English-language Sites Research Articles

Kashif: A Chrome Extension for Classifying Arabic Content on Web Pages Using Machine Learning

Search engines are significant tools for finding and retrieving information. Every day, many new web pages in various languages are added. The threats of cyberattacks are expanding rapidly with this massive volume of data. The majority of studies on the detection of malicious websites focus on English-language websites. This necessitates more studies on malicious detection on Arabic-content websites. In this research, we aimed to investigate the security of Arabic-content websites by developing a detection tool that analyzes Arabic content based on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. We contributed to the field of cybersecurity and AI by building a new dataset of 4048 Arabic-content websites. We created and conducted a comparative performance evaluation for four different machine-learning (ML) models using feature extraction and selection techniques: extreme gradient boosting, support vector machines, decision trees, and random forests. The best-performing model was then integrated into a Chrome plugin, created based on a random forest (RF) model, and utilized the features selected via the chi-square technique. This produced plugin tool attained an accuracy of 92.96% for classifying Arabic-content websites as phishing, suspicious, or benign. To our knowledge, this is the first tool designed specifically for Arabic-content websites.

An Audit Of Health And Ageing Online Resources: Evaluating Information On Periodontitis And Cardiovascular Disease Associations

Abstract Background In 2019 the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the World Heart Federation (WHF) organized a review of the literature concerning periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This was to update the existing evidence from a 2012 review. The consensus report established a strong link between severe PD and CVD, however, this vital information may not be reaching the public who stand to benefit from it. Methods A web-based audit to assess the dissemination of information on the PD-CVD association was conducted. Ninety English language websites of foundations, health authorities, and associations focused on aging (54), CVD (21), and general health (15) were included. Dental organisations were excluded. Using Boolean search criteria, websites were examined for webpages informing of the PD-CVD link published in 2019 or later. Pages with the information published before 2019 were also recorded separately. Broken links, paywalled content, and information solely on infective endocarditis were excluded. Pages without metadata on publishing dates were considered older than five years. Results Only 8 (8.8%) sites contained information on the PD-CVD link within the past five years of which 5 (5.5%) gave actionable guidance on how to improve oral health. An additional 9 sites (10%) offering the information were recorded but were older than five years. Conclusion This study reveals a concerning gap in translating research findings from the highest levels of evidence to online resources accessible to the public. This highlights a missed opportunity to empower individuals. The siloed nature of dentistry, with limited collaboration between dental professionals and other health care providers, might be a contributing factor. These findings highlight the need for improved communication strategies and collaborative efforts to bridge this knowledge gap and empower individuals to make informed decisions about their oral and overall health.

Lessons to be learned when designing comprehensible patient-oriented online information about temporomandibular disorders.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a prevalent ailment with a global impact, affecting a substantial number of individuals. While some individuals are receiving treatment from orthodontists for TMD, a significant proportion of individuals obtain knowledge through websites. Our purpose had been to evaluate, from a patient-oriented perspective, the readability of home pages of websites scored in the 10 most prominent devoted to TMD. We also determined what level of education would have been needed to get an overview of the information on the websites under scrutiny. This approach ensures that our findings are centred on the patient experience, providing insights into how accessible and understandable websites about TMD. We determined the top 10 patient-focused English language websites by searching for 'temporomandibular disorders' in the 'no country redirect' plugin of the Google Chrome browser (www.google.com/ncr). The readability of the texts was assessed using the Gunning fog index (GFI), Coleman Liau index (CLI), Automated readability index (ARI) Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Flesch Kincald grade level (FKGL), Flesh reasing ease (FRE) (https://readabilityformulas.com). The mean Flesch reading ease index score was determined to be 48.67, accompanied by a standard deviation of 15.04 and these websites require an average of 13.49 years of formal education (GFI), with a standard deviation of 2.62, for ease of understanding. Our research indicates that a significant proportion of websites related to TMD can be defined as a level of complexity that exceeds the ability to read comprehension of the general population.

