English Prefixes Research Articles

A Word-Based Approach to the So-Called Category-Changing Usage of the English Derivational Prefix Out-

One of the traditional observations about English derivational morphology is that prefixes behave differently from suffixes and are rather close to lexemes. A word-based analysis of prefixes based on this observation has been proposed, but it faces a challenge raised by the seemingly category-changing property of the comparative verb-forming prefix out-. This study aims to solve this problem in a framework that enriches the traditional generative word-based morphology with the concept of the Abstract Lexical Unit. In analyzing data, I pay attention to the degree semantics of comparative out-prefixed verbs and show that the so-called “denominal or deadjectival” out-verbs are produced as hyponyms of already existing out-verbs with sparse semantics. A pseudonym experiment demonstrates that this type of out-verb has a number/rank/action comparative interpretation, and the nouns or adjectives that occupy the head position further specify the object that is counted. The problematic type is related to its base word via head replacement rather than concatenative affixation. Drawing on these new perspective and observations, this paper shows that the traditional finding about the status of English prefixes can be maintained in a word-based approach.

Prefixation in English and Albanian Language

Prefixation in English and Albanian Language

Structural features of negation prefixes in English and Azerbaijani

Structural features of negation prefixes in English and Azerbaijani

The English privative prefixes near-, pseudo- and quasi-: Approximation and 'disproximation'

The English prefixes near-, pseudo- and quasi- are privative, in that whatever essential property their morphological base expresses is not strictly possessed by an entity characterized as near-/pseudo-/quasi-X. However, we claim this meaning is not precise enough and hypothesize that near- and quasi- are approximative in meaning, whereas pseudo- is ‘disproximative’, expressing the idea of ‘falling short’ of a standard. Distributional-semantic findings partially support this, as near- shares more bases with quasi- than it does with pseudo-. Near- is most productive, presenting a default choice, while pseudo- is least productive. We also observe a specific tendency of near- to select bases with negative semantic prosody (near-deadly, near-fatal), of quasi- to combine, without any evaluative meaning, with legal-administrative bases (quasi-diplomatic, quasi-governmental), and of pseudo- with terms from the scientific domain. Further qualitative observations about these prefixes are made.

Преподавание иностранного языка в образовательных организациях системы высшего образования с учетом развития синонимичных отношений в группе префиксов романского и германского происхождения

This article deals with the development of pedagogical and methodological approaches in teaching a foreign language, taking into account the research of synonymous relations in the group of prefixes of Romance and Germanic origin. Teaching a foreign language as a special discipline does not allow the calcification of the translation of certain terms and expressions. It is very important to take into account the peculiarities of synonymization of prefixes in the group of languages of Romance and Germanic origin in order to achieve the most accurate translation. The task is to use the material of several groups of prefixes of Romance origin, which make up one semantic group with native English prefixes, to trace the development of synonymic relations between them, to reveal some trends in the development of meanings, prefixes - synonyms and to determine the reasons for the coexistence of prefixes-synonyms of different origins. Among the questions arising in connection with the study of synonymous groups of prefixes, the following questions are of considerable interest: the meaning of synonymous prefixes, their productivity, the ability to give hybrid formations, as well as the scope of use. Solving these issues is also of practical importance, as it will facilitate the task of teaching English. Trainees should have the necessary language content in the field of word formation, since in this way it is possible to achieve a more accurate level of information transmission and translation. It should be noted that the process of assimilation of borrowed prefixes of Romance origin mainly follows the line of displacement of prefixes-synonyms of Germanic origin or differentiation of shades of meaning with them. Prefixes-synonyms differ in shades of meaning, expressive and stylistic coloring and in varying degrees of intensity in the expression of the same concept. The development of the semantic structure of prefixes shows how the differentiation of individual meanings occurs under the influence of synonymic connections. The results of observations on the peculiarities of the development of meanings in prefixes-synonyms contribute to a more complete understanding of the specifics of the language and can be used in the practice of teaching English.

