English Interpretation Research Articles

Applicability of the Term ‘As Such’ While Protecting the Computer Programs: An Outlook for European Law

‘The automatic bar on patent protection for computer programs ‘as such’ in section 1(2) of the Patents Act 1977 is unduly restrictive and out of step with modern information technology-based innovation. This exception to patentability should be removed from the Act so that any program meeting the basic requirements of novelty, inventive step, etc. is patentable like any other invention.’ The current paper aims to analyse section 1(2) of the Patents Act 1977 and its relation with article 52(2) EPC. It further tries to establish the differences between the two approaches. The aim remains to analyse why EPO changed its approach for a narrower interpretation of ‘as such’ and why the UK refuses to follow. The essay will show that the English interpretation of ‘as such’ in section 1(2) is not suitable for the computer programming market reality of today concerning the economic and industry changes in size and structure. The attempt has been made to focus on showing that section 1(2) is too restrictive considering the type of businesses and innovations and a broader interpretation of ‘as such’ effects. The UK’s law had expressed intentions to remain in harmony with the EPO, ‘collocation’ as an alternative solution to following the ‘any hardware approach’ and the lack of benefit the total removal of section 1 (2) would bring.

An Experimental Comparison of the Availability of Inverse Scope in English and German

We present two offline experiments on the interpretation in German and English of doubly quantified sentences with an existential subject and a universal object, which have been reported to allow for inverse readings only in English. We show for this specific syntactic configuration that there is no categorical crosslinguistic difference, but only a gradual one, with English more readily allowing for inverse scope than German. These results support a crosslinguistically unified analysis of inverse scope on which gradual differences between languages follow from language-specific properties and exposure effects. Moreover, they suggest that relative clauses with indefinite head NPs allow for inverse readings, thereby challenging the status of these clauses as scope islands (May 1977, Huang 1995), while according with introspective claims in semantic accounts (Barker 2012, 2019). Finally, our results suggest a high between-speaker variability and a strong impact of pragmatics.

Long-term outcomes after paediatric sepsis (LOTUS)-A protocol for an Australian cohort study.

Globally, sepsis has been identified as one of the leading causes of preventable childhood mortality and morbidity. Previous studies on intensive care patients estimated that approximately 30% of children with sepsis experience some form of disability at discharge. Development of care has seen growing numbers of children treated for sepsis not requiring a PICU admission; however, outcomes in this population are yet to be understood. Further focus is required to understand sepsis survivorship across the wider population to address knowledge gaps and morbidity burden in the broader surviving population. To assess the cognitive, physical, emotional and social health of children surviving sepsis 2 years after hospital discharge. A prospective, observational cohort study. Two hundred and thirty-two children will be screened, 2 years after their hospital admission, and approached for participation in this study. Children who are <18 years of age at follow-up, treated for sepsis-related organ dysfunction or septic shock in Queensland between October 2018 and December 2019, will be included. Children who are deceased at follow-up, under care of the state, or require English interpreters will be excluded from participation. Data will be collected through an online follow-up survey comprising validated caregiver-reported questionnaires covering the four Post Intensive Care Syndrome-paediatrics (PICS-p) domains (cognitive, physical, emotional and social health; Manning et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2018, 19, 298-300). The primary outcome is an adaptive behaviour of the participants assessed using the Vinelands-3 tool. Secondary outcomes will include neurodevelopment, quality of life, child distress, overall function, executive function, caregiver's distress and caregiver's stress. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact test/chi-squared tests will be used for statistical analyses. No adjustments will be made for multiple comparisons but it is acknowledged that comparisons made in this study are exploratory. With more children surviving sepsis, there is a need for a more comprehensive assessment of patient and family outcomes to allow support structures for families leaving the hospital after sepsis. This study is expected to inform clinicians and stakeholders of patient and family well-being after sepsis survivorship.