Accuracy, readability, and quality of websites about metastatic renal cell carcinoma treatment

ObjectivesPatients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) face complex treatment decisions and frequently turn to the Internet for treatment information. The content of patient educational websites about mRCC treatment has not been evaluated. This study evaluated the accuracy, readability, and quality of websites about the treatment of mRCC. MethodsA total of 2,700 Internet queries were performed. Across 3 Internet search engines, 25 links of 36 permutations of mRCC keywords and their synonyms were screened for eligibility. Eligible websites were English-language websites containing information about mRCC treatments. Sponsored, social media, provider-facing, and news websites were excluded. Accuracy of eligible websites was evaluated in 2 domains: (1) Completeness by calculating the percentage of mRCC facts included in websites using an investigator-created checklist based on the NCI's RCC Treatment (PDQ®)–patient version, and (2) Correctness by identifying incorrect statements that were inconsistent with guidelines. Websites containing ≥60% of checklist items had a “passing” completeness score. Incorrect statements were tallied and qualitatively categorized. Readability was evaluated using the Fry and SMOG formulae, which calculate reading grade levels. Quality was evaluated using validated instruments that appraise health information quality: QUEST (scored 0–28), which focuses on online information, and DISCERN (scored 16–80), which focuses on treatment choices. ResultsThirty-nine websites were analyzed. Mean completeness score was 30% (range 0%–69%); only 2 (5%) websites had a passing score. Twelve (31%) websites had ≥1 incorrect statement, such as listing homeopathy or hormone therapy as mRCC treatment options, or including outdated statements. Mean readability levels were 11th and 12th grades for the Fry and SMOG methods, respectively. No website had a reading level lower than 9th grade. Mean QUEST score was 19 (range 9–28); authorship, complementarity, and currency items had the lowest scores. Mean DISCERN score was 56 (range 42–76), with 7 (18%) websites rated “excellent”, 22 (56%) rated “good”, and 10 (26%) rated fair. ConclusionsMany websites about mRCC treatment have incomplete, inaccurate, and unreadable information. Quality is highly variable. Efforts to improve accuracy, readability, and quality are needed to ensure that patients with mRCC can make well-informed treatment decisions and avoid harm from misinformation.

Quality of patient-oriented online information on treatment of dementia: A comparative assessment of web pages in English and Hindi language.

Management of dementia involves a multidisciplinary approach which also requires active participation from family members and caregivers. Thus, having easy access to information about dementia care is pertinent. Internet-based information is an emerging method for the same. To perform a comparative assessment of patient-oriented online information available on treatment of dementia over web pages in English and Hindi language. Observational study was conducted online through a general internet search engine (www.google.com). Web pages containing patient-oriented online information on treatment of dementia in English and Hindi were reviewed to assess their content and quality, esthetics, and interactivity. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. A total of 70 web pages met the eligibility criteria. Content quality assessed using the DISCERN score was significantly higher for English web pages compared to Hindi web pages (P < 0.01). About 72.4% (21/29) of English and only 9.8% (4/41) of Hindi web pages had a total DISCERN score of 40 or above, indicating good quality. For esthetics, the median score for English pages was significantly higher than for Hindi web pages (P < 0.01). The web pages with Health On Net (HON) certification had significantly better content quality. Our study revealed a scarcity of good quality online information about dementia and its treatment, especially in the Hindi language. English language websites showed better content quality than Hindi websites. HON Code label might be used as an indicator of better content quality for online resources informing on dementia treatment by lay people.