Англи хэлний цагийн утга бүхий угтвар үгс, тэдгээрийг монгол хэлэнд орчуулах нь /at, in, on жишээн дээр/

Since English and Mongolian are two different languages in their typology, it is important to specify the linguistic structure of the two languages by selecting a few prefixes with high frequency of use and to study the opportunities to translate them into Mongolian for indicating the specific features of use and method to express the meaning of abstractive communication and research materials and conclusions included in English teaching and translation have theoretical and practical importance. Because English is a fusional language, it has a prefix in its vocabulary and it included in auxiliary vocabulary. However, because off Mongolian is an agglutinative language, there is no prefix in its vocabulary. Therefore, English prefixes are often translated into Mongolian language, literally using grammatical tools. In this study, the grammatical meanings and functions of some English prefixes (at, in, on) indicating time compared with the Mongolian language tense and semantic units, and then, based on bilingual documents, it presents an overview of the features in meaning and function, and emphasis of translation opportunities.

Decomposition English And Mandailing Prefixes: A Contrastive Study

This study deals with the decomposition analysis of prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal Language. The purpose is to find out the similarities and differences of prefixes in both languages. The data of this research were obtained by conducting library research and field research. The data were analyzed and compared to find out the similarities and differences. The findings indicated that there are some of them only found in one language. There are types of the prefix in English (e.g., un-, hyper-, under-, in-, mis-, super-, over-, pre-, inter-). In Mandailing Natal Language, there is the prefix (e.g., ma-, pa-, tar-, tarpa-, sa- and sasa-, um-). Both English and Mandailing Natal language can be found prefixes which are used to indicate a positive degree that is not found in English. There are some similarities and differences between prefixes in English and Mandailing Natal language.

L2 knowledge of English prefixes: The effect of vocabulary breadth and exposure

Very few studies have investigated second language (L2) knowledge of word parts. The present study was set to measure L2 recognition of 35 English prefixes and the factors that might predict scores. The form and meaning sections of Sasao and Webb’s Word Part Levels Test were administered to 152 Arabic learners of English as a foreign language (EFL), followed by a test of vocabulary breadth, and a short language background questionnaire. The factors we explored in the mixed-effects model analysis were the following: vocabulary breadth, duration of L2 exposure, and type/amount of contact with English in the four modalities. We additionally, explored whether Sasao and Webb’s difficulty estimates reflect Arabic EFL learners’ knowledge of prefixes. Results showed that vocabulary breadth significantly predicted both form and meaning knowledge of English prefixes. Moreover, weekly hours of reading and communication in English contributed significantly to prefix knowledge. Finally, Webb and Sasao’s difficulty estimates predicted scores on both the form and meaning tests and interacted with vocabulary breadth, showing that the most difficult prefixes were challenging regardless of vocabulary breadth. These results are discussed in light of previous research on L2 morphological awareness, highlighting implications for teaching practices.

HISTORICAL CHANGES OF PREFIXES IN ENGLISH WORD FORMATION


 
 
 
 The vocabulary of literary language of modern English that becomes rich these days we can see from the development process of its word formation. The role of history of prefixes in forming of new words in the word building is extensive. The article was explored the charachteristics of the history of the English language prefixes. During the Ancient and Middle Ages, prefixes were commonly used less in word formation than before. The decrease in prefixes, of course, is due to certain reasons. Some English prefixes, on the other hand, are derived from OE adverbs and prepositions, and ME and NE are more advanced in number in the creation of new words.
 
 
 

MEANS AND METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE SENSES IN ENGLISH PREFIXAL VERBS

The paper dwells upon the systematic description of English verbal prefixes. The verbal prefix is to be treated in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic plane of the language. It is asserted in this article that the meaning of a prefix is identical to that of the preposition – the relationship between two objects in space extrapolating on two consecutive states of the subject/object in time, and when generalized, form the two types of senses. Such prefix features as origin, transporting opportunity, negation and valency are considered, as well as semantic features (such as polysemy and chains of synonyms). In semantic analysis we deal with semes as the meaning constituents defining basic and secondary semes. The process of the formation of different senses has been distinguished by means of semantic opposition and combinations of semes that form the invariant meaning of the verbal prefix.

