of national origin in his Historia Regum Brittanie on Scottish historians, including Baldred Bisset and John of Fordun. Terrell shows how Fordun, in his Chronica Gentis Scotorum, negotiates the contradictions of his English sources and challenges their authority, much in the way that Robert Henryson, an important link between the scholastic tradition of the chroniclers and Older Scots verse, does in his critical evaluation of Chaucer’s authority in Testament of Cresseid. Chapter Three is an exploration of Walter Bower’s influential Scotichronicon, an expansion of Fordun’s text, which Terrell characterises as ‘a compendium of Scottishness that will facilitate nationalist sentiment’ amongst his readers (p. 80). After this comprehensive guide to the development of nationalist sentiment in Scottish history writing, Chapter Four turns to Older Scots vernacular literature and the often-paradoxical relationship to English texts it shares with Scotland’s Latin chronicle tradition. She explores the increasingly ‘grandiose’ (p. 94) nationalistic [End Page 106] claims made by the authors of vernacular offshoots from Bower’s Scotichronicon, such as the Scottis Originale, and the dynamics created by their co-existence in manuscript anthologies such as the Asloan Manuscript with texts of English origin or those which express enthusiasm for the Chaucerian tradition: ‘the result is a curious dichotomy, in which English culture is both denounced and venerated’ (p. 101). Chapters Five to Seven turn to the most technically brilliant of the Scottish poets, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. Identifying the shared concerns of poets and chroniclers with ‘ancestral’ narratives (p. 128), Terrell offers detailed and perceptive close readings of many of Dunbar’s poems. She suggests convincingly that Dunbar’s poetry mirrors the tensions at the heart of James IV’s reign as the Anglophile impulses of his court were tempered by deteriorating relations with Henry VIII...

Graphological Deviation: A Defamiliarizing Trope in Timothy Wangusa’s Poetry

This article attempts to examine the use of graphological deviation in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry as a style of foregrounding in Timothy Wangusa’s poetry. It is hoped to fill knowledge gaps in the Wangusaic scholarship as previous studies on Wangusa are on issues of originality of his poetry and conclude that the trajectory of his poetry is mainly Christian, African, and English traditions. The studies conclude that Wangusa’s poetry was greatly influenced by classical and western literary traditions (Alfredo Okello 2005). Some studies are on Wangusa’s novels and short stories, and as such, they focus on aspects like themes and narrative techniques but not graphological deviation. This leaves much to be studied on the variable of graphological deviation in Wangusa’s poetry. This justifies why this research article is worthwhile as it evaluates how Timothy Wangusa employs graphological deviation to create foregrounding. Besides, the researcher used the theory of defamiliarisation proposed by Viktor Shyklovsky throughout the study. The theory emphasises the use of poetic devices, which makes it an apt one as this study is on graphological deviation (which is used as a poetic device to achieve emphasis/foregrounding). The researcher used a textual analysis method and a descriptive research design in an attempt to explicate and make sense of the variable of graphological deviation. The results and findings from the data analysis prove that Wangusa uses graphological deviation to emphasise his message, shock or surprise readers (estrangement) and create mood in his poetry. This study recommends that studies be carried out on Timothy Wangusa’s use of deviation of register

“WHAT IS ÞER IN PARADIS”: SYMBOLISM OF THE DETAILS OF EARTHLY PARADISE AND FLIGHTS OVER IT IN THE POEM OF THE XIV CENTURY THE LAND OF COKAYGNE