«Coronavirus Pandemic» Conceptual Framework: Analysis of Verbal Representation in the English-Speaking Media

The article is devoted to the study of the "coronavirus pandemic" conceptual framework. The new conditions of existence could not but be reflected in the language — through the appearance of new words and phrases, as well as through the actualization of previously existing lexical units as a result of their transition from special spheres of functioning to general use, which in turn are united by one conceptual framework оf "coronavirus pandemic". The relevance of this work is determined by the constant development of the English language, the emergence of new lexical units that directly affect the expansion of vocabulary. This paper presents a selection of lexical units that verbalize the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" in the English linguistic consciousness. The object of the study is the conceptual framework "coronavirus pandemic". The subject of the study is the lexical means of representing the concepts that make up the "coronavirus pandemic" conceptual framework. The purpose of this work is to study the linguistic ways of representing the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" and to identify its structure. The empiric material is lexical units obtained by continuous sampling from English-language websites and online magazines for 2020-2022. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an attempt to study and model the conceptual framework of the "coronavirus pandemic" and consider the means of its representation. In this study, the following methods were used: continuous sampling method, analysis, synthesis, cognitive modeling method, contextual method, word-formation analysis, as well as quantitative analysis.

Assessment of the readability of online orthodontic educational resources related to ‘orthodontic treatment’: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveIn the digital age, the internet has become a primary source for patient education in orthodontics. However, the effectiveness of these online resources largely depends on their readability and comprehensibility. The main aim of our research was to assess the readability of the ten most popular websites dedicated to orthodontic treatment. Additionally, we aimed to ascertain the educational level required to comprehend the information provided on these websites. Materials and MethodsThe selection of the top 10 patient-centric English language websites was conducted through a search query for "orthodontic treatment" on the Google Chrome browser. The assessment of text readability was conducted by employing six different readability indices, The readability formulas website (https://readabilityformulas.com) was utilized as a resource for this purpose. ResultsThe researchers calculated the average Flesch Reading Ease index score to be 58.60, with a standard deviation of 10.17. According to GFI, these websites necessitate an average of 12.52 years of formal education, with a standard variation of 2.15, in order to aid understanding. The mean grade level was found to be 10.40, with a standard deviation of 1.90. ConclusionOur research indicates that internet resources are crucial in orthodontic education for Generation Z, serving as a platform for efficient learning, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic in creating a general knowledge a level of moderate-complexity. Orthodontic professionals and website developers should be encouraged to consider the readability of their content to ensure it meets the needs of a diverse patient population. However, the utilization of internet information should not be regarded as a comprehensive replacement for a comprehensive treatment process.

Postgraduate training opportunities for chiropractors: A description of United States programs.

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the current postgraduate training opportunities (PTOs) in the United States (US) for which doctors of chiropractic are eligible, namely, residencies, fellowships, and board certifications. An internet search of publicly available English-language websites on Google.com was executed using a cache-cleared private browser and key search phrases. Following webpage data extraction, e-mail and telephone follow-up were completed with officials from institutions offering doctor of chiropractic programs possessing accreditation by the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) in the US. Additional programs identified were annotated and incorporated into the data set if they met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics were generated following data aggregation. Three-hundred internet search results were screened, 70 of which were assessed for eligibility and 47 included for descriptive analysis. Among the 16 CCE-accredited institutions solicited, 13 returned correspondence (81.3% response rate), resulting in the addition of 2 programs to the data set ascertained by the initial web search. There were 49 PTOs for chiropractors. Of programs available, residencies represented 49.0% (24/49) of programs, and fellowships represented 12.2% (6/49) of programs. There were 19 board specialty diplomate programs, constituting 38.8% of PTOs. This work details preliminary descriptive information on the current state of US-based PTOs for chiropractors.

Этнические стереотипы в материалах сайта CNN в 2011-2022 гг.

The paper presents the results of a linguistic study of ethnic stereotypes, which was conducted using the material of CNN publications posted on the English-language website in 2011-2022. The aim of the research is to determine the evaluative orientation of ethnic stereotypes that receive linguistic objectification in CNN articles and videos during the specified period. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that, based on the analysis of linguistic material, the evaluative characteristics of ethnic groups that have become the subject of description in the mass media have been identified and their typical behavior patterns have been verified. Using linguistic research methods, the authors of the paper have obtained scientifically confirmed data suggesting that the repeatability of assessments, including those explicated through keywords, forms a stereotype as a mental image and makes it accessible to the perception of a linguistic personality. The research findings show that the negative characteristics of ethnic groups were more frequently actualized in CNN materials during these years, which corresponds to the generally accepted scientific thesis about the predominance of negative assessments in heterostereotypes. Along with the successful interaction of representatives of different countries in such spheres of life as tourism, fashion, sports, the growth of interethnic tensions in political communication contributed to the formation of a negative image of “strangers” in the worldview of US citizens, as evidenced by value judgments recorded in linguistic form in the media texts.