TEACHING PREFIXES AS PART OF TEACHING VOCABULARY BY USING FLIP-A-CHIP TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL AISYIYAH 1 OF PALEMBANG

Abstract. The main problem of this study was “is it effective to use flip-a-chip in teaching prefixes as part of teaching vocabulary to the eleventh grade students of senior high school Aisyiyah 1 of Palembang ?”. The objective of this study was to find out whether or not flip-a-chip to teach prefixes as part of teaching vocabulary to the eleventh grade students of senior high school Aisyiyah 1 of Palembang. In this study the writer used experimental method. The population was the eleventh grade students of senior high school Aisyiyah 1 of Palembang. The samples were 32 students taken from the population of 202 students. In collecting data, the writer used a written test by using multiple choice test. The data were analyzed based on the result of pretest and posttest by using matched t-test formula. The mean score of the students in pretest was 66.95. The mean score of the students in posttest was 75.87. The effectiveness of this study was proved by the result of the calculation of matched t-test, which showed t-obtained (8.796) was higher than t-table (1.694). the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and consequently the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. In other words, it can be concluded that teaching the eleventh grade students’ English prefixes by using flip-a-chip was effective.Key Words: Teaching, Prefixes, Vocabulary, and Flip-A-Clip

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS OF STUDENT’S TEXTBOOKS

This study is aimed at describing the kinds of the English and Indonesian prefixes and suffixes mostly found in the descriptive text of student’s and finding the similarities and dissimilarities. The writer used descriptive qualitative research method. To collect the data, the writer used documentation technique. In analyzing the data the writer used descriptive analysis. After investigating the data, the writer found out four types of English prefix; quantified, locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. English suffixes have four types; nominal, verbal, adjectival, and adverbial suffixes, and five types of Indonesian prefixes; forming verb, forming adjectival, forming noun, forming numeral, and there forming interrogative. The writer also found out thirty two prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes, and twenty prefixes and suffixes words categorized as English Prefixes and Suffixes. The writer found out the similarities and dissimilarities. The similarities between English Indonesian prefixes and suffixes in the descriptive text were on prefixes in line with quantity, and suffixes in line with nominal, verbal, and adjectival suffixes. While the dissimilarities were on prefixes and suffixes. In English prefixes, there were no types of prefixes that forming verb, adjective, noun, and interrogative. While in Indonesian prefixes, there were no types of prefixes such as locative, temporal, and negation prefixes. In English suffixes there were no forming numeral and interrogative. In Indonesian There was no adverbial suffix.

The English Prefixes Analysis with Reference to Agricultural Development in a Frontier Region of Java: Besuki, 1870 – Early 1990s

Prefix is a bound morpheme which is added to the initial of the base word. This study is concerned with the types, meanings and functions of the English Prefixes found in a scientific book entitled “Agricultural Development in a Frontier Region of Java: Besuki, 1870 – Early 1990s” by Nawiyanto. This study applied two theories in order to analyze the data. The first is the theory of type and meaning of the English prefixes proposed by Quirk (1973). The second is the theory of functions of the English prefixes proposed by Bauer (1983). The data of this study were taken directly from the scientific book itself. The data were collected using the content-analysis method and note-taking technique. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive and qualitative method. Then, all of the analyses were presented using both formal and informal methods. The analyses show that almost all types of the English prefixes found in the book. However, most of them belong to the class-maintaining English prefixes and the attachment of those prefixes give a new meaning to the base words after its attachment.

PREFIKS NEGATIF DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

<p>This research is aimed at describing the form, meaning, and use of negative prefixes in English. The research uses<br />descriptive method. The results show that negative prefixes in English can be attached to adjectives, verbs, adverbs,<br />and nouns. An English base or stem may be attached by one or two negative prefixes with similar or different<br />meaning. The addition of a negative prefixe to its base or stem may change or may not change its word class.<br />Keywords: negative prefix, adjective, verb, adverb, noun.</p>

Units of translation adopted in Persian term-formation

Two trends exist for Persian term-formation. In the first method known as calquing, words are rendered morpheme by morpheme. Thus, the unit of translation (UT) is a morpheme. In the second method known as conceptual equivalent-finding, the definitions of words are considered and the UT is a word. The present study was designed to identify which of the two UTs was more favored in Persian term-formation. To this end, 40 English prefixes were studied in 2354 English words together with their Persian equivalents approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL) as the official term-formation agency in Iran. It was noticed that calquing was more frequent, i.e. morphemes were more frequently considered as UTs. Moreover, strategies of translating prefixes were introduced and examined in both methods. In conceptual method, prefixes were ignored and not translated morpheme by morpheme. However, in calquing, English prefixes were translated into Persian prefixes or lexemes.

