British Counterparts Research Articles

Marina Warner’s Inventory of A Life Mislaid: An Unreliable Memoir. From Memoir to Filiation Narrative

Marina Warner’s Inventory of a Life Mislaid: An Unreliable Memoir (2021) is her second work belonging to the genre of life writing, more particularly the memoir. She had already written a biography, The Dragon Empress: The Life and Times of Tz’u-Hsi, Empress Dowager of China, 1835-1980, about a Chinese empress in 1972, but her memoir is more personal, rather focused on her parents’ marriage, life itineraries and travels through Italy, England and Egypt during and after WWII. Interestingly, many characteristics of her memoir fit with another life writing genre, identified by the French theorist Dominique Viart in the eighties as the ‘filiation narrative,’ initially in reference to French fiction of the same period. The filiation narrative focuses on a self-reflexive search for parental images, reconstructing the mother’s or father’s life through the excavation of documentation and archives, as well as speculation. This article will attempt to show how such thematic and structural features of the filiation narrative as ‘archeological’ narration, the use of archival documents and objects to restore a parent’s ‘lost’ life and, most importantly, the metabiographical aspect of the ‘enterprise’ are reflected, in various degrees, in Warner’s memoir, making it waver between fiction and non-fiction. These same features may thus pave the way for the English counterpart of the French ‘récit de filiation’ and build a pertinent generic continuity between both memoir and filiation narrative.

The experiences of internationally educated nurses who joined the nursing workforce in England

The number of internationally educated nurses working in the NHS has skyrocketed over the past three decades. This study examines their experiences of working and living in England Objectives: There is limited literature on the experiences of internationally educated nurses (IENs) who have joined NHS trusts in England in the past 20 years. The objectives of this integrative review included exploring and analysing the experiences of IENs in the NHS in England and identifying the cultural, pastoral and training needs of IENs during their first 2 years working in England and providing research-informed recommendations to better support IENs. Design: An integrative review of primary research studies using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods of data collection. Data source: CINAHL, British Nursing Index and Google Scholar. Results: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria for this integrative review. All articles contributed to the findings of three main analytical themes: expectations, challenges and belongingness. Conclusion: Limited research fully met the search criteria. This was concerning since IENs have been working in the NHS for decades, yet so few primary studies have been conducted into their experiences. The findings were in line with previous studies, which found that IENs faced challenges both in the workplace and in settling into an English way of life, and often reported feeling that they were not treated equally to their English counterparts. This integrative review raises issues and increases awareness of how the NHS in England can better support IENs transitioning into their new life and ways of working, to further aid recruitment and retention of the international nursing workforce.

Pre-Translating Process in Literary Text

Literary translation represents a crucial sub-field of Translation Studies. This sub-category has inadvertently spurred researchers and academics to unleash practical and theoretical controversies. It involves transferring canonical literary genres into different languages and cultures. While the genres themselves may not stem from similar experiences or similar perceptions of the world, they share the same concern of addressing cultural, historical, philosophical, and religious innermost thoughts of the people and countries they represent. Thus, if these various genres are not properly repainted in a different language and culture, many of the finest pieces of literature produced by well-known writers will remain beyond reach and/or lost. This paper attempts a translation assessment of the Arabic oriental mythology of Sindbad al-Rahhal at the extra-textual level translates into English as Sindbad and the Sailor. It, therefore, applies Nord’s Model (2005) and compares the Arabic version of the story with its English counterpart as traversed from the East to the West by Malcolm C. Lyons (2008) in order to examine the extra-textual factors of the ST and TT. Eventually, this will invite discussion in this paper on issues such as background knowledge, literary expertise, and cultural knowledge as essential factors for translators before they embark on their mission. The results of the current study reveal that Nord’s Model (2005) is applicable to the ST and TT.