The role of English at key Chinese universities: English-medium instruction, international cooperation, and English-language websites

The role of English at key Chinese universities: English-medium instruction, international cooperation, and English-language websites

Online bruxism-related information: can people understand what they read? A Cross- Sectional Study.

Bruxism patients often access the web to search for information. Unfortunately, the low text readability of online material and the limited medical literacy in the general population may prevent patients' understanding of health information. We aimed to assess the home page's readability of the top 10 patients-oriented bruxism-related websites and the educational level required to approach them. Using the word bruxism in the "no country redirect" extension of Google Chrome browser (www.google.com/ncr), we identified the first 10 patient-oriented English language websites. The readability of the material was determined using six commonly recommended readability tests (1): Gunning Fog Index (GFI), Coleman Liau Index (CLI), Automated Readability Index (ARI) Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Flesch Kincald Grade Level (FKGL), Flesh Reasing Ease (FRE). The USA National Institutes of Health requirements, which call for websites to be readable at a 6th to 7th-grade level, were not followed by any of the most popular websites. The average consumer frequently finds the health information on the Internet to be too complex to understand, which can lead to misinterpretation, a delay in diagnosis, and poorer health consequences.

Self-Directed Learning and Web-Based English Access to Improve EFL Speaking Skills

For millennial learners, SDL and self-access English study on the web are interesting learning options. Physical space and separation are anticipated since web-based learning may be accessed at any time and from any place. The present study's goal is to find out what kinds of English-language websites students use to improve their speaking skills. Additionally, it is anticipated to look at how learners' perceptions of their speaking skills (cognitive, emotional, and complex) grow as a result of self-directed learning for web-based English access. Due to the improvement in their speaking abilities for SDL and web-based English access, fourth-year undergraduate students in the Indonesian English department were the subjects of the research. The ATLAS.ti application benefits from the thematic analysis of the collected internet data. Three speaking improvement characteristics may be supported by the findings: (1) cognition, fluency, and accuracy outcomes; (2) emotional and motivational outcomes; and (3) learners' problems while using SDL web-based learning. Our study has certain limits, however, and we highly advise participatory action research for future work to assess time management and tailor learning tactics to the level of the learner. The English-language site design will be addressed last.

Burn Prevention in Spanish: Assessment of Content Accuracy, Website Quality, and Readability of Online Sources.

Burn prevention information may be inadequate or inaccessible to communities with non-English language preference. Our objective was to systematically analyze the content accuracy, website quality, and readability of online Spanish information for burn prevention in the home and compare it to English websites. We collected the top ten burn prevention results from a search on Google, Bing, and Yahoo using a list of Spanish key terms. Using recommendations from national organizations and a burn care expert team, content accuracy was evaluated for each website. We assessed website quality following the "Health on the Net" Code of Conduct. Readability was scored by averaging five validated readability tests for the Spanish language. After using the same protocol, a comparison was made with English websites as a control. Once duplicates and non-relevant search results were removed, 23 Spanish websites were assessed. Out of 21 possible points for content accuracy, the top website scored 14 (67%) and the average score was 6.6 (31%). For website quality, the average score was 50%. The average grade level needed to read the websites was 8.6. Compared to English, Spanish websites were less accurate (31% vs 41%), harder to read (9.8 vs 7.8), but were of higher website quality (50% vs 43%). Online burn prevention information in Spanish is often inaccurate, incomplete, and inferior to available English language websites. We propose a call to action to increase the quality of online burn prevention material available in Spanish.

