English Terms Research Articles

Measuring Happiness and Life Satisfaction amongst Swedish Citizens: an Inquiry into Semantic Equivalence in Comparative Survey Research

A consistent empirical finding is that Scandinavian countries by international standards score steadily high in terms of subjectively reported levels of happiness and life satisfaction. Intrigued by previous findings in Denmark (Lolle and Goul Anderson in Metode Og Forskningsdesign 1:95–119, 2013, in Journal of Happiness Studies 6:1–14)), this paper confirms that this is partly due to language effects. In this paper, Sweden serves as a case study that, similar to the Danish study, seeks to determine whether it is possible to establish semantic equivalence between translated survey items. By using randomized experiments on a representative sample of Swedish citizens with fluent skills in English, we test the effects of different designs in question wordings and response scale labels implemented by international surveys. The results reveal significant differences in answers on happiness. While the mean differences are very small, the distribution of answers is substantial enough to confirm a strong semantic threshold between the English term happy the Swedish term lycklig. Hence, it requires something more to be “very happy” in Swedish than in English. Notably, language appears to have a lesser impact on the distribution of responses across language groups when using a numbered response scale with endpoint labels, indicating that a particular question design either mitigates or intensifies translational effects. Happiness, it is concluded, is not easily translated and survey practitioners should bear this caveat in mind when operationalizing the concept across countries and cultures.

Terminology of medicines used to control seizure disorders: 2024 ILAE Recommendations and profile of real-world term use

Background. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has provided recommendations on the terminology of medicines for control of seizure disorders, which should be adapted into different languages.Objective: to evaluate the usage profile of terms describing the effects of medicines used in patients with epilepsy.Material and methods. The search query analysis systems Google Trends and Yandex Wordstat as well as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and eLibrary databases were used to evaluate the general public and professional usage profile, respectively.The following terms in Russian and English were studied: “antiepileptic”, “antiepileptic drug”, “antiseizure”, “antiseizure drug”. In order to ascertain a prevailing opinion within professional and patient communities, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the public online resources of the non-profit partnership “The Association of Epileptologists and Patients” carried out via the cloud-based cross-platform social media as well as instant messaging service Telegram and the social media platform VK.Results. In the English-speaking internet segment, the term “antiepileptic” is used more than 5 times frequently than “antiseizure” by the general public. Conversely, in the Russian-language segment, the term “antiseizure” is almost 2.5 times more common. The term “antiepileptic” is more prevalent in scientific community in both segments. This finding aligns with the profile of terminology usage observed among epileptologists and epilepsy patients. The questionnaire survey results revealed that 56.42% of 179 respondents were in favor of the terms “antiepileptic drug”, “AED” and “antiepileptic therapy”, whereas as few as 17.32% of those endorsed the ILAE-proposed terminology.Conclusion. In light of the established practice of terminology use in both professional scientific community and among practicing epileptologists and epileptic patients, as well as the differences in the semantics of English- and Russian-language terms and the identified lack of precision in the ILAE definition of epilepsy, it can be concluded that for the Russian-speaking population, the terms “antiepileptic drug”, “AED” are more preferable rather than the terms “antiseizure medication”, “ASM”. Additionally, it is preferable to use the terms “convulsive ictus” and “epileptic ictus” due to negative connotation with term “seizure” in Russian. The terms “antiseizure” and “antiepileptic” should not be regarded as mutually exclusive in the context of treatment that has a direct impact on epilepsy course. Finally, it is necessary to further refine epilepsy definition and classification.

Virtual Communication in the Online Game Counter-Strike as an English Learning Media

This research is motivated by the rise of people who play online games, one of which is the online game Counter-Strike 2, which is favored by the world community. Playing Counter-Strike 2 online games can be used as a medium of learning English because, in Counter-Strike 2 online games, you can communicate with the international community using English. People can improve their English language skills through the experience they get when communicating virtually with the global community by playing Counter-Strike 2 online games. The purpose of this study is for people to take advantage of Counter-Strike 2 online games, not just entertainment media so that they can use them to communicate virtually with the international public as a medium of learning and honing skills in English. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used by researchers are interviews, observations, and literature studies. The results of this study show that playing the online game Counter-Strike 2 can be used as a medium of learning English. This is due to the player's habit of communicating with each player using the international language, namely English, when the game starts. Learning English through Counter-Strike 2 online games can add new knowledge that does not exist in formal education or books. Namely, we can learn new terms in English, known as slang. If you are used to communicating with the international public, it can increase your confidence in using English.