The article deals with The Land of Cokaygne, the poem of the 14th century recorded in Middle English in a manuscript associated with Ireland. The poem is a description of an unprecedented land, which is the embodiment of the earthly Paradise, and therefore one of the goals of studying its image was to establish the symbolic meanings of its details. Th e mention of the four rivers of the land of Cokaygne, the precious gems that are the bed for the mouth of the four healing streams, the roses and lilies that adorn the meadow of the abbey described in detail, etc., according to the author of the article, turned out to be associated with biblical images and medieval religious beliefs, therefore, the depicted earthly Paradise seems to be a projection of both the heavenly Jerusalem and the Garden of Eden. Th is religious connotation separates the English version of the Cokaigne legend from foreign-language versions created solely for the entertainment of the social lower classes, and not addressed to “men of wisdom”. The author of the article touches upon the fragment of the English poem which depicts the heavenly games of the monks, and their fantastic fl ight over the abbey, the center of this land. The author sees the origins of the anonymous poet’s fantasy in his acquaintance with the English tradition of depicting celestial flights and with the Irish tradition of mentioning ‘evidence’ of boats floating in the sky. The article argues that the poet embodied this fantasy, because the forms of the verbs ‘fly’ and ‘flee’, that originated in the Old English and developed in some dialects of Middle English, were indistinguishable.

Channelling Ottoman Armenian Refugees During the Hamidian Massacres: Immigration Restrictions and British Liberal Imperial Humanitarianism at Stake (1894–1898)

ABSTRACT This article examines British refuge to Ottoman Armenians in the aftermath of the 1894–1897 Hamidian massacres, an episode absent from the historiography of Britain and refuge, and largely from historical refugee studies. Analysed against the backdrop of the restrictionist Aliens Bills (1894–1905), refuge offered by Britain to tens of thousands of Ottoman Armenians seems a contradiction in terms. This article seeks to go beyond this contradiction and reflects on why and how the British Conservative Prime Minister, originator of the 1894 Aliens Bill when still in the Opposition, actively helped channelling Ottoman Armenians outside of the Ottoman Empire. Rather than encouraging movement to Britain, Salisbury urged to propose a British tradition of welcome more in keeping with current sensibilities in terms of domestic immigration. In so doing, Salisbury first sought to revive a tradition of British refuge as imperial. As it largely failed, he explored alternative, liminal loci (Bulgaria) outside of the formal Empire where British humanitarians, with the official support of the Foreign Office, might provide aid to Ottoman Armenian refugees – in the margins of international law. This case study thus offers new ways of envisaging British refuge in the late nineteenth century.