Comparing the Use of Linguistic Hedging Devices (LHDs) in English and Bahasa Indonesia: Gender and Pedagogical Perspectives

The use of Linguistics Hedging Devices (LHDs) serves a notable function in our daily conversations and thus is thought-provoking to analyze. Although its occurrence tends to be more prominent in spoken communications, the use of this linguistic feature is still frequently apparent in written conversations. Although they do not add much to the proportional content of an utterance, their occurrence remains unique in terms of variations, frequency, and functions across languages. This study examines the use of LHDs by native speakers of English and Bahasa Indonesia in short spontaneous expressions. The data were obtained through Oral Discourse Completion Tasks (ODCTs) involving 40 participants from the two language speakers (20 in English and 20 in Bahasa Indonesia). English respondents expressed their responses in English, while the Indonesian speakers used Bahasa Indonesia in their responses. Each respondent was asked to respond to an apologetic expression from a close friend using a mini-digital tape recording. All responses were transcribed and analyzed, focusing on the number and types of LHDs used by the respondents in their expressions. The results revealed that the two language communities used various LHDs in their responses, mostly intended to show indirectness and reduce threats toward the hearers’ negative faces. English respondents were likely to use these linguistic features more frequently and varied in types than their Indonesian counterparts. A remarkable trend in the study is that Indonesian speakers tended to be more direct in their expressions than their English counterparts, challenging previously reversed claims. Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia is recommended to introduce various types and uses of these markers and emphasize how they can be used appropriately in authentic contexts.

Освіта як соціальна система: від філософської концептуалізації до освітньої комунікації (версія Нікласа Лумана)

This article examines the issue of education from the point of the system theory of the modern German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. The main goal was to present arguments in favor of the possibility of education as a system, to describe its main functions and to highlight the problem of the medium. Firstly, the problem of translation of the German term Erziehung and its English counterpart Education was described; the existence of ambiguity, due to which it is possible in the context of the system theory to talk about both education and upbringing. Against this background, it was decided to use both terms as synonyms, bearing in mind their common meaning and the possibility of reverse translation. Then, by describing the main terms, Luhmann’s general understanding of the system theory and the system as a whole was given. Was mentioned such concepts as: distinguishing between the system and Umwelt, the phenomenon of self-reference and form. This gives rise to the second term – autopoiesis. The term was taken by Luhmann from the Chilean scientist Humberto Maturanа, the main point is in the special ability of systems to reproduce themselves from their own parts and to reproduce the parts themselves. A specific feature of autopoiesis is that it does not affect the final form. The phenomenon that provides autopoiesis is communication. It is possible because it is based on understanding and misunderstanding, which is found when distinguishing between message and information. From this constant distinction, sense is born. The possibility of understanding sense by a human, which is a psycho-physical system, is provided by structural coupling, openness of the system to external information. Based on this, we can describe the educational system. It is aimed at the formation and editing of the Person – a social symbol of communication. By providing each pupil with the same necessary knowledge, the education system thus increases the success of future communication. The medium that enables the system is the Pupil. However, significant social changes led to its reinterpretation and the emergence of a new term Lebenslauf, which causes problems in translation and interpretation.

Analysis of anatomical variations in the frontal and maxillary sinuses and their relevance in dentistry

Introduction: Paranasal sinuses can be defined as air-filled cavities lined with mucosa. Although there is a limited number of previous studies that have addressed the relationship between anatomical variations in these sinuses and dentistry, it is essential to emphasize the significance of morphofunctional knowledge of the maxillary sinus (MS) and frontal sinus (FS) for various dental specialties. Objectives: To investigate and analyze anatomical variations in selected paranasal sinuses (MS and FS) from the embryonic period to advanced age, and to correlate them with their diverse applications in dental practice. Methods: Electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs (via Bvsalud), and Scielo were consulted using the descriptors: "anatomical variation," "maxillary sinus," "frontal sinus," "dentistry," and their English counterparts. Initially, a total of 334 published articles were found, and after reading the abstracts and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 articles were analyzed. Results: The main morphological variations found included changes in dimension, number, characteristics of septations, and physiological pneumatization, which vary with age, sex, and facial sides. Among the dental implications, notable aspects include associated pathologies, techniques for maxillary sinus elevation in implantology, craniofacial profile relationships, connections with orthodontics and forensic dentistry, imaging techniques, and general surgical treatments. Conclusion: The literature reviewed suggests that the morphology of the sinuses analyzed directly influences dental practice, contributing to the improvement of clinical, forensic, surgical, and other procedures. However, studies involving the subject matter are still scarce, thus requiring further investigations.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of front line nurses: an integrative review

