English Edition Research Articles

British Edition of the Monroe Doctrine versus ‘Com- munist Militarism’: Collisions between the USSR and the UK in Eastern Countries in the mid-1920s

The new US foreign policy concept in the Western hemisphere introduced by the American President J. Monroe in December 1823 has become a milestone both in the country’s history and in the theory and practice of international relations in general. For Great Britain, the principles of the Monroe Doctrine acquired new relevance after the end of the First World War. The prospect of unfettered Bolshevik expansion into British colonies and dependent territories in Asia and Africa became a matter of particular concern for the UK ruling circles. It was this threat that forced the military and political elites of Great Britain to turn to the experience of their overseas counterparts and develop a set of measures that can be described as the British edition of the Monroe Doctrine. These measures were directed right against the Bolsheviks’ attempts to revolutionize the national liberation movement and to use it to undermine the ‘colonial rear’ of the imperialist powers. British decision-makers interpreted these attempts as a Bolsheviks’ endeavor to revive the foreign policy practices of the Russian Empire and denoted them as ‘communist militarism’. It is through the lens of the collision of the British edition of the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of ‘communist militarism’ that this study examines the dynamics of the Soviet-British confrontation in Central Asia in the mid-1920s. Special attention is paid to the struggle that took place between the two countries in Iran (Persia), Afghanistan, northwest India, Xinjiang and Tibet. This competition for influence over local rulers took a variety of forms: from information and propaganda campaigns to rivalry in the field of infrastructure and logistics projects. At the same time, it was accompanied by a constant clash of interests of various factions within the USSR and Great Britain, which prevented them from pursuing a coherent policy in the region. Together, these circumstances endowed the Soviet-British rivalry in Central Asia in the 1920s with a number of unique features that does not allow it to be interpreted as just yet another round of the ‘Great Game’.

THE İMAGE SYSTEM OF THE ENGLİSH AND KAZAKH VERSİONS OF THE EPIC “KORUGLY”

The epic “Korugly” is one of the most popular folklore works in the world. Poems about Korugly, descended from the Turkmen Teke tribe, are ethnically, linguistically and religiously diverse in Kazakh, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Kurdish, Tatar, Abkhaz, Kumuk, Karakalpak and other languages. It has been sung in the folklore of nations for centuries and has become a favorite work of the people. In addition, it is known that the epic “Korugly” has been studied by many scholars in accordance with the motivational and plot features. This article describes the peculiarities of the image systems of the English edition of the epic “Korugly” and the Kazakh version. In the study of the image systems of the English and Kazakh versions, such research methods were used as observation, comparison, analogy. With the help of these methods, the similarities and differences in the actions of the same characters in both versions of the epic “Korugly” were identified at the plot and motivational levels. As a result of a comparative study, the features of the image system of the English edition of the epic “Korugly” and the Kazakh version were revealed. The English version of the epic and the images of the Kazakh version were discussed separately, and the differences in the characters in each version were revealed. An analysis of positive and negative characters of the epic “Korugly” in two versions was conducted. The results of the research can be used by readers interested in the literature of the Turkic world, as well as in universities and secondary schools as a scientifically researched work based on the poem “Korugly”.

Between Hegemonic Masculinity and New Man-ism: The Shift from ‘Owning’ the Gaze to Being the ‘Object’ of the Gaze in the Representation of the Western Male in Men’s Health Magazine

This essay discusses how the representation of the Western male has shifted from one of hegemonic masculinity to one of new man-ism by exploring the British edition of Men’s Health magazine (henceforth MH). Beginning with a brief definition of the key terms, the essay explores how such a change has occurred via cultural construction by borrowing a theoretical perspective from Judith Butler, of how all forms of identity are not ‘fixed’, but are rather discursively ‘produced’ by popular culture media: ‘There is no gender identity behind the expression of gender; that identity is performatively constituted by the very ‘‘expressions’’ that are said to be its results’ Butler (1988). After highlighting the relevant history of men’s liberation, the essay then discusses the conditions in which the representation of men has become fetishised in modern Britain by adopting MH as a case study. Such exploitative use of idealised depictions of men’s bodies in MH has resulted in men becoming the ‘object’ of the gaze rather than ‘owning’ the gaze. To clarify this sociologically, the essay begins by discussing the feminist movement’s rejection of the men’s patriarchal image and how men thereby began to embrace new man-ism. Next, it discusses two other causes of this shift to new man-ism: (i) economic changes, and (ii) the crisis of masculinity. My concern here is not to unquestioningly accept the concepts associated with these factors or their implications; rather, I discuss them as dynamic elements within the above-mentioned change in how men are represented by MH, which has led men to become the objects rather than the subjects of the gaze. However, despite the historical performativity-related changes to men and masculinity, no real changes to masculinity’s hegemonic and dominant characteristics appear to have occurred. No further detail is given on the content of MH (as this can be studied easily enough), nor will I defend the ‘dumb’ excesses of some men’s titles to avoid a burlesque analysis. Instead, I discuss the most prominent themes in relation to men’s appearances and bodies to provide a better understanding of the shift from hegemonic masculinity to the New Man depicted in MH.