Mindful Eating in Healthcare: A Concept Analysis

Purpose: This study aims to clarify the concept of mindful eating in healthcare and provide a basis for the development of related interventions in the healthcare field.Methods: This study was conducted according to the framework based on Rodgers' evolutionary view. The initial data of 879 in total were collected through databases (PubMed, CINAHL). included article only written in English and search term was ‘mindful’ and ‘eating’, and ‘health or healthcare or health science or medical or nursing'. There was no restriction on the year of publication and disciplines. In a total of 879 articles, 81 were finally included according to the researcher's selection and exclusion criteria.Results: A total of 4 attributes of mindful eating were identified ('Concentration to food', 'Sustained attention to self', 'Self-regulation', and 'The pursuit of pleasure'). There were 2 Antecedents ('Response to craving' and 'Voluntary will') and 3 Consequences ('Changes in eating habits', 'Physical health', and 'Emotional health') for this.Conclusion: This concept analysis describes mindful eating within the context of healthcare. It is anticipated that this paper will enhance the clarity and precision of its use in future tool development and intervention research, while promoting its broader application in the field of nursing.

Formation of the Scientific and Educational Landscape of the Digital Economy of the Countries of the Organization of Turkic States and the Eurasian Economic Union

The importance of creating and disseminating national digital terminology in the state language was noted. Problems in the field of language terminology in the IT sphere are considered. The impact of the digital transformation of the economy and the spread of English technical terms into the national language is described. A project has been proposed to create a dictionary of digital terms in the Kazakh language with the participation of international experts from the countries of the Organization of Turkic States and the Eurasian Economic Union with the aim of their possible harmonization and use of the online platform.

MULTICOMPONENCE AS A STRUCTURAL PECULIARITY OF MILITARY TERMS IN FOREIGN MASS MEDIA INTO RUSSIAN TRANSLATION

This article delves into the important analysis of the structural peculiarities of multicomponent military terms, a topic of increasing importance due to the need to describe professional objects and concepts, identify complex ideas, and unearth new dimensions of the studied phenomena. The prevalence of multicomponent terminology in foreign mass media resources underscores its significance in the media landscape. The purpose of the article is to explore the structural characteristics of multicomponent military terms extracted from mass media sources, providing a Russian translation. We also seek to identify the primary formulas and constituent components of these terms. By doing so, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of how English military terms can be formed and the development of a terminological dictionary that will include the latest examples of multicomponent military terms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in its focus on a particular and specialized domain of terminological studies, which will help to comprehend the challenges associated with understanding the structural and semantic features of multicomponent military terms, their word formation and constituent components frequently used in their structural models. The results obtained can also serve as a foundation for other fields of terminology.The research methodology is a combination of different research methods, such as the method of continuous sampling, component analysis, and word-formation analysis, which are used to analyze the selected material, and the quantitative approach helps to deal with the numerical data. The systematized examples of multicomponent military terms, categorized into two-, three-, and four-component terms and compound terms with hyphenated spelling, are accompanied by the corresponding translation. The findings of this research will equip translators, researchers, and practitioners with a deeper understanding of the challenges and strategies involved in analyzing the structural models of multicomponent military terms, thereby enhancing their professional capabilities.

Exploration of the Combination of Online and Offline Teaching of Undergraduate Computer English

In the undergraduate computer English teaching, it is found that the prior knowledge base of undergraduates is uneven, and the cognition of professional English terms of related nouns is different, which brings difficulties to the teaching of this course, resulting in poor teaching effect, and it is necessary to explain the knowledge before it can be carried out in the follow-up teaching. Therefore, the online platform is used to interact with students in real time during the course to ensure that the students' online rate and concentration in the classroom are high, improve the teaching efficiency, and promote the improvement of students' thinking and professional English skills.

Is artificial intelligence for medical professionals serving the patients?