This work was based on the various reports on mental health problems developed by professional nurses during the covid-19 pandemic. To carry out a review of existing scientific productions on the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of frontline nurses in the fight against the covid-19 pandemic. Characterized as an integrative literature review, in October 2021, with a search in the online databases PubMed and SciELO. The following keywords were selected in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCs): mental health; nurse; covid-19, with its English counterparts in the Medical Subject Headings (MESH): mental health; covid-19 and 10 studies were chosen for the research. The studies addressed the impacts on the mental health of frontline nursing professionals in facing the covid-19 pandemic and highlighted various types of problems, such as fear, anxiety, depression, isolation, fatigue, burnout syndrome. The theme highlighted the importance of nurses in caring for patients contaminated by the coronavirus and the need for special attention to mental health and the working conditions of front-line nurses in coping with the covid-19 pandemic.

Assessing the need for a deregulation of the insurance sector of Mauritius to combat money laundering: a comparative study with Singapore and UK

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the current legal framework on money laundering control in the insurance sector. Essentially, this examination is premised on the interrogation of whether it is still appropriate for Mauritius to apply such stringent, opaque and unyielding Anti-Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism norms and rules on general insurance when developed nations such as the UK and Singapore have done away with them for a more effective combat against money laundering. It would also be assessed why the financial services commission (FSC) is not able to draw inspiration from its British and Singaporean counterparts in fighting money laundering more effectively.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the doctrinal legal research methodology which is colloquially described as “black-letter law” approach. It is backed up by a contextual legal analysis that is based on an analysis of relevant legal provisions. It relies ground experience from the insurance industry through the experience of the authors. A comparative approach is used with Singapore and the UK as case studies given that there are significant commonalities to the Mauritian jurisdiction as well as useful differences.FindingsIt is observed that a move towards a de-regulation of the legal framework on money laundering in the insurance sector with a more relaxed approach is more effective for the Mauritian insurance sector. Evidence is drawn from the Singaporean and British models. A re-structuring of the FSC of Mauritius is also warranted for such an approach to be adopted.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first academic contribution that proposes a de-regulation and the adoption of a relaxed approach of and by the Mauritian Insurance Industry for a more effective combat against money laundering. It serves as a legal foundational basis for further research in this direction.

Amphibious Author: Abel Boyer, Iphigénie, and Huguenot Migration

This article centres on the idea of an ‘amphibious author’, an epithet applied to the London-based Huguenot writer, lexicographer, and translator Abel Boyer (1667?–1729). Cross-channel migration of word-usages corresponded with the migration of people. While the French term ‘amphibie’ was used in relation to suspected Huguenot status in early modern France, the English counterpart, ‘amphibious’, could be used to keep a French migrant writer at bay. The ‘amphibiousness’, the half-Englishness, half-Frenchness, of Abel Boyer was negotiated through his translation of Racine’s Iphigénie, a play which presents characters displaced by state politics. While Boyer adapted the surface to English taste for varied spectacle, the undercurrents of his translation – repeated emphasis on the transitional setting and character duality – reveal an interpretation which resonates with his own status. The satirical epithet is not merely a label, but a productive means of investigating the translation work and reception of a Huguenot migrant.

METAPHORS AND METONYMIES IN LATVIAN AND ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE KEYWORD HEAD

Phraseology, often considered a supplementary discipline in the past, now occupies a central place in many fields as an object of interdisciplinary research for cross-cultural and cross-linguistic studies in general and cognitive linguistics, pedagogy, translation, corpus and computational linguistics, lexicography, and psychology. Two databases in Latvian and English are used to extract phraseological units (PUs) with the keyword “head”. The article aims to identify, compare and contrast metaphorical and metonymic Latvian and English phraseological units, discussing the similarities and differences in meanings of the base form of a phraseological unit (PU) and its use in every analysed case. Since metaphor and metonymy are central thought patterns in cognitive linguistics, testing their function in PUs is crucial. Metaphorical and metonymic Latvian PUs and their English counterparts are examined in the cognitive linguistic framework, analysing conceptual metaphors and conceptual metonymies. Corresponding pairs of PUs are studied as one set to establish if they will function similarly. It can be concluded that pairs of PUs in both languages have the same structure, convey equivalent meanings and even have the same type of conceptual metonymy: a part stands for the whole, for instance, divas galvas (ir[1]) gudrākas nekā viena (two heads (are) smarter than one) and its English counterpart: “two heads are better than one”.