The Year’s Work in American Humor Studies, 2021

The Year’s Work in American Humor Studies, 2021

The Irish Department of Finance 1959–99 by Ciarán Casey

Reviewed by: The Irish Department of Finance 1959–99 by Ciarán Casey John O’Hagan (bio) Ciarán Casey, The Irish Department of Finance 1959–99 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 2022), 239 pages. The Department of Finance commissioned this book in 2019, to be published in the centenary year of the State, 2022. The first such history, by Ronan Fanning, had been published in 1978, covering the period 1922 to 1958. It took eight years to produce, and it ran to over seven hundred pages. Ciarán Casey was given full access to the Department’s archive for the period, comprising around 100,000 files. The plan of the author was to write the book in such a way that it would interest both the specialist and nonspecialist and be as readable as possible. Several former officials and ministers were interviewed, to add context and colour. ‘In an implausible stroke of good luck’, Casey argues, Sean Cromien kept a huge volume of written diaries during his time as Secretary, 1987–1994. The Department established an advisory group of six people with relevant expertise to assist with the preparation of the book. As such, this is a thoroughly researched treatise, which is reflected in the meticulous referencing of sources; for example, one chapter alone has 130 footnotes. It is also a beautifully presented book. Minister Paschal Donohoe when launching the book argued that it was not only a fine record of the economic history of Ireland over the period, with the role of the state – and the Department of Finance in particular – a key focus, but it is also a ‘great read’, with a lightness of prose and some great ‘stories’. The economic history is quite well known to many people in economics. At times it was in fact almost ‘painful’ to be reminded in such detail of this economic history, especially of the 1980s, a very low decade for the Irish economy. Casey draws on several excellent sources to recount this economic history.1 This review though will concentrate on what is new, to me at least, namely the ‘stories’ mentioned by Minister Donohoe, as many are not only amusing but in a strange way informative. Chapter 1, ‘The Loneliest Job in Government’, provides a fine overview of economic performance, and the structure, culture, expert knowledge and role of the Department, the ministers for finance over the period, the civil servants and external engagement. One interesting point made is that, with few exceptions, speeches and letters from the ministers were drafted by officials and hence that it is extremely difficult to disentangle what ministers believe. Is this still true today? There is a very nice discussion then of the relationship between ministers and secretaries. There is one ‘gem’ also, relevant to this [End Page 134] winter’s problems in Ireland and the rest of Europe. After the 1973 oil crisis, a circular was sent to civil servants encouraging them to wear more clothes, use hot water sparingly, and to avoid excessive ventilation! Another interesting fact noted in the book is that Ireland inherited the British tradition of the generalist civil servant. In the case of Britain this contributed to a pronounced disdain for specialist knowledge, and economists were kept ‘on tap but not on top’, a situation not dissimilar to recent times there, especially in relation to Brexit. This explains why even by 2010 in Ireland less than two per cent of staff in the Department of Finance were economists, compared to forty per cent in the Dutch case. Casey interestingly notes that while the Department of Finance had unparalleled power over other departments, it was still at the mercy of cabinet decisions, where the minister of finance was often extremely isolated. One wonders to what extent this still applies today. Chapter 2, ‘Sacred Cows’, runs to fifty-two pages, and it is hard to discern why this title was chosen, as indeed is also the case with the titles of the remaining chapters. This chapter in essence covers the 1960s and examines the impact of T. K. Whitaker’s Economic Development, economic programmes, the free trade versus protectionist debate prevalent then, foreign direct investment, gender inequality, fiscal...

British traditions and contributions to accounting history research

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CLASSICS STRIKES BACK: THOMAS EVANS AND HISMATHEMATOGONIA

Thomas Saunders Evans’ Greek poemMathematogonia. The mythological birth of the nymph Mathesis(1839) is one of the outstanding products of the British compositional tradition. The article begins with a brief account of Evans and of the historical context of the poem, which also belongs to the history of mathematics in Britain, and in particular, its teaching in nineteenth-century Cambridge. This is followed by a preliminary note onMathematogonia; a reproduction of the text of the poem, with Evans’ original preface and notes; an English translation; notes detailing Evans’ sources and borrowings from Tragic texts; and an appendix listing the changes he made after its first publication. The aim is to show what Evans wrote, and to explain what prompted him to do so.

The Materiality of Middle English Anchoritic Devotion

The Materiality of Middle English Anchoritic Devotion

Философия и наука: тождество – родство – вражда

For the last two centuries the relationship between philosophy and science have constantly been an issue that provoked vehement quarrels. Positions in theses quarrels are mostly based on a relatively narrow cultural and theoretical horizon. It is rather likely that an uncompromising stance would be represented by an ad­vocate of positivism. Meanwhile an alternative standpoint is not only possible but also quite desirable. The question of self-determination of philosophy cannot be solved by any of the answers about its attitude to science, since the grounds on which such an answer is based (various historical, national and general cul­tural attitudes) are significantly different. The severity and regular recurrence of such disputes are to be taken as symptoms of the fact that some fundamental questions are raised here concerning the nature of both science and philosophy. This means, in particular, that such disputes could never stop, but will constantly serve as an instrument of self-consciousness and self-determination of both phi­losophy and sciences. It is shown that the these disputes are caused by hetero­geneous reaons: a) radicalization of the question of the scientific nature of phi­losophy and the foundations of knowledge in German idealism; b) processes of separation of areas of knowledge, i.e. the separation of science and art; c) in­volvement in science of wider social strata, as well as changes in the organiza­tional forms of science itself. However, the results of these transformations were quite apparent not until the second half of the 19. Century and have been pre­ceded by a long tradition of synonymy between “sciences” and “arts” that is partly reflected in the concept of “artes liberales”. Strong identification of phi­losophy with the study of nature in the British tradition gives us another example of a disputed and controversial relation.