BackgroundAlgorithmic decision-making (ADM) utilises algorithms to collect and process data and develop models to make or support decisions. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the development of support systems that can be superior to medical professionals without AI support in certain tasks. However, whether patients can benefit from this remains unclear. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the current evidence on patient-relevant benefits and harms, such as improved survival rates and reduced treatment-related complications, when healthcare professionals use ADM systems (developed using or working with AI) compared to healthcare professionals without AI-related ADM (standard care)—regardless of the clinical issues.MethodsFollowing the PRISMA statement, MEDLINE and PubMed (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier) and IEEE Xplore will be searched using English free text terms in title/abstract, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and Embase Subject Headings (Emtree fields). Additional studies will be identified by contacting authors of included studies and through reference lists of included studies. Grey literature searches will be conducted in Google Scholar. Risk of bias will be assessed by using Cochrane’s RoB 2 for randomised trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomised trials. Transparent reporting of the included studies will be assessed using the CONSORT-AI extension statement. Two researchers will screen, assess and extract from the studies independently, with a third in case of conflicts that cannot be resolved by discussion.DiscussionIt is expected that there will be a substantial shortage of suitable studies that compare healthcare professionals with and without ADM systems concerning patient-relevant endpoints. This can be attributed to the prioritisation of technical quality criteria and, in some cases, clinical parameters over patient-relevant endpoints in the development of study designs. Furthermore, it is anticipated that a significant portion of the identified studies will exhibit relatively poor methodological quality and provide only limited generalisable results.Systematic review registrationThis study is registered within PROSPERO (CRD42023412156).

Types of Code-Switching Found in The Friday Podcast

The objective of this study is to know the various types of code switching found in The Friday Podcast, especially in episode 213. Descriptive qualitative method is used to analyse the data. This study analyzed the different types of code switching using Appel & Muysken theory of Bilingualism, as presented in their book entitled Language Contact and Bilingualism (1987). There are three types of code switching stated by Appel & Muysken. The findings of this study revealed that all three types of Code Switching were discovered in The Friday Podcast. Intra-Sentential switching is the most common sort of code-switching occurrence in The Friday Podcast. Meanwhile, Intersentential-Switching is the speaker's least dominant data. For the conclusion, the reason why intrasentential-switching got the most occurrences in this podcast because the audience of this podcast is Indonesian people who are the majority of it not really fluent in English. The speakers in this podcast also using the familiar English terms that Indonesian society frequently heard.

Договор поминутной аренды транспортных средств (каршеринг)

The transformation of public relations under the influence of digitalization, as well as the intensification of property turnover, contributed to the formation of an economic model of sharing, which is often referred to through the prism of the English term "sharing". A striking example of such a model is carsharing, based on the idea of "mobility on demand" and being a predictable alternative to personal transport in the future. It is assumed that in the future, car owners, giving priority to car-sharing services, will give up ownership of a car, which will significantly accelerate urban traffic, free up parking spaces, and reduce the anthropogenic burden on the environment. Despite the prevalence of carsharing, especially in large and resort cities of Russia, its federal legal regulation has not yet been presented: to date, only regional experience of such regulation is known. At the same time, there are many issues in this subject area, some of which are solved by law enforcement practice. The key issue discussed in this scientific article is the choice of a contractual structure that could become an adequate model of carsharing relations.

Functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terms in academic discourse

The study provides the analysis of architectural terminology in English and Russian in academic discourse. The object of the study is the terminological system of architecture. The subject of the study is the specifics of the use, functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terminology in academic discourse. The classification and systematization of architectural terms, their hierarchical structure and functional types in academic texts are considered. In addition, the interdisciplinary nature of the architectural sublanguage is emphasized, which intersects with terms from the fields such as engineering, architecture, construction, art and design. The paper also identifies existing difficulties and problems that arise when translating English and Russian-language architectural terms, including differences in the linguistic structure of languages, semantic ambiguity, the need for a high degree of specialization of the translator for the correct interpretation of the term, the use of idiomatic and figurative language to describe some architectural terms, etc. The study uses a comprehensive methodology, in particular, methods of comparative and component analysis, as well as methods of corpus linguistics used to study semantic fields, hierarchical relationships and functional types of terms. The research results emphasize the importance of standardization of architectural terminology, understanding of cultural and historical background, as well as technical knowledge to ensure effective communication in the global architectural community. Analyzing the corpus of texts, including dictionaries, architectural reviews and academic articles, the author explains how specific terms function in academic discourse. This study makes a special contribution to the development of linguistic research in the field of architecture, offering an in-depth analysis of semantic fields and their role in structuring architectural vocabulary. The novelty of the research lies in an integrated approach to the study of the functioning and translation of architectural terms, which allows to identify the difficulties associated with the interdisciplinary character of the terminology. The results of the study will be useful not only for teachers and translators, but also for international experts in the field of architecture.