The cultural localization of video games in Iran

Abstract Localization is the process through which products are tailored to the socio-cultural values of the recipient locale. This study seeks to shed light on the practice of video games cultural localization in Iran by focusing on two of the most prominent software localization and publication companies in Iran, namely Parnian and Gerdoo. Furthermore, identifying the types of content considered inappropriate by the Iranian game localization supervisory bodies constitutes another aim of the present study. To this end, six officially localized video games are compared and contrasted with their original English counterparts. As for the results, the modifications were observed at both diegetic and non-diegetic levels. Modifications revolved around the following themes: religious issues, socio-cultural issues, and socio-political references linked to Iran’s legal and religious frameworks. Regarding the strategies, the localized video games were modified by removing the cut scenes, applying graphical changes, and editing out the original soundtrack.

Kontrastivna analiza sadašnjeg vremena u srpskom i engleskom jeziku

This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the syntactic semantic features inherent in the present tense in the Serbian language, juxtaposed with an exploration of their counterparts in the English language. Delving into the intricacies of specific meanings, we systematically incorporate indicative, relative, and modal meanings. Beyond delineating the fundamental constructs of the present tense, particular emphasis is placed on the temporal dimension, elucidating the property of the present tense not only to refer to past events but also to indicate future actions. Addressing the complex nature of tense as a linguistic category, the study extends its analytical framework to the category of aspect, thereby elucidating the varied verb forms of the English present tense, including the progressive, perfect, and perfect-progressive aspects. Employing a methodology combining contrastive and descriptive analysis, the research explores the degrees of equivalence inherent in the present tense, in an attempt to discern and articulate corresponding counterparts in English for each specified syntactic-semantic nuance. Upon the completion of the analysis, it was concluded that both linguistic systems convey specific syntactic-semantic meanings, attesting to a considerable degree of equivalence. This analysis underscores the attributes shared by both languages, indicating a high degree of alignment between their linguistic structures.

Validation of Polish version of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease.

The Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson's Disease (GIDS-PD) is a novel, disease-specific self-report questionnaire used to quantitatively assess features of gastrointestinal dysfunction symptoms in patients with Parkinson's Disease. The aim of this paper was to validate the Polish translation of the scale, to summarise its consistency with the English language version, and to assess its clinimetric properties. Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common and often debilitating manifestation of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Gastrointestinal symptoms are also considered to be prodromal features of this disease. To date, there has been no scale in Polish that has precisely assessed gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with PD. The GIDS-PD was translated into Polish by two investigators (M.K. and J.N.). A back-translation was completed by two separate investigators (M.F. and A.A.) who were not involved in the original translation. Afterwards, 10 Polish PD patients underwent cognitive pre-testing. After the final translation was officially approved by the Movement Disorder Society, it was tested on 64 individuals with PD during field testing. For the purpose of testing scale reliability, 20 of the patients recruited for field testing underwent the GIDS-PD for a second time after 8-12 weeks. The GIDS-PD demonstrated overall good consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.74, ICC of 0.74). Regarding the individual domains, the constipation subscore demonstrated good reliability, the bowel irritability subscore demonstrated moderate reliability, and the upper GI subscore demonstrated poor reliability. Upper GI symptoms seem to be less pronounced, and also more varied, in the Polish PD population than in its English language counterpart. This paper provides a validated Polish translation of the GIDS-PD questionnaire. We highly recommend using the GIDS-PD for research purposes, as well as everyday clinical practice in the Polish PD population.