Mapping Real-World Use of the Onion Router

Since its inception, The Onion Router (TOR) has been discussed as an anonymizing tool used for nefarious purposes. Past scholarship has focused on publicly available lists of onion URLs containing illicit or illegal content. The current study is an attempt to move past these surface-level explanations and into a discussion of actual use data; a multi-tiered system to identify real-world TOR traffic was developed for the task. The researcher configured and deployed a fully functioning TOR “exit” node for public use. A Wireshark instance was placed between the node and the “naked” internet to collect usage data (destination URLs, length of visit, etc.), but not to deanonymize or otherwise unmask TOR users. For 6 months, the node ran and collected data 24 hr per day, which produced a data set of over 4.5 terabytes. Using Python, the researcher developed a custom tool to filter the URLs into human-readable form and to produce descriptive data. All URLs were coded and categorized into a variety of classifications, including e-commerce, banking, social networking, pornography, and cryptocurrency. Findings reveal that most TOR usage is rather benign, with users spending much more time on social networking and e-commerce sites than on those with illegal drug or pornographic content. Likewise, visits to legal sites vastly outnumber visits to illegal ones. Although most URLs collected were for English-language websites, there were a sizable amount for Russian and Chinese sites, which may demonstrate the utilization of TOR in countries where internet access is censored or monitored by government actors. Akin to other new technologies which have earned bad reputations, such as file-sharing program BitTorrent and intellectual property theft or cryptocurrency Bitcoin and online drug sales, this study demonstrates that TOR is utilized by offenders and non-offenders alike.

What Is the Quality of Web-Based Advice for the General Public on Benzodiazepine Misuse and Use Disorder? A Systematic Evaluation of Websites

Introduction Benzodiazepines have therapeutic indications, but their overuse may lead to misuse and dependence. Benzodiazepine dependence can be managed by health professionals, but stigma may result in individuals avoiding face-to-face help and turning to online resources. The internet is a popular, but unregulated resource and website quality are variable. Aim(s) (I) To systematically evaluate the quality of websites on benzodiazepine misuse and dependence using selected validated tools/variables. (II) To identify common themes presented on these websites. Methods Six search terms, “benzodiazepine treatment,” “benzo treatment,” “benzodiazepine addiction,” “benzo addiction,” “benzodiazepine help” and “benzo help,” were entered into two search engines. English-language websites were included if they presented information about benzodiazepine misuse and use disorder. Eligible websites were evaluated for quality of written information, readability, website usability, and other areas of interest such as advertising. Content was assessed by comparing themes covered in websites. Results Fifty-six websites were evaluated. Websites were generally good at providing balanced and unbiased information; however, treatment options were covered poorly. Most websites should be understood by individuals aged 15 years and older. Discussion The quality of websites varied, but common areas that require improvement include information on treatment options, effects on quality of life, and sources of information. Conclusion In general, the quality of websites presenting benzodiazepine information was mediocre based on our assessment. Future research could explore benzodiazepine users’ experiences of these websites as such studies may improve website quality.

Readability Analysis of Online Health Information on Gestational Diabetes

This study aimed to determine the level of readability of online information on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Readability of 100 English-language websites was assessed by five readability measures: Flesch-Kincaid Grade level (FKGL), Gunning Fox Index (GFI), Coleman Liau Index (CLI), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE). A majority (90%+) of the sample was determined to have unacceptable readability levels, with averages at least one standard deviation away from recommended levels. Not more than a tenth of the websites measured readability to be acceptable or not equivalent to grade seven and above. Results suggest an urgent need for health professionals who create online information related to GDM to revisit and revise the text to be simplified and more readable.

Comparison of the use of ICT resources of ISO 9001 certified SMEs and non-certified SMEs in Hungary

Digitisation and the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is a must for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to keep up with the global competition. ICT is part of the ten pillars of competitiveness. Quality management systems need information and analysis of data. The adoption ladder approach shows how a company can introduce ICT to its operations. The current research is based on a survey of 1,381 Hungarian SMEs according to their use of ICT and their implementation of ISO 9001 certified quality management systems. The results show a clear advantage of SMEs with ISO 9001 certified quality management systems in the use of ICT. This advantage includes the higher likelihood of using computers in networks, having internet connections, using e-mail, having websites, and using specialised software. The biggest advantage of ISO 9001 certified companies was found in having English language websites and using specialised software.