Research on innovative cultivation mode of English and American literature translation talents based on internet environment

Abstract English and American literature translation can help readers appreciate foreign cultures and deepen their interpretation and knowledge of English and American literature. There are more relevant contents involved in the teaching of English and American literature translation. Translation is a very important task for different countries to communicate and must be given enough attention, and the translation of English and American literature is very important for readers to deeply appreciate the cultural style of foreign countries. In order to solve these problems and find the appropriate strategies for translating talents from English and American literature. In this paper, we will analyze this specifically, meet the requirements of training translation talents, combine the development of our country and our own background, and create a new training mode according to the Internet environment, so as to strengthen the training of talents. At the same time, the idea of constructing the teaching and composite innovative talents cultivation model of environmental ecology courses under the background of Internet big data is proposed, and the characteristics and functions of the innovative teaching and talents cultivation model are analyzed. The ultimate goal is to cultivate outstanding talents with a sense of family, global vision, innovation and practical ability, and to promote their application through teaching salons and symposiums. With the use of this model, the current environment of the Internet has been innovated in the innovative mode of talent training, and the corresponding training methods have created the best learning space for students and improved their ability to read original English and American texts and translate their works.

Exploration of Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failures in English Interpretation and Their Solutions

Exploration of Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failures in English Interpretation and Their Solutions

Perceptual effects on the interpretation of English stops by Taiwan Mandarin speakers

AbstractGiven relevant experimental evidence and language universals, this paper investigates the adaptation patterns of English stops in Taiwan Mandarin and argues in favor of the substantial existence of the perceptual phase in loanword adaptation, counter toParadis &amp; Tremblay’s (2009)phonological view on a similar issue. The statistically based results from a corpus of established loanwords support the view that interpretation of foreign stops is largely conditioned by a handful of perceptual factors, i.e., syllable position, aspiration and voicing, sonority, and the masking effect of [s]. These effects serve as part of the perceptual cues and function with the structural constraints at the level of perception, which generates an underlying representation that awaits evaluation at the level of production.

Chinese Passive Sentences Interpretation Strategies in the Perspective of Skopos Theory

Due to different language families and cultural backgrounds, Chinese and English have much disparity, among which the passive voice is one of the most significant differences. Therefore, developing appropriate strategies for passive voice interpretation is essential. However, current translation community has relatively little research on the Chinese - English translation of passive sentences, and even the existent research on this field is not systematic. This study aims to find out common strategies for English interpretation of Chinese passive sentences (abbreviated as CPS) on the basis of Skopos Theory. The present study conducts Corpus Linguistics as the research method, and focuses on the structures, components, and semantic meanings of both source and target sentences to discuss whether the interpretation strategy employed achieved its purpose. By collecting and analyzing CPS in political speeches between 1997 and 2017 and their English interpretations from CEPIC corpus, three strategies are proposed in this study: 1) Interpreting CPS into English passive sentences; 2) Interpreting CPS into English active sentences; 3) Interpreting CPS into English structures without active or passive voice. The choice of strategy is contingent but must conforms with the translation purpose and take into consideration the target audience and target setting, so to improve the quality of interpretation activity as an efficacious trans-national communication.

A Grey Correlation Assessment Method for English Interpretation Teaching Incorporating Multivariate Analysis Ideas

A Grey Correlation Assessment Method for English Interpretation Teaching Incorporating Multivariate Analysis Ideas

LANGUAGE LOCALIZATION OF UKRAINIAN OUTDATED VOCABULARY VIA AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH

The article explores the features of language localization of Ukrainian archaic, dialectal, or rarely used lexical units in English interpretation of a series “There Will Be People” (in Ukrainian, “І будуть люди”). The study examines the implementation of outdated vocabulary in the series, its translation, usage in the past and modern-day functioning. The analysed units are divided into 5 groups representing the Ukrainian archaic vocabulary, historicisms, vernacularisms, colloquial expressions, and curse words. Apart from this, the article highlights the peculiarities concerning the Ukrainian phonetic system and cases of inaccurate translation of some semantic units. The study suggests more suitable translation variations for particular terms. It discusses the importance of language localization of obsolete and dialectal vocabulary. The results can be used for the study of Ukrainian history &amp; language, linguacultural research, and further analysis of the Ukrainian outdated vocabulary.