Multicomponent English and Russian Terms Alignment in a Parallel Corpus Based on a SimAlign Package

Multicomponent English and Russian Terms Alignment in a Parallel Corpus Based on a SimAlign Package

A Contrastive Analysis of the Connotations, Idiomaticity and Metaphoricity of Face in English and its Arabic Equivalent wədʒh

Objectives: This contrastive study aims to investigate the similarities and differences between the English term 'Face' and its Arabic equivalent, ‘‘wədʒh’, in terms of denotative meanings, connotative meanings, metaphorical meanings, and idiomatic uses. Methods: The data for this study were collected from a range of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, as well as electronic databases. Results: The analysis has revealed that the term "wədʒh" encompasses a broader spectrum of meanings in Arabic compared to the word "face" in English. This divergence likely stems from the distinct cultures and historical backgrounds of the two languages. It is also found that both terms can carry connotations related to identity, expression, and communication. 'Face' and ‘‘wədʒh’ both imply the surface representation of an individual through metonymy and are frequently associated with emotions, reactions, and social interactions. Moreover, both terms can be used metaphorically to convey a wide array of concepts. Conversely, the two terms have their distinct set of idiomatic expressions, cultural nuances, and colloquial usages specific to their respective languages. Conclusions: Collectively, the current study is of significant value because it contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how body parts function as sources of linguistic creativity and cultural symbolism in social communication.

English For Islamic Banking: What English Need of Indonesian Syariah Bank Employees in Bengkulu City

This research aims to determine the English language needs of Indonesian sharia bank employees in Bengkulu City. The research design in this research is qualitative research, while the research subjects are 10 Indonesian sharia bank employees in Bengkulu City. This research data was collected using interviews technique. Research findings show that: (1) Islamic bank employees need English language materials related to banking, accounting and computer applications; and (2) Islamic bank employees need more reading skills than listening, speaking and writing skills because they work more with written documents in English. Bank employees also work with computer programs, so all instructions and terms on the computer use English. Based on these needs, employees should havea good pronunciation in banking, accounting and computer English terms. They also need skills in correspondence via electronic mail or email.

Both English- and Spanish-Language Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Online Patient Education Materials Are Written at Higher-Than-Recommended Reading Levels

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the overall reading levels of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction online patient education materials (OPEMs) written in English and Spanish. MethodsInvestigators conducted Google searches for OPEMs utilizing “ACL surgery” and “cirugía LCA” as English and Spanish search terms. Several measures of readability were used to analyze 25 English (Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch Reading Ease Grade Level, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Coleman-Liau Index, Gunning-Fox Index, and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) and 25 Spanish (Fernández-Huerta Index, Fernández-Huerta Grade Level, and INFLESZ) OPEMs. English and Spanish OPEMs were compared based on mean overall grade level and number of OPEMs written below a seventh or ninth-grade reading level. ResultsEnglish OPEMs demonstrated a higher mean overall grade level compared to Spanish OPEMs (10.48 ± 1.86 vs 8.64 ± 1.22, p<.001). No significant differences were noted in the number of OPEMs written below a seventh-grade reading level. However, significantly more Spanish OPEMs were written below a ninth-grade reading level, compared to English OPEMs (56% vs 16%, p=.003). ConclusionAlthough Spanish OPEMs were written at a lower reading level, average readability for both English and Spanish OPEMs was significantly higher than the recommended level. Across both languages, only a single English webpage met the AMA-recommended sixth-grade reading level. More Spanish articles were written at or below the average adult reading level in the United States.

Do red and yellow flags indicate a danger zone?: Exploring Japanese university students’ beach safety behaviour and their perceptions of Australian beach safety signage

BackgroundCoastal drowning is a tragic regular occurrence in Australia, and in the decade 2012–2022, 455 overseas-born beachgoers drowned. Being one of the top five countries of international visitors who drown, Japanese tourists are an at-risk group. This study investigates Japanese university students’ knowledge of beach safety and their perceptions of Australian beach safety signage. MethodsThe present study conducted an online survey with 152 university students in Japan, comprising both closed and open questions. Although the survey was in Japanese, the signage terms used in the survey were in English as used in Australia. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the statistical data via SPSS and deductive thematic analysis was conducted on the open responses using Nvivo. Results90 % of them planned to visit beaches and 64 % would enter the water when or if visiting Australia. However, 60 % interpreted the safer supervised zone denoted by red and yellow flags as signifying a danger zone. Regardless of their English proficiency, almost none fully understood terms commonly used on safety and warning signs such as submerged objects, shore dump, shore break and rip currents, and 60 % of them didn’t know the Japanese term of rip currents, riganryuu. Visual icons were understood much better than these English terms. So what?This study explored a specific (i.e. Japanese) cultural perception and understanding of Australian beach signs beyond the scope of CALD communities. Future studies should continue exploring those of other cultures so Australian beach signs can be revised and improved based on scientific evidence.