Coverage of the Black Population Life and the Fight Against Racism in Brazil (Based on the Example of Media Content Analysis)

The paper is focused on the specifics of covering the life of the black population and the topic of racism in Brazil on the example of the activities of local journalists, bloggers and leaders of social movements. Content analysis was chosen as the research methodology. The author studied and analyzed the content of publicly available on Portuguese language and English language websites, online publications, as well as YouTube channels dedicated to the topic of racism, and highlighted the main ideas. Based on the research, the author concludes that, on the one hand, it is possible to talk about an increase in the level of public awareness and the desire to more actively voice the problems of the black population. On the other hand, such phenomena as stigmatization and stereotyping of Brazilians with African roots remains to be present in the society.

TELESCOPY AS A WAY OF CREATING NEOLEXICON OF THE PANDEMIC PERIOD IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

Introduction. The pandemic not only led to changes in the way and living conditions of mankind, but also contributed to replenishing the vocabulary of the English and Ukrainian languages, being a prerequisite for the appearance of new words and phrases covering the coronavirus topic. Methods. To achieve the goal, the method of analysis of linguistic literature and the method of generalization were used. The material of the scientific work was the lexemes of the concept sphere "COVID-19 pandemic", obtained with the help of a random sample from Ukrainian- and English-language sites and web pages of print and online mass media. Research results and their discussion. The article considers the phenomenon of telescoping as a process of creating new lexemes as a result of the fusion of individual elements, the narrowing of the limits of telescoping is traced. It was revealed that the factor for the emergence of neolexems formed with the help of telescoping is considered to be "language economy", or the "law of economy of linguistic efforts", which combines the desire for brevity and the selection of the most informative language means. Linguists note the combined nature of this phenomenon, which is due to the use of methods of contraction of bases (which is characteristic of word formation), reduction and division of words (formation). For the structure of telescoping, it is important to determine its basis, that is, the arrangement of parts in telescoping. Usually, the basis is the last motivating element, if telescoping is similar to a word combination. As the results of the study showed, independent parts of the language are the basis for the creation of neolexems of the pandemic period in the compared languages. Various classifications of telescopisms are known. We structured the analyzed neolexes according to the classification based on the structural principle: full telescopisms, partial telescopisms, haplologs. The most productive type of creation of telescopisms in the English language is partial telescoping. In the Ukrainian language, the telescopic method of word formation developed under the influence of the English language and at the present stage is unproductive in the creation of neolexems during the pandemic period.

Comparative assessment of the information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language.

The study aimed to perform a cross-sectional comparative assessment of the content and quality of information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language. We screened the first 50 links obtained on searching for depression treatment on Google, and selected 72 (44 in English; 28 in Hindi) websites. They were evaluated for coverage of different aspects of depression, quality of treatments mentioned, esthetics, and interactivity. A significantly lesser number of Hindi websites discussed the minimum duration of treatment needed for a depressive episode (36% vs. 79%), possible side effects of treatment (18% vs. 77%), discussed suicidality in depression explicitly (25% vs. 57%), or recommended consultation with a mental health professional (11% vs. 43%). English websites more commonly mentioned psychotherapy (86% vs. 64%), electroconvulsive therapy (64% vs. 21%), and social support measures (59% vs. 32%) for depression treatment. Whereas, Hindi websites more commonly mentioned Ayurvedic/herbal medicines (46% vs. 16%), and yoga (29% vs. 4%) for treatment. Lastly, the esthetics score for English websites was significantly higher than for Hindi websites. A significantly greater number of Hindi websites were owned by commercial entities. This is the first study to systematically compare online information on depression treatment in English and Hindi language websites, and identify areas for further improvement in the overall quality of online information in Hindi. There is a need for the creation of credible and accessible online resources in regional languages like Hindi for the promotion of depression literacy among the general public by government and non-profit professional organizations.