A Probe into the English Interpretation and Education of Science Museum-Take Shanghai Astronomy Museum as an Example

In this globalized era, the phenomenon of "cultural multi-element co-generation" and "cultural flow" has become increasingly prominent, and the country needs to improve its cultural soft power in an all-round way. The function of the museum is not only to display, education and collection, but also has the responsibility for the communication of foreign language. Therefore, English interpretation is an important force to help the museum develop this function. Taking the Shanghai Planetarium as an example, this paper discusses the problems in the English interpretation of science Museum, and mainly puts forward the following three suggestions: first, to attract more talents with astronomical knowledge background; second, to strengthen the astronomical knowledge training for non-astronomical professional interpreters; third, to comprehensively improve the English interpretation level of interpreters and educators by means of cooperation between museums and schools, and to build a sustainable platform for English interpretation and communication.

Automatic Scoring Model of English Interpretation Based on Semantic Scoring

In order to explore how English interpreting can achieve automatic scoring, the author proposes an automatic scoring model for English interpreting based on semantic scoring. This method recommends key technical problems and solutions based on information represented by semantic scoring, and explores the research on how interpreting can achieve automatic scoring of oral examinations. Research has shown that, the automatic scoring of English interpretation based on semantic scoring is faster than traditional methods, and the efficiency is improved by about 75%. However, the current automatic scoring of interpreters faces huge challenges. It needs to be tested and improved in more teaching, learning, and testing practice. The automatic scoring of interpretation should consider multiple dimensions such as semantic accuracy, content integrity, expressive fluency, and language authenticity.

Students’ perceptions of using note-taking in consecutive interpreting assignments

Note-taking is critical in helping interpreters memorize detailed information both quickly and accurately. Therefore, the present study was conducted as a questionnaire survey at a university in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam to investigate how students, specifically student interpreters, perceive note-taking in consecutive interpreting assignments. In detail, this study explores the students’ perceptions of the benefits and the challenges of using note-taking in consecutive interpreting assignments. The participants in this study comprised 160 students majoring in English Interpretation and Translation. Furthermore, they have taken consecutive interpreting courses and experienced taking notes in consecutive interpreting tasks. The findings of this study indicated that most students had good perceptions about note-taking used in consecutive interpretation and perceived its benefits and challenges. Moreover, some pedagogical implications for both students and teachers are made. Specifically, the study suggests that students should frequently practice it to acquire good note-taking skills. Teachers should make effective lecture designs to help students improve their note-taking skills and consecutive interpreting performance.

Assessment of the Factors Influencing the Patient's Comprehension of the Informed Consent to Interventional Pain Procedures.

Informed consent is the first step of every medical procedure and is considered a standard of care for patients undergoing medical interventions. Our study seeks to evaluate patients' understanding of the procedure they consented to and the factors affecting the degree of understanding. In this cross-sectional study, we used an anonymous postprocedural questionnaire to assess our patients' understanding of the procedure being performed and their level of satisfaction. It was conducted between June 2021 and January 2022 on every consenting patient who declined English interpreter services and was undergoing a first elective lumbar epidural steroid injection. The mean age of 201 subjects was 57.3 (23-90) years, with a race distribution of Black (44.3%), White (31.8%), and other races (23.9%). 15.9% of our subjects worked in the medical field. Older age and patients identified as Black and other races had a positive correlation with the propensity to predict a poor understanding of consent. This study failed to demonstrate any difference in understanding of informed consent content between the different subgroups when stratified by assigned sex at birth, level of education, and profession. Patients' expectation from the treatment was classified as desperate (will take any help they can) in 78 patients (38.8%), feeling hopeful (expecting partial improvement in their symptoms) in 52 patients (25.9%), and being optimistic (will obtain full recovery from this injection) in 71 patients (35.3%). 192 patients (95.5%) were very satisfied with the consent process. Seven patients (3.5%) stated that they wanted more information, and 2 patients (1.0%) did not understand the explanation. 180 patients (89.6%) were satisfied with the overall experience, while 21 patients (10.4%) were not. The Wilks test (likelihood-ratio test) resulted in a p value of 0.023 and was deemed statistically significant for a relationship between understanding of consent and the satisfaction of the patient from the procedure. Although patients carry a variable expectation of procedures, most patients in our pain clinic have a high level of satisfaction despite having a poor understanding of the procedure provided via informed consent. Although our patients' level of objective comprehension is low, those with a better understanding of the procedure tend to have a more satisfactory experience.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВА В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The present paper deals with the issues pertaining to the role of language in the quantity interpretation process in modern English. The authors attempt to describe the language means of quantity interpretation at different linguistic levels to show the level peculiarities of quantity interpretation in each case. To prove that the process of linguistic quantity interpretation is integrative and multiple-factor at different language levels, the authors execute the analysis of the quantitative meanings and senses formed by the lexical and grammatical (morphological) linguistic units of quantitative semantics. Cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of quantity interpretation as well as additional linguistic factors of quantitative sense formation receive consideration. Thus, the paper presents the findings concerning the specificity of each level in the process of quantity interpretation. Studying the processes of linguistic quantity interpretation in modern English, we employ the cognitive approach that allows assessing the role of a person in both, comprehension of the quantitative characteristics of the world and formation of the quantitative meanings and senses in the language system. To provide an account of the issues under study we address the theories worked out within the framework of cognitive linguistics by Russian and foreign scholars: cognitive semantics, conceptualization, representation and linguistic interpretation.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on English Interpretation Teaching in Mainland China Based on CiteSpace (2001-2021)

A Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on English Interpretation Teaching in Mainland China Based on CiteSpace (2001-2021)

METHODS TO TRANSLATE REALIA IN CHINESE-LANGUAGE NOVELS INTO ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN

Background. The cultural reforms at the end of the 20th century in China opened to the world a whole variety of genres of Chinese short stories, as well as science fiction and historical fiction. Thanks to the Internet, they are gaining popularity at the present stage of literature formation, expanding the range of genres of online works with new types such as xianxia, xuanhuan, wuxia, which are rich in lexemes that denote the realia of Chinese culture and are of interest to translators.&#x0D; Purpose. The article considers the stratum of equivalent-free vocabulary and reveals a variety of ways to translate realia from Chinese into English and Russian&#x0D; Materials and methods. The research material comprises the popular Chinese short stories of the xianxia genre by the writers Mo Xiang Tong Xiu “Mo Dao Zu Shi” (also known as “The Untamed”), published by Jinjiang Literature City online publishing house (晋江文学城), 2015-2016, and the short story “Divine Doctor: Daughter of the First Wife” by Mo Shu Liu, published by Motie (磨铁图书), 2015. The material was analyzed using the continuous sampling and content analysis method, as well as the lexical-semantic and translation analysis.&#x0D; Results. In this article the authors reviewed the scientific definition of the term “realia”. They also analyzed a new genre of Chinese online literature (xianxia) as one of the rapidly gaining popularity. Examples of realia from two online novels were classified according to the typology by four principles of division (subject, local, temporal, translational). It is defined that the indicated division of analyzed realia while translating them from Chinese into Russian and English manifested itself in creating a neologism, which results in preservation of content and flavor of the translated realia, as well as the descriptive, approximate and contextual types of translation.&#x0D; Practical implications. The practical usefulness of the results of the study consists in the possibility of replenishing the cross-cultural dictionary of Chinese realia with new lexemes and their interpretation in Russian and English, in the use of the analyzed lexemes when compiling the trilingual corpus for linguists, philologists, literary scholars to work with.