Industry, the English Tradition, and the Catholic Mind

Industry, the English Tradition, and the Catholic Mind

Urbana morfologija u Britaniji - vreme za preispitivanje i regrupisanje?

This article reviews the contribution of the work of the Urban Morphology Research Group (UMRG) to British urban morphological research. The group, led by Jeremy Whitehand, provided a focus for British research in urban morphology grounded in the work of M.R.G Conzen and the historico-geographical approach. The article reviews four core strands to this work: definition of the historico-geographical approach, morphological regions, the processes and people shaping urban landscapes and linking research and practice. The article also provides an overview of other areas of research into urban form within Britain beyond the UMRG, from scholars working in disciplines such as geography, architecture, and urban design. Two broad areas of work are focused on, namely spatial analytical and configurational approaches and British urban geographical traditions. In conclusion, the article reflects on the future for British urban morphology following the loss of Whitehand as its long-standing figurehead and champion, suggesting that is it time to form a new network to replace the now-dormant UMRG to ensure the continued vibrancy and visibility of urban morphological research in Britain.

Британская сатирическая традиция в романе П. Х. Джонсон «Невообразимый Скиптон»: преемственность и индивидуальность

This article is devoted to the question of the continuity of the satirical tradition of British prose writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. A comparative analysis of samples of satirical novels by individual classics of British literature (Samuel Butler, George Meredith, and Aldous Huxley) is given. A parallel is drawn between the works of Aldous Huxley and Pamela Hansford Johnson, similarities are noted in the formulation of the problem (the relationship between the artist and society), in the images of the main characters. The key point is the analysis of the features of satire by P.H. Johnson on the example of the novel "The Unspeakable Skipton". An assessment of the writer's contribution to English literature is given.

Features of the activities of the left forces in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean in the XXI century

This scientific article is devoted to the features and main patterns of activity and the political role of the Labor and center-left parties in the English-speaking Island states of the Caribbean. The author shows that countries of the Caribbean zone have many common features of social and political development, which determines the similarities in the functioning of the Labor parties. The presence of British political traditions makes the centre-left parties the most important participants in the political process with broad popular support. The article also notes the connection between the factor of the strong influence of the Labor parties in the Caribbean states with the participation of most of these countries in the Bolivarian Alliance ALBA. Considering in the article the specific cases of Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, the author shows that in most English-speaking countries, leftist, Labor parties are in power, responsible for the implementation of domestic and foreign policy; enjoy broad popular and electoral support in their countries; forming governments, they try to implement social reformist initiatives in domestic politics; are at the forefront of the struggle for a republican form of government for their countries. The author comes to the conclusion that the English-speaking states of the Caribbean region in the 21st century are among the strongholds of the left forces in Latin-Caribbean America.