The interface of real world, lexicalization and conceptualization on the example of the Contact Sense of the German preposition an (on, at) and its Polish Spanish and English counterparts

The paper takes up the issue of creating meanings, focusing the dynamic relation between lexicalization and conceptualization on the example of prepositions. By providing a systematic view of the specific meanings of the Contact Sense of the German preposition an (on, at) and its Polish, Spanish and English counterparts, the interface between the given real spatial relation of two objects, its lexicalization and the emerging conceptualization is highlighted. Special attention is paid to the role of the particular pieces of knowledge and experience being activated in creating these meanings in order to look closely at the concept of context as this context is usually interpreted differently by different researchers. The attempt to show what happens step by step when conceptualizing a real spatial relation and its linguistic expression fixed in the lexicalization pattern is motivated by the finding that the difficulty with clear determination and separation of the context information from the information actually creating the meaning is one of the reasons why studies on the cognitive aspects of the semantics of prepositions have been abandoned over time. The paper aims to contribute to the elaboration of an authoritative method of establishing and identifying meanings of prepositions, and to contribute to the discussion about the language-thought relation providing arguments supporting the view of language as a trigger for conceptualizations provided by the embodied cognition rather than as a tool shaping thoughts.

LIVING WELL WITH MILD TO MODERATE DEMENTIA. FINDINGS FROM THE IDEAL PROGRAM: A BRITISH COHORT STUDY

Abstract IDEAL (Improving the Experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life) is a British-based cohort study that commenced in 2014 and recruited 1545 people with dementia and 1277 carers, following them for 3 waves at yearly intervals. IDEAL-2 continued to follow those who remained in the study for a further 3 waves and incorporated 205 additional participants as part of an enrichment cohort. A key research and policy goal is to understand the factors that promote or inhibit ‘living well’ for people with dementia and their carers, defined as the best achievable state of physical, mental and social health. In this symposium we examine how living well outcomes vary longitudinally and with social (minority ethnic status) factors. Two papers focus on quality of life of people with dementia longitudinally. Our first paper shows that for most study participants quality of life scores remained stable. For those with declining quality of life key associated factors include demographic characteristics, cognition, and psychological health including depression. Our second paper has a clinical dimension and demonstrates that, beyond the point of diagnosis, quality of life does not vary according to dementia subtype. Our third paper focuses on social health using social isolation as our measure. Isolation increased over time and was higher in carers than people with dementia. Our final paper demonstrates that, compared with their white British counterparts, minority ethnic carers report higher stress and role captivity and lower relationship quality while people with dementia have lower quality of life and higher loneliness.

How Does Religiosity Influence Gambling? A Cross-Cultural Study Between Portuguese and English Youth

Research has shown that religion can play a protective role in diverse risky behaviors among young people. However, very little is known about the effect of religion in gambling, especially among young problem gamblers. A strong moral belief regarding gambling may prevent adolescents and young adults engaging in gambling and developing problems. Nevertheless, some evidence suggests that religion might have an influence on gambling cognitive distortions (i.e., some religious beliefs might influence the conceptions of chance and luck, which may contribute to an increase in gambling participation). The present study examined the different effects that religion can have on gambling behavior, in two different cultural contexts (i.e., Portugal and England), characterized by different religious affiliations. A sample (n = 725) comprising Portuguese (n = 312) and English (n = 413) adolescents and young adults completed an online survey. The findings indicated that Portuguese youth were more religious than their English counterparts. Moreover, religiosity was associated with lower gambling engagement among participants in both samples. Mediation analyses also showed that the cognitive distortion of illusion of control mediated the relationship between religiosity and problem gambling among the Portuguese participants, and the interpretative bias was a significant mediator in the English sample. The study’s findings suggest that religion can have a protective role on gambling behaviors. However, further research is needed to explore the interactive role of religion and cognitive distortions.

The Translation, Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Questionnaires Assessing the Quality of Life and Fatigue among Patients with Sjogren's Syndrome for the Romanian Context.