Low back pain does not predict unemployment in a U.S. refugee population: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundUnemployment can limit host-community integration for refugees. Poor health is a leading cause of unemployment among refugees in the U.S. This study assesses whether low back pain (LBP) is predictive of unemployment among a group of refugees in the U.S. MethodsElectronic medical record data were collected for a total of 3,183 refugee patients. General patient characteristics (sex, age, home country, need for English interpretation, tobacco use, and illicit drug use), employment status, and mental illness and LBP diagnoses were studied. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to explore relationships between LBP and unemployment. ResultsOf the 12 home countries considered, seven were represented by >40 patients: Somalia (n=1696), Sudan/South Sudan (n=460), Bosnia and Herzegovina (n=280), Iraq (n=266), Ethiopia (n=261), Ukraine (n=72), and Syria (n=60). Nearly a quarter of Iraqi patients suffered from LBP as did approximately 15% of Somali, Syrian, Ethiopian, and Sudanese patients. Nearly half of Iraqi patients were unemployed, as were greater than 30% of Somali, Sudanese, Ukrainian, and Ethiopian patients. A statistically significantly higher percentage of unemployed patients suffered from LBP (17.9%) than employed patients (13.6%) (p=0.003). However, on regression analysis, LBP was not predictive of unemployment (OR: 1.12, p=0.336). Instead, predictive variables included: a patient-reported need for an English interpreter (OR: 3.35, p<.001), female sex (OR: 1.49, p<.001), mental illness (OR: 1.82, p<.001), and illicit drug use (OR: 1.92, p=0.032). ConclusionsContrary to findings from multiple studies implicating LBP as a leading cause of unemployment in high-income countries, a diagnosis of LBP does not predict unemployment for this group of refugees in the U.S. This finding illuminates a novel dimension of the healthy immigrant effect and indicates a divergent perception of the relationship between LBP and work in the refugee population as compared to non-refugee populations studied in North America and Europe. Further investigation of refugees’ perceptions of LBP in relation to work is indicated.

Problems in Cross-Cultural Legal Discourse: U.S. Federal and Native American Tribal Criminal Law

Abstract Through examination of conflict of laws as to U.S. federal courts and tribal law, this study highlights the impact of culture upon legal meaning. Disparities stem from long-standing norms which underpin legal concepts. These terms which give rise to legal philosophy and the judicial process defy clear English interpretation. Examples include the Latin term mens rea which serves as the foundation for Anglo-American punishment theory, and the Navajo term hózhó from which all conceptualizations of social order emanate. An exploration of these examples in the context of a recent case underscores the close link between law and culture.

Validation of Male Talker Recordings of the Spanish Pediatric Speech Recognition Threshold Test and the Spanish Pediatric Picture Identification Test.

The purpose of this study was to validate recordings of the Spanish Pediatric Speech Recognition Threshold (SPSRT) test and Spanish Pediatric Picture Identification Test (SPPIT) for Spanish-speaking children using a native, bilingual Spanish-English male talker of Castilian peninsular dialect from Spain. Seventy native Spanish-speaking children from a variety of countries participated. Fifty-eight participants had normal hearing, and the remaining 12 had mild hearing loss in at least one ear. Male talker recordings of the SPSRT and SPPIT were administered to obtain baseline validation data. Participants listened to the stimuli and pointed to the appropriate item on the picture boards that represented the word they heard. Mean SRTs were within 5 dB of mean pure-tone averages resulting in a positive correlation. Performance-intensity functions for the SPPIT showed minimal significant differences across the three test lists, and performance increased as the sensation level increased. The male talker recordings of the SPSRT and SPPIT are valid speech perception picture-pointing assessments that can be used with Spanish-speaking children. The recordings present the Spanish target word while simultaneously presenting the English interpretation for ease of scoring.

A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS SKILL IN INTERPRETING ENGLISH SENTENCES INTO INDONESIAN IN ENGLISH INTERPRETATION CLASS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMICS

The purpose of this research was to know about the students’ difficulties in interpreting English sentences into Indonesia in English Interpretation Class. The type of this research was qualitative research which was the case study to 8 students as the informants. They had been chosen by using purposive sampling. The data were collected by seeing the interview guided. After collecting the data, the validity of the data was tested by using prolonged engagement. Then, it was analyzed by reducing, displaying, verifying, and drawing the conclusion. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that there some difficulties found by the students in interpreting English sentences into Indonesian. They are: 1) Being difficult to adjust the meaning of a word with the sentence, 2) Being difficult to find a word in the dictionary, 3) Having lack of vocabulary, 4) Having lack of practice, 5) Time Pressure that contributes to nervousness, 6) Being difficult to read faster the slide show, 7) Having lack of signal, 8) Tending to translate word by word.