The role of scientific journals in times of war

In times of war raging on European soil, the academic community can help by doing what it knows best – documenting important evidence and publishing research. The experience of the Croatian Medical Journal (CMJ) editors during the Homeland War shows how a scientific journal can help during wartime (Marušić & Marušić, 2002). The CMJ published numerous scientific articles on various aspects of war (Marušić & Marušić, 2012; Marusic, Markulin, Lukic, & Marusic, 2006). To attract more authors to write about war and to improve the quality of the submissions CMJ editors introduced an authorhelpful prereview (Marusic & Marusic, 2001). CMJ editors worked with the authors to help them prepare their manuscripts until they were ready for an external peer review. Editorial staff working closely with authors formed the cornerstone of CMJ editors' work and became a unique approach in the world of medical journals (Marušić & Marušić, 2002, 2022).In October 2022, the directors of the postgraduate doctoral program Translational Research in Biomedicine (TRIBE), decided to use that experience and together with the editorial board of the ST-OPEN journal, which is now led by the former editors of CMJ, launch the Giving Voice project to help Ukrainian authors write reports about the war in Ukraine. We named the project Giving Voice because we wanted to give a platform to voices that often are not heard loud enough, particularly those that do not belong to academic elites: students, refugees, vulnerable and marginalized groups, and others whose lives have been disrupted by war.In collaboration with the ST-OPEN editorial staff, we are inviting interested authors from Ukraine to send us their manuscripts. ST-OPEN is an interdisciplinary journal so we welcome contributions from all scientific fields. We will re-employ the author-helpful prereview. Our help will include assistance with study planning, statistics, writing, and English language editing to make the obtained data publishable. Other experts who would like to become a part of our network of mentors are more than welcome. All articles will go through a formal external review process, so we cannot guarantee that all will be accepted for publication, but we will do our best to make them publicationready.Although many projects are aimed at helping the academic community in Ukraine, to our knowledge, our approach is unique. Additional details about the Giving Voice project, already published articles, and similar projects are listed on the project website (Sapunar, 2022). As members of the academic community, we can make a difference within our professional realm. We should not only be a simple service for publishing articles but also, perhaps more importantly, agents of change for the scientific community. As directors of the TRIBE doctoral program, we aim to educate scientists to solve research problems and write reports about them. We should not only try to provide future scientists with knowledge and skills or gather them around the key values – we should also help create enlightened agents of change and equip them with leadership qualities accompanied by social and moral accountability (Frenk et al., 2010). We will extend the same efforts to the authors and mentors who decide to take part in the Giving Voice project.

Understanding Russia’s Actions in Ukraine as the Crime of Genocide (Translation into Ukrainian by Denys Azarov)

This is the Ukrainian-language version of the article previously published in the Journal of International Criminal Justice (Denys Azarov, Dmytro Koval, Gaiane Nuridzhanian, Volodymyr Venher, Understanding Russia’s Actions in Ukraine as the Crime of Genocide, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2023, Pages 233–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqad018) by Oxford University Press. The translation is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0. Abstract from an English edition. The new wave of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022, and the intensification of the armed conflict accompanied by grave breaches of international humanitarian law, has received significant scholarly attention. Many academic interventions have examined the developments in Ukraine through the frameworks of jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Some, however, have applied a genocide lens to make sense of reported numerous and widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. This article contributes to the latter stream of scholarship by contextualizing the arguments for the existence of genocidal intent behind the seemingly unrelated crimes committed by the armed forces of the Russian Federation all over Ukraine. The authors pay particular attention to the language and pseudo-historical references used by Russia’s leaders as a justification for the invasion of Ukraine and argue that these statements and expressions indicate the existence of genocidal intent. This article also reflects on the issue of the systematic destruction of cultural heritage of Ukraine as further evidence of the intent to destroy the Ukrainian nation understood as a protected national group under the Genocide Convention, at least in part. Finally, the authors analyse the genocidal acts that have apparently been committed, including killings; the causing of serious bodily or mental harm; the forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, and the deliberate infliction of conditions of life aimed at the physical destruction of the Ukrainian nation. It is stressed that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the destruction of the Ukrainian nation by Russia has been pursued through commission of these prohibited acts. Their nature and large-scale character serve as further evidence of genocidal intent to destroy the Ukrainian nation.