About 70% of patients with Sjogren's syndrome suffer from fatigue, and for a large proportion of patients, it is one of the most noticeable manifestations leading to disability. To date, no study has been conducted in Romania to determine the quality of life of patients and the impact of fatigue in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The present work proposes the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of two questionnaires for the Romanian context, namely the 'Profile of Fatigue and Discomfort-Sicca Symptoms Inventory' (PROFAD-SSI-SF) and 'Primary Sjogren's Syndrome-Quality of Life' (PSS-QoL), whose purpose is to assess quality of life and fatigue in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. These two questionnaires were administered to 52 patients with Sjogren's syndrome diagnosed according to the 2016 ACR-EULAR criteria. Subsequently, the conceptual, semantic, and operational analyses of the data were performed with the aim of cultural adaptation. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using indices of measurement accuracy such as internal consistency. Based on statistical analyses, this pilot study shows that the Romanian versions of the PROFAD-SSI and PSS-QoL questionnaires are as reliable as their English counterparts.

The Autonomy-Based Account of Chinese Trust Laws

Abstract There has been considerable discussion concerning the key values or goals underpinning the express trust device in English law. However, there is as yet no existing scholarship that explores the normative values of Chinese trust law since its enactment in 2001. This Article examines Chinese trust law from the perspective of personal autonomy. It identifies three dimensions of the conception of personal autonomy and explores how the trust law rules engage with each dimension. It finds that, in China, individuals have the autonomy to use the express trust device to arrange their property plans. However, such autonomy is limited in that it can only be exercised in alignment with the state’s regulatory goals. This is in stark contrast to its English counterpart, which allows individual autonomy to the largest possible extent. This Article considers the implications this analysis has for the reformation of Chinese trust law. It discusses some reform proposals that have been intensely debated in recent literature and highlights the insights the autonomy-based analysis can offer.

How do American and British Nonsmokers Value Secondhand Smoke Health Risks?

Despite concerted efforts to enforce smoke-free laws in various countries, nonsmokers, particularly women and children, continue to be exposed to daily secondhand smoke (SHS), resulting in significant health risks. While existing studies have assessed the health effects of numerous diseases, the quantification of SHS spillovers remains understudied. This research employs choice experiments and contingent valuation techniques to rigorously quantify the attributes of SHS health risks, with a specific emphasis on facilitating cross-country comparisons. Our investigation reveals that nonsmoking individuals in the United Kingdom exhibit an attitude of indifference towards a proposed policy offering increased disposable income as compensation for SHS exposure. Conversely, nonsmoking Americans express a contrary perspective. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that nonsmoking Americans attribute a higher value to SHS health risks compared to their British counterparts. Consequently, this research uncovers a hitherto unexplored dimension of health risk-related behaviors. These findings hold the potential to significantly contribute to the development of future smoke-free policies, offering valuable insights that can inform policy decisions and address the persistent challenges associated with SHS exposure, particularly among vulnerable populations.

Devising Yorùbá Terminology for Phonology Terms (from letter P to letter R)

This essay, which is part three (3) of the report on the formulation of Yorùbá phonology terms from their English counterparts, discusses English phonology terms for letters P, Q, and R and the Yorùbá counterparts, totaling ninety-one (91) terms numbered from 187 to 278.[1] Preceding letters A to O have been discussed in part one and part two of this report, numbers 1 to 104, letters A to G, and numbers 105 to 186, letters H to O, respectively. In this report, we compiled these terms in English, alphabetically arranged, from letter P to letter R, and developed their Yorùbá equivalents. In doing this, we extracted these phonology terms from three phonology textbooks and two specialized/technical dictionaries on linguistics and phonology. We employed the Information Processing Model (IPM) framework. Some of the terms developed are palatalization, ìso̩dàfàjàpè, paragoge ìfìró-bò̩parí, parasitic harmony àǹkóò àfòmó̩, parse ìpínsífó̩rán-ìhun, partial overlapping ìwo̩nú-ara e̩lé̩be̩, phonaestheme fóníìmù-àyo̩túnyo̩, phonemic overlapping ìpòórá fóníìmù, phonological phrase boundary ààlà àpólà fonó̩ló̩jì, phonological prime fó̩nrán-akérépin fonó̩ló̩jì, quantity-sensitive feet è̩wo̩n-atéńté aníwò̩n-agbe̩gé̩, recessive vowel fáwè̩lì àdínkù, redundancy rule òfin aléélè̩
 [1] See Yoruba – The Journal of Yoruba Studies Association of Nigeria, Volume 12:1, January 2023 and Volume 12:2, June 2023 for the first 2 of the four-part essays.