Minimum Service Levels During Strikes and the Misuse of Comparative Law

Minimum Service Levels During Strikes and the Misuse of Comparative Law Nicola Countouris (bio) In January 2023, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak1 said minimum service levels (MSL) are "present in France, in Italy, in Spain", while then-business secretary Grant Shapps2 claimed the legislation "simply brings us into line […] with many other modern European nations, such as Spain, Italy, France". On more than one occasion, UK government officials have made great use of comparative law arguments to justify the introduction of new, draconian, minimum service level obligations under the Strikes (Minimum Services Levels) Bill 2023, which at the time of writing is nearing its third and final reading in the House of Lords. Almost exactly half a century ago, in June 1973, Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, arguably the founding father of modern UK labour law, delivered a special lecture, later published as an article by the Modern Law Review, entitled "On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Labour Law". In that lecture he warned against the introduction in English law, by means of the 1971 Industrial Relations Act, of a number of "specimens of attempted transatlantic transplantation" (particularly in the domain of collective bargaining, but also some affecting cooling off pauses and compulsory ballots in emergencies) stressing the high risk of "rejection" of these transplants that, the very different British legal, industrial, and political tradition, would most likely identify as a "foreign body" to be expunged. In the case of the key provisions being envisaged by the Strikes (Minimum Services Levels) Bill 2023, it would be perhaps more appropriate to recur to a different metaphor, borrowing not from the science of organ transplant but rather from the literary domain and Mary Shelley's 19th Century three volume novel Frankenstein. In this instance, it is fair to say that the UK government is practicing comparative labour law more or less in the way Dr Frankenstein practices surgery. As the following sections will discuss, the Bill brings together, into a single text and within what is already a rather tormented creature – i.e. the existing British laws on strikes - a selection of restrictions more or less present in other legal systems but that once stitched up together will invariably form a legal abomination, a hideous creature, that will not stand the scrutiny of European and international labour law standards. Poor comparators: Spain and France In a recent commentary3 published by the Institute of Employment Rights, Professor Ewing and Lord John Hendy KC already highlighted the poor choice of comparators for the UK to emulate when introducing MSL legislation. At least since 2018, Spain has been facing complaints before the ILO's Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (CEACR) in respect of the "abusive" operation of minimum service levels, ostensibly in breach of Article 3 of Convention 87. More specifically, Spanish unions CCOO and UGT have sent direct requests to the Committee complaining that "in an important number of … essential services, the Government authorities refuse to enter into dialogue with trade unions for the determination of minimum services and instead establish them in a unilateral and abusive manner" something that has "given rise to court judgments finding the determination of minimum services and the replacement of workers abusive"4. In 2023, it was once again put to the CEACR that "the rules on the determination of minimum services continue to be repeatedly violated by the government authorities, and that the CCOO cites, in this regard, 13 recent court rulings that determine, in relation to minimum services, a violation of the right to strike". The Committee has noted "with regret" the Spanish authorities' failures to engage with these allegations in the pasts, reiterating its "requests the Government to provide its comments on the allegations … on the frequent failure by the government authorities to comply with the rules on minimum services". So, to the extent that s.234B of the Bill grants a unilateral and unrestricted power to the Secretary of State to specify minimum service levels, it is safe to suggest that it seeks to transplant within the UK a provision that is already tainted by unlawfulness and incompatibility with international and regional labour standards. France is of...

『실낙원』의 사탄과 『금강』의 신하늬

Creating an epic was the dream of Korean poets in their first developing period of 1920-1940. When they first encountered the western epical poem they were much shocked, and admired its beautiful, musical effects and the interesting story of its heroes and their actions. As such, Korean poets began to imitate the western epic, and the first trial was Night on the Border Land by Kim Tong-Hwan. However, it was not successful, because its hero was so private as an epic, even though it told the tragedy of poor people wandering on the northern border. Other Korean trials were also not so good until 1960s when the first successful epic, Keumkang, was published by Shin Dong-Yup. Keumkang is an epic about the Donghak Rebellion, an uprising by farmers who were defeated by strong foreign troops, and its hero is much more characteristic compared to those of other Korean epics. This study tries to compare the heroes of Keumkang and Paradise Lost, which is also a story of revolt in heaven, and the hero of which, Satan, is a distinguished character in the long history of British literature. Shin Hanee of Keumkang is not so heroic character as Satan at first but he became stronger and heroic as the poem progresses. At last he becomes a great symbol of Korean farmer rebellion. We can compare the two heroes of Paradise Lost and Keumkang and think about the British great epic tradition and how it has inspired Korean poets in turn.