Editorial of the special edition in English

In this special issue we would like this story to be told more explicitly. Of course, it would not be possible to make an issue with all the authors who have already published in the magazine telling their stories with GeoGebra. Thus, we invite authors who, in some way, have representation and recognition within the GeoGebra community in Brazil for the work they have been developing with the software.

EFL Students' Entrepreneurial Tendencies: Is It a Misdirected Issue?

This paper examines the EFL students' tendencies toward entrepreneurship and whether this phenomenon is misdirected or not. It was investigated by using descriptive qualitative through thematic analysis. The findings showed that the EFL students had run some businesses and planned to run self-employed businesses shortly. This resulted in most students having run businesses that support their field of knowledge. These businesses are English language courses, translation or editing services, and private classes. This tendency made them have challenges in business competitiveness. Whether it was misdirected or not, that depended on the EFL students’ career opportunities. Thus, some of them tended to choose to open culinary businesses, online shops, and clothing stores that are more likely.

Preface

The current volume is a part of the annual series of conference on Viet Nam’s Seas and Islands organized by the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City. This is the second year the conference is being held, in collaboration with the Faculty of Geography, Faculty of History, Center for Ocean, Island and Climate Change Studies, and Center for Strategic Research.The conference “Potential for Exploitation and Development of Coastal Zone in Vietnam”, which was held on April 26th 2023, focuses on the history of maritime exploitation, assessing the potential for economic development, and environmental protection towards sustainable development. Total of 61 papers were received from various research institutions across the country. Among those papers, 24 papers were selected and transferred to the publication process and 16 papers are published.The content of the articles is diverse, and they contribute significantly from five different research perspectives:1. Environmental scientific approaches provide insights into natural resources, sedimentation, erosion assessment, GIS applications for groundwater evaluation, solid waste management, and various aspects of coastal ecosystem management.2. Anthropological approaches delved into the challenges of development choices: whether to prioritize family livelihoods or safeguard maritime security and the marine environment. This presents a significant issue in Viet Nam’s sustainable development.3. Historical approaches were employed to study the evolution of exploitation and clarify policy changes across dynasties and issues related to Viet Nam’s maritime sovereignty throughout different historical periods.4. Economic approaches highlighted directions to natural resources for maritime economic development, coastal tourism, eco-tourism, and fishing along the country’s coastline.5. Lastly, cultural approaches painted a vivid picture of the coastal fishermen, folk songs, indigenous knowledge, and the role of women in preserving and developing coastal areas.The organizers would like to express the appreciation to all of the authors who contributed to the success of the volume, as well as the committee members and reviewers who gave their time and expertise to ensure the scientific quality of the papers. Following that, we would like to thank our colleagues, particularly those on the Advisory Center for Publication and Project Development (CAP) team, who assisted us throughout the editorial process and who were always willing to offer helpful advice based on their extensive experience. Lastly, we wish to convey our appreciation for Prof. Joanna Zawiejska, Ms. Nguyen Ngoc Phuong Giang, and Ms. Natalia Popielska for English editing and comments on our papers.We trust that the published research provides both educational and informative value. Our aim is for the selected papers to serve as inspiration, motivating readers to advance their own research career, as well as contribute to the sustainable development of Viet Nam’s marine environments and coastal zones. Editorial board Prof. Dr. Vo Van Sen; Dr. Le Thanh Hoa, and Dr. Pham Thi Bich Ngoc Organizer: University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City 10-12 Dinh Tien Hoang St., Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam Sponsors:1. University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City2. Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City under the grant number ÐA2019-18b-01 Technical supports: Advisory Center for Publication and Project Development, USSH, VNUHCMList of Steering Committee, Organizing Conference Committee, Scientific Conference Committee and Conference Secretariat are available in this pdf.

Early English Translations of Grimm's "Children and Household Tales" as Children's Literature

The Children and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen, KHM) by the Brothers Grimm are not only an integral part of German culture but have also become a global success over the last two centuries. Currently, the collections of the Grimm brothers include translations into over 100 languages, some of which were written during the lifetime of the Brothers Grimm. English editions in particular carry a considerable influence on the global reception of the tales, since most of the tales are received in a translation instead of the original language. However, many readers of the Grimms’ tales are not aware of this. It is often disregarded that a translation can rarely be described as identical to the original and is subject to different factors such as the translation tradition, the target culture, or the translator’s own ideas. The following essay investigates how and why the tales were edited in English translation to be modified as children’s literature.