Incidental vocabulary recognition effects of subtitled, captioned and reverse subtitled audiovisual input

This study compares effects of brief exposure to L1 subtitled, L2 captioned, and reverse subtitled audiovisual input on three aspects of vocabulary learning: meaning, form, and pronunciation of target language words. A within-subjects design was used, in which three video clips in the different viewing modes were shown to ten L1 Spanish participants who underwent a pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test of English terms that each occurred in just one of the videos. The tests measured recognition of meaning, form, and pronunciation through translation into the L1, dictation, and reading the target words aloud with native speaker ratings, respectively. The findings show statistically significant gains in producing the accurate written form of vocabulary in reverse subtitled and L2 captioned video clips, and mixed results for the other variables, including statistically significant gains in pronunciation of vocabulary with L1 subtitles.

Campur Kode Komunikasi Jual Beli dalam Grup WhatsApp E-Commerce Perguruan Tinggi

The purpose of this research is to determine the forms of code mixing and the factors causing it in the Whatsapp group of E-Commerce Campus, the family of lecturers, and the academic community of STAIN Mandailing Natal. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The primary data collection technique involves documentation, which entails collecting chat messages in the Whatsapp group for 24 days, from March 6, 2024, to March 29, 2024. Meanwhile, secondary data consists of books and scholarly articles related to the research title. The data analysis technique utilizes Milles and Huberman's theory, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The research results reveal the forms of code mixing in the Whatsapp group of E-Commerce Campus, comprising 28 word forms and 28 phrase forms. The factors causing code mixing are multilingual ability, educational background, diverse regional backgrounds, and the tendency to follow trends in buying and selling, often using English terms such as "ready," "order," and others.

Lessons learned from an electronic botany dictionary compilation project

The study offers insights into the design, working model, and solutions of the specialised electronic dictionary of botany terms in Latvian, Latin, English, German, and Russian, developed as a mobile application. The third version of this dictionary has been updated as a final one within the project ‘Smart Complex of Information Systems of Specialised Biology Lexis for the Research and Preservation of Linguistic Diversity’ and published in the Google Play Store and the Apple Store in January 2024.The study describes various aspects of the conception of a dictionary of botany terms and offers a practical dictionary compiling model for the dictionary’s mega-, macro-, and microstructure. Prior to commencing the project, a survey of the potential users was conducted to understand the preferences of the respondents and to take these preferences into consideration when developing the dictionary. New solutions to the aspects typical of a specialised dictionary of botany terms (labelling of taxonomic categories, visualization with interactive images, automatic retrieval of definitions from existing sources and their usability, etc.) were found. The study is summarised by discussing the main lessons that have been learned in the process of developing a small(~3000 entry words) specialised dictionary. The conclusions might be useful for lexicographers and translators interested in compiling dictionaries.

임원배상책임보험의 통지조항 - 기업보험성 및 설명의무와 관련하여

D&amp;O insurance goes beyond covering the risk of lawsuits against directors’ personal property and has become an essential element for the sustainable management of companies. The D&amp;O insurance subscription rate of listed companies in Korea has increased to about 75% as of 2023, but the number of claims in 2022 is 122 and the loss ratio is only 9.6%. The reason why D&amp;O insurance is not activated in Korea is due to the problem of corporate governance in which diectors are not effectively held accountable, as well as the English terms and conditions of the United States, which are based on American corporate law, which is different from Korea’s. The terms and conditions have been written, and the Korean terms and the US English terms and conditions are used as is, resulting in unclear or unreasonable interpretations. In particular, the notice provision, which is the essence of claims-made policy, is the most confusing part in practice and rulings. The notice provision makes immediate notification of a claim a condition precedent for policy and includes the obligation to consent in advance to settlement or defense costs. Since D&amp;O insurance is a corporate insurance, the principle of prohibition of disadvantageous changes in Article 663 of the Commercial Act does not apply, and the duty to explain should be exempted or relieved. If the obligation to notify the occurrence of an insurance accident is not complied with and prior consent for defense costs is not obtained, the insurance shall not be paid. Even if the insurer is in breach of the duty to explain, it should be solved by the interpretation of terms and conditions, and the insurer’s reponsibility for damages.