Distinguishing underlying and surface variation patterns in speech perception

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between patterns of variation and speech perception using two English prefixes: “in-”/“im-” and “un-”. In natural speech, “in-” varies due to an underlying process of phonological assimilation, while “un-” shows a pattern of surface variation, assimilating before labial stems. In a go/no-go lexical decision experiment, subjects were presented a set of “mispronounced” stimuli in which the prefix nasal was altered (replacing [n] with [m], or vice versa), in addition to real words with unaltered prefixes. No significant differences between prefixes were found in responses to unaltered words. In mispronounced items, responses to “un-” forms were faster and more accurate than to “in-” forms, although a significant interaction mitigated this effect in labial contexts. These results suggest the regularity of variation patterns has consequences for the lexical specification of words, and argues against radical underspecification accounts which argue for a maximally sparse lexicon.

Gemination and degemination in English prefixation: Phonetic evidence for morphological organization

This paper addresses the problem of morpho-phonological variability and the role of phonetic detail in morphologically complex words by investigating the gemination behavior of the English prefixes un- and in-. Traditionally, it is assumed that un- geminates while in- degeminates, but empirical studies are rare and not conclusive. This paper presents the first study that uses data from natural speech (Switchboard Corpus, Godfrey and Holliman 1997). It is shown that both prefixes geminate, contra large parts of the literature. Furthermore, there is a difference in nasal duration between un-, negative in- and locative in-. The more segmentable the prefix the longer the nasal duration. The results challenge widely-shared assumptions in morphological theory, lexical phonology and models of speech production, and support models in which the strength of morphological boundaries may impact on the durational properties of complex words.

Translating Korean Negation: Based on the Lexically Layered Model

This study explores the hierarchy of negative prefixes in English and Korean. English prefixes could be divided into class Ⅰ affixes and class Ⅱ affixes. Korean short-form negation has five limitations of prefixes, and Korean short-form negation has broader productivity, precedes negative prefixes, works in post-lexical boundary, and has word boundary. However, Korean negative prefixes have few applications and cannot transgress short-form negation, work in lexical boundary, and has syllable boundary. We could consider Korean short-form negation as a class Ⅱ affixes and Korean negative prefixes as a class Ⅰ affix. We also could apply this hierarchy to Korean-English translation&interpretation. With regards to long-form negation working in sentence boundary as class Ⅲ negation, the model matches each language’s negation to other language’s negation. If there are no appropriate expressions in one category, we move to a higher boundary. However, in spoken text, we return to class Ⅱ affixes when translating English to Korean because short-form negations are used more commonly in spoken text than long-form negations.

Constructions be + participle II and have + participle II in the process of developmentof category of retrospective coordination in English

The article is devoted to the study of the syntactic constructions be + participle II and have + participle II in the process of the development of the category of retrospective coordination taking into account a state of the language system in Old English, Middle English and Early New English on the basis of the Gospel translations: Anglo-Saxon translation 995; Wycliffe 1389; Tyndale 1526, Authorized Version of 1611. The process of the extension of descriptive forms with a perfect meaningis analyzed. The role of the prefixes a- and ge- in the process of the development of perfect forms is defined, the meanings of the verbs with prefixes are considered in a certain situation of communication. The usage of perfect forms with transitive and intransitive verbs is considered in all the periods of the development of the grammatical system of English. The development of perfect forms is considered from the point of view of functionality of the existing variants, emerging as a result of the influence of internal and extralinguistic factors. The contacts with other languages and dialects and the result of their influence on English in the periods consideredare studied in detail. The conclusionis made that perfect forms are essentially Germanic, developed on the basis of the construction of the verb have with participle II. Celtic languages, Scandinavian dialects and the Norman dialect of French influenced the process of forming the verb have as an auxiliary verb of perfect forms. The reduction of Old English prefixes played a decisive role in the development of the category of retrospective coordination. Prospects for further consideration of the forms of the English verb with the use of a system-functional approach as a base of historical sociolinguistics are outlined.

Knowledge of English Prefixes Among Japanese Adult Learners of English

Knowledge of English Prefixes Among Japanese Adult Learners of English