George Howard Darwin and the "public" interpretation of The Tides.

Processes of adapting complex information for broad audiences became a pressing concern by the turn of the twentieth century. Channels of communication ranged from public lectures to printed books designed to serve a social class eager for self-improvement. Through analyzing a course of public lectures given by George Howard Darwin (1845-1912) for the Lowell Institute in Boston and the monograph he based on these, The Tides and Kindred Phenomena of the Solar System (1898), this article connects the important practices of public lecturing and book production-two aspects of knowledge dissemination that tend to be studied as separate entities. Darwin, Plumian Professor of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge and son of the famous naturalist, relied on a diverse material culture when lecturing and producing a book. Giving a new account of Darwin's scientific work through exploring his adaption of it for broader audiences, this article connects the diverse material culture Darwin employed in talks to the practice of producing a published book. The content of objects demonstrated and the lantern slides projected during Darwin's lectures evolved to form a book designed to engage broad sectors of society in Europe and the United States. Darwin's lectures were attended at full capacity, while The Tides was soon printed in numerous English editions and translated into German, Italian, Hungarian, and Spanish.

Pomiędzy bestsellerem a poetologią. O aurze dzieła, dyskrecji wobec czytelnika i tajemnicy formy na przykładzie noweli Siegfrieda Lenza Minuta ciszy (2008)

Siegfried Lenz’s novella (2008, English edition 2009) has not only been appreciated by literary critics, but also turned out to be a great bestseller. The novella is a frequent subject of research analysis, es- pecially in terms of its location in the tradition of German and world novella writing. This diversity of reception is astonishing and presents an interesting phenomenon. The novella tells a banal love story, but through an intentional silence and a series of intertextual tropes it also creates mysteriousness. The analysis proposed here is based on Walter Benjamin’s notion of “aura” in the 1930s. From today’s point of view, this concept requires a few additions, primarily from the perspective of systems theory. As it turns out this concept can be applied both to the content of the novella and to the strategy of literary criticism, as well as to explain the role of form and context in the personal perception of the text.

Harry’s Mirror: Desire, fantasy and the Mirror of Erised in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

The British edition of J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone () celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2022. The American edition (1998) will follow suit in 2023. The series comprises seven books that follow the conventional seven years of UK secondary schooling between years seven and thirteen (i.e., grades six to twelve in the United States). In this article, I celebrate this first novel by examining Rowling’s commentary on desire. Writers of imaginative fiction have always been interested in this theme. Rowling is no exception. The Sorting Hat, which organizes Hogwarts’ new pupils into the school’s four houses, is a case in point: it recognizes Harry’s potentials were he to follow Voldemort’s footsteps and join the Slytherins, but, ultimately, it respects and prioritizes his desires. ‘Are you sure?’ it asks Harry, in response to his reluctance to be placed there, ‘You could be great, you know, it’s all here in your head, and Slytherin will help you on the way to greatness, no doubt about that – no? Well, if you’re sure – better be GRYFFINDOR!’ ([: 130) The Harry Potter series (1997–2007) follows Harry’s growth, which necessitates curbing his desires so that he does not become another Voldemort. The Mirror of Erised offers, I argue, an especially interesting case study for investigating this theme. My sustained attention on this device and its effects on characters and what they do exposes some of Philosopher’s Stone’s complexities, while enhancing our appreciation for Rowling’s characters and for her project.

From the Editor

Kansas English Editor in Chief Katie Cramer challenges misconceptions about teaching and urges educators at all levels to celebrate the joy in our work.

The World Neurosurgery Global Champions Program: First-Year Experience of a Model Initiative for Reducing Disparities in Global Neurosurgical Literature

Most surgical journals are published in English, representing a challenge for researchers from non-Anglophone countries. We describe the implementation, workflow, outcomes, and lessons learned from the World Neurosurgery Global Champions Program (GCP), a novel journal-specific English language editing program for articles rejected because of poor English grammar or usage. The GCP was advertised via the journal website and social media. Applicants were selected to be a reviewer for the GCP if they demonstrated English proficiency on writing samples supplied in their application. The demographics of GCP members and characteristics and outcomes of articles edited by the GCP during its first year were reviewed. Surveys of GCP members and authors who used the service were conducted. Twenty-one individuals became part of the GCP, representing 8 countries and 16 languages apart from English. A total of 380 manuscripts were peer-reviewed by the editor-in-chief, who determined these manuscripts to have potentially worthwhile content but needed to be rejected due to poor language. The authors of these manuscripts were informed of the existence of this language assistance program. Forty-nine articles (12.9%) were edited by the GCP in 41.6 ± 22.8 days. Of 40 articles resubmitted to World Neurosurgery, 24 (60.0%) were accepted. GCP members and authors understood the purpose and workflow of the program and recognized improvements in article quality and the probability of acceptance through their participation. The World Neurosurgery Global Champions Program mitigated a critical barrier to publication in an English language journal for authors from non-Anglophone countries. This program promotes research equity by providing a free, largely medical student and trainee operated, English language editing service. This model or a similar service can be replicated by other journals.