A Blueprint for Genetic Determinism

A Blueprint for Genetic Determinism

Murdered Father, Dead Father and Other Work by Rosine Perelberg

Reviewed by: Murdered Father, Dead Father and Other Work by Rosine Perelberg Rosemary Davies (bio) Rosine Perelberg, Murdered Father, Dead Father and Other Work “Tommy, go and clear up your toys now,” Jake barked at his three-year-old son. Seemingly unmoved by his father’s order, Tommy shifted closer to his mother and asked, “Mummy, when is Daddy going to die?” Encapsulated in such a simple if dramatic encounter are the complex derivatives of Freud’s Oedipus complex. As outlined by Rosine Perelberg in her work over the last decades, these complexities cover “the murder of the father, identification and super ego, the setting up of the ego ideal, castration complex, desexualization and sublimation” (2016, p. 126). In one of her three books of selected papers, Murdered Father, Dead Father (2016), she counters what she sees as a drift away from a recognition of the primacy of the Oedipus complex. It is a compelling endeavor, placing little Tommy’s psychic construction of the world center stage. Perelberg’s prolific psychoanalytic writing is characterized by an invitation to absorb complexity but also to associate freely. In her clinical practice demonstrated throughout her work by clinical accounts, she describes how there is no place for the omnipotent analyst, but rather the analyst inaugurates a process (Perelberg, 2016, p. 76). Clinical work is characterized by such things as the open interpretation, the special form of listening, and a scrupulous and compassionate attention to the patient’s lived experience. My contribution to a wider knowledge of Perelberg’s work is offered in the context of “inaugurating a process.” Perelberg provides a rigorously argued psychoanalytic theory, never too far away from the consulting room. Throughout her work, Perelberg (2020) interrogates the centrality of what she calls the myth of origins, how can one be made of two: This is a theme that permeates Freud’s work, as he emphasises mankind’s concerns with its origins and interprets [End Page 793] the riddle of the Sphinx as being about where babies come from . . . The foundation of time in myths is, in so many cultures, related to intercourse between the couple. (pp. 168–169) In her account of her own origins, her 50-year journey from young anthropologist in Brazil, steeped in a rich cultural tradition, to internationally known training analyst and recent president of the British Psychoanalytic Society, she writes: It is striking to see how many of these ideas awaited for so many years until they acquired their full significance for me as a psychoanalyst as a real example of après coup that indicates how the seeds planted in the past acquire full meaning in the future retrospectively. (Perelberg, 2009, p. 249) Furthermore, thinking of her own origins, we can read her scholarship as a homage to Freud, but I think there is something also of a homage to André Green, a titan who straddled the British and French psychoanalytic traditions. Perelberg’s work has been crucial in introducing an Anglophone audience to his work. She respectfully acknowledges other British colleagues who have contributed to this richness. In particular, Green rendered Lacan’s recovery of the Freudian concept of Nachträglichkeit/the après coup,1 comprehensible to contemporary psychoanalysts. In my reading of her work, I trace three—how could it be another number in the writings of an author who elaborates so much of the oedipal dimension of our work?—essential themes of her work. First, she engages with the temporal dimension of psychoanalysis, initially explored by her in a paper based on her infant observation as a candidate (Perelberg, 2008, p. 181). Perelberg (2008) argues that Freud describes not an overdetermined linear temporal progression but many faceted movements to and fro, forward and backward: “There are at least seven dimensions—development, regression, fixation, repetition compulsion, the return of the repressed, the time-lessness [End Page 794] of the unconscious and après coup—like a heptagon in movement” (p. 32). Crucially this conceptualization of the bi-directionality of the nature of Freudian time does much to counter what has been misunderstood in Freud’s work as over determinism: this “rules out linear determinism and thus emphasizes the relevance of the...

Lwowskie czwartki Romana W. Ingardena, 1934–1937: W kręgu problemów estetyki i filozofii literatury [The Lviv Thursdays of Roman W. Ingarden, 1934–1937: On the problems of the aesthetics and philosophy of literature

<i>Lwowskie czwartki Romana W. Ingardena, 1934–1937: W kręgu problemów estetyki i filozofii literatury</i> [The Lviv Thursdays of Roman W. Ingarden, 1934–1937: On the problems of the aesthetics and philosophy of literature