Juntos: Italian for Speakers of English and Spanish (Italian and English Edition)

Juntos: Italian for Speakers of English and Spanish (Italian and English Edition)

The Hungarian Holy Crown and the Coronation Regalia, by Endre Tóth

This book on the regalia of medieval Hungary is the result of Endre Tóth’s decades of work on the topic. The author’s goal of reconciling the centuries of debate about the origins of Hungary’s most important (and contested) artifact is admirable and ambitious. Tóth is to be commended for tremendous effort—this volume gets close at times to being the definitive work on this subject. It is kept from this by its sweeping conclusions, which at times do not hold up under the evidence presented. This volume was originally published in Hungarian in 2016; the English edition includes a note about new literature added subsequently. The chapters cover the foundation of the Hungarian kingdom, the research history of Hungary’s Holy Crown, coronations, the crowns of queen consorts, the crown in the modern period, the crown itself, the sceptre, the orb, the coronation sword, the coronation mantle, written descriptions of the regalia, a summary, and the history of the doctrine of the Holy Crown of Hungary.

Causal Language Model Aided Sequential Decoding With Natural Redundancy

A high-performance communication receiver desires a sufficient and accurate recognition of transmitted sources. In this paper, we propose a sequential decoding algorithm for the robust reception of sources with natural redundancy (NR) over the AWGN channel. To fully exploit the abundant NR in the exemplified English text sources, a causal language modeling (CLM) with a powerful Transformer decoder neural network (NN) structure is adopted for modeling the joint probability distribution. For versatility of byte-level tokenization, the UTF-8 encoding scheme is considered for the Wikipedia corpus, namely the English edition of the Wiki-40B dataset. The tree search-based M-algorithm (MA) is integrated with CLM, denoted as CLM-MA algorithm, to synthesize the a priori probability of information sequence and likelihood values of polluted symbols. Both simulation experiments and hardware platform evaluations are conducted to analyze the performance of the CLM-MA algorithm. With an adequately large M value, tremendous performance profit is achievable, especially for high-efficiency modulation levels and extremely noisy conditions. This mechanism of adopting the pre-trained NN model merely desires self-supervised learning architecture and eliminates the requirement of high-cost and accurate labels, which paves a new way for communication receiver design.

Errant Translation; or, Lin Shu's Don Quixote and the Paybacks of Back-Translating

AbstractLiterary back-translation, the practice of bringing a text back into the language of its source after it has passed through one or more translations, has long been overlooked. To recuperate its richly entangled global history, this essay looks to the representation of translation in Cervantes's Don Quixote and to the novel's recent back-translation based on 魔俠傳 (Moxia Zhuan; Story of the Enchanted Knight), a 1920s translation into classical Chinese by Lin Shu that itself was an indirect translation based on two eighteenth-century English editions of Cervantes's text. While foregrounding the generative labor of translators, both fictional and historical, the transnational and diachronic scope of this back-translational loop prompts us to rethink the domesticating/foreignizing binary. Taking a cue from Cervantes's metaphor of translation as the knotty back side of a tapestry, this study seeks to overturn front-facing notions of translation by approaching its history from the back.

Maria Czaplicka: Gender, Shamanism, Race [Maria Czaplicka: Płeć, szamanizm, rasa; Biografia antropologiczna

Maria Czaplicka: Gender, Shamanism, Race [Maria Czaplicka: Płeć, szamanizm, rasa; Biografia antropologiczna

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF ABSTRACT TRANSLATION IN CHINESE ACADEMIC JOURNALS

The abstract is an indispensable component of an academic paper. The English version of the abstract in Chinese academic journals plays an important role in its international influence. However, as the English editor of a Chinese academic journal, the author noted mistakes and problems in the English translation of the abstracts ranging from diction and grammar to logic and structure. Based on the classification of the typical mistakes and the exploration of the root causes of them, this paper offers a feasible solution to the above problems in the hope of offering reference for the writing and translation of abstracts in academic journals.