Technology Division Research Articles

Polypeptide-based batteries toward sustainable and cyclic manufacturing

Polypeptide-based batteries toward sustainable and cyclic manufacturing

Proposal for an Integrated Framework for Electronic Control Unit Design in the Automotive Industry

The automotive sector is facing challenges in terms of the requirements for guaranteeing the safety and security of cars. In respect of the engineering process, it is challenging to incorporate functional safety, safety of the intended functionality, and cybersecurity requirements into electrical vehicles. All of these aspects impact not only the vehicles or ECUs produced, but also the structures of the organizations by which the products are created. Based on current standards, drafts of future standards, and an analysis of the performance of a real design process for the ECU of an electrical vehicle, we propose an integrated design framework from the perspective of cybersecurity. Therefore, a stronger emphasis is placed on correct estimations of cybersecurity activity processes. As they affect all areas of development, these estimations cannot be isolated considering the ECU’s design process. More cooperation between various stages of the process is required in order to provide complete products at an early stage of design and development. The challenge is the identification of overlapping activities and the combination of design efforts in order to reduce the time and costs of an engineering project. A dedicated process entity will be proposed to an engineering division to manage cybersecurity processes.

An International Virtual Workshop on Global Seismology and Tectonics (IVWGST-2020)

Abstract An International Virtual Workshop on Global Seismology and Tectonics (IVWGST-2020) was organized by the Geoscience and Technology Division of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India from 14 to 25 September 2020. This workshop predominantly catered to undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students, scientists, and academicians from across the globe. The primary motive of IVWGST-2020 was to inspire the participating students, perturbed by the unprecedented situation brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, with quality lecture sessions, so as to lift their spirits. The virtual workshop served as a conduit for the students and researchers to directly interact with several pioneers and prominent geoscience researchers from around the world. Lectures, via Microsoft Teams, were given by 15 eminent speakers from diverse geoscience forums and institutions, and were attended by more than 1000 participants, mostly students and researchers, from 30 different countries. This report briefly summarizes the agenda, describes our experiences hosting the virtual workshop, and documents the challenges faced.

Food industry and engineering—Quo vadis?

Food industry and engineering—Quo vadis?

De Nora to purchase Calgon Carbon's UV Technologies division

De Nora is buying Calgon Carbon Corp's UV Technologies Division (CCUV), including municipal and industrial water ultraviolet disinfection brands RAYOX, SENTINEL and C3 SERIES UV, and Hyde Marine, a specialist in UV ballast water management systems.

(Invited) Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Storage Applications

The main goal of this research is to develop carbon nanostructures for next generation energy storage applications. The tailored morphology of the end-of-life tire rubber with a sulfonation process followed by pyrolysis yielded a high-quality nanostructured carbon and the applicability of these hard carbons was demonstrated in energy storage applications. We will report on our recent neutron studies on the surface chemistry of the carbon material, vibrational spectroscopy of the molecular structure, chemical bonding such as C-H bonding, and intermolecular interactions of the carbon materials. In addition, we will also report our recent success with tire-derived carbon with either tin oxide or antimony/antimony oxide based composites as a low-cost, environmentally benign, and high capacity anode material for energy storage applications.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMThe research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division.

(Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award) Mass Spectrometry Titration for Quantitative Probing of Lithium Plating and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation

Rapid charging of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to encourage widespread adoption of electric vehicles, yet the precipitous capacity fade which typically accompanies fast charge limits its utility. Li plating on the graphite anode, which occurs due to the high overpotentials enacted during fast charge, is known to instigate this capacity fade, making precisely identifying the onset and amount of Li plating imperative. Methods have been proposed to detect plating, but these methods typically detect Li indirectly and non-quantitatively. In this presentation, I will outline a novel mass spectrometry titration (MST) technique, which I use to quantify inactive Li (defined as electrically isolated Li metal and LixC6 that remains on the electrode after cycling) via the amount of H2 evolved upon exposure to a sulfuric acid titrant. I extend the technique to additionally quantify carbonate-containing species (via CO2 evolution upon titration) and lithium acetylide (Li2C2, via the C2H2 evolution upon titration) in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), and I demonstrate the utility of MST in characterizing the SEI formed under novel electrolyte formulations. Finally, I will show how MST can be strategically used to determine the onset of Li plating and to distinguish between the multiple capacity fade mechanisms that arise during fast charge.

(Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award) Electrochemical Modeling and Simulation of Battery Systems: Approaches for Design, Control, and Multiscale Simulations

Current imperatives of electrification and decarbonization entail significant improvements in energy density, performance, and cost metrics for battery technology.1 This has motivated active research into new materials, cell designs, and external controls to ensure safe and efficient operation. Modeling and simulation approaches have a powerful complementary function in this regard, most notably exemplified by the models for Lithium-ion batteries by Newman and co-workers.2 The overarching theme of this talk is thus the development and application of electrochemical modeling approaches at multiple scales in problems relevant to the abovementioned contexts.In the development of next-generation chemistries, continuum models can serve as a framework for the analysis and interpretation of experimental data, while providing design guidance and helping determine desirable operating regimes. Electrochemical phenomena at different length and time scales are manifested during operation through voltage and temperature signatures, cycle life, and coulombic efficiency. Optimization of cell-level metrics is thus predicated on their correlation with the internal electrochemistry.3,4 This entails the integration of electrochemical models at different levels of detail in a computationally efficient and robust manner. To this end, the first part of this talk describes our efforts to develop a unified, multiscale continuum simulation for framework Lithium-metal batteries. We first describe a robust computational framework to simulate Poisson Nernst Planck (PNP) models for Lithium symmetric cells characterized by thin double layers. This can be leveraged in applications where computational efficiency is of salience, such as cycling simulations and parameterization by coupling kinetic models of interest. This is demonstrated by a systems level method, enabling the quick evaluation of candidate mechanisms appropriately expressed as time-varying rate constants, making it useful for understanding the phenomena underpinning voltage transitions in Lithium symmetric cells.5 In a second study, we leverage these computational tools to propose an alternate mechanism for voltage signatures stemming from the interplay of transport and kinetic limitations, which is of relevance in transport-limited symmetric cells used in fundamental studies.6 We then describe the integration of electrochemical models of various levels of detail, evaluating computational approaches for numerical challenges associated with simulating moving interfaces and mechanical deformations.7 We expect this approach to advance fundamental understanding and design of Li-metal batteries, while creating accessible computational tools to complement experimental studies.At the systems level, the development of more intelligent and powerful Battery Management Systems is enabled by fast electrochemical models, which must balance competing considerations of accuracy, computational efficiency, and ease of parameterization. To this end, we report a rigorous and generalized methodology for ‘upscaling’ electrochemical models.8 This approach, based on the visualization of a battery as Tanks-in-Series, has been demonstrated for both Lithium-ion and more complex Lithium-sulfur batteries.9 With respect to full models, voltage prediction errors below 20 mV are achieved for high-energy cells in most practical cases. <30 mV errors are achieved for aggressive conditions of high-rate operation at sub-zero ambient temperatures, illustrating their practical utility. This approach results in improved computational speed since each conservation law is replaced by a relatively simple volume-averaged differential or algebraic equation. For examples of large-scale problems, this leads to >10x savings in computation time over fast implementations of conventional models, illustrating competitiveness for real-time applications.Taken together, these contributions are envisaged to advance the knowledge base for model-based design as well as Battery Management Systems, particularly in anticipation of the commercialization of emerging battery chemistries. AcknowledgmentsThe authors are thankful for financial support by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program (Battery500 Consortium). References J. Deng, C. Bae, A. Denlinger, and T. Miller, Joule, 4, 511 (2020).M. Doyle, T. F. Fuller, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1526 (1993).K. N. Wood, M. Noked, and N. P. Dasgupta, ACS Energy Lett., 2, 664 (2017).G. Li and C. W. Monroe, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng., 11, 277 (2020).A. Subramaniam, J. Chen, R. M. Kasse, M. F. Toney, T. Jang, and N. R. Geise, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, A3806 (2019).M. Uppaluri, A. Subramaniam, L. Mishra, V. Viswanathan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., in press (2020).K. Shah, A. Subramaniam, L. Mishra, T. Jang, M. Z. Bazant, R. D. Braatz, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167 (2020).A. Subramaniam, S. Kolluri, C. D. Parke, M. Pathak, S. Santhanagopalan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 013534 (2020).C. D. Parke, A. Subramaniam, S. Kolluri, D. T. Schwartz, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 163503 (2020).

(Energy Technology Division Research Award) The Emerging Research Needs of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cells

Proton conducting polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis has emerged as the currently favored research area to enable a global transformation of the energy system with hydrogen from renewable sources as a critical central feature. The hydrogen council has suggested that hydrogen impacts by 2050 could be $2.5T annually and 18% of total global energy demand.[1] While other electrolysis routes including traditional alkaline (based on aqueous KOH), alkaline membrane (emerging) and solid oxide electrolysis are all also being explored, and other possible hydrogen production pathways exist. The ability of PEM electrolysis to fit the needs of the emerging energy system as a dispatchable resource meeting cost, performance and durability requirements most effectively has led to a greater focus on PEM electrolysis than other electrolysis approaches within the global R&D community. The extent PEM electrolysis will establish itself commercially will depend largely on the advances made in the next several years.Much of the focus on PEM electrolysis has been centered around the advances made in PEM fuel cells, and the belief that these advances can be translated to PEM electrolysis systems. In particular, PEM fuel cells have largely been designed for transportation applications where they operate at low duty cycles (mostly off), and experience significant start-stop cycling (multiple times per day) while still achieving requisite performance and durability (several years).[2] Renewable energy sources are dramatically impacting the cost and availability of electricity and the ability to translate these resources into other energy sectors – most notably transportation and industry. While it is hoped that PEM electrolyzers can achieve cost, performance and durability targets, the research needs and challenges are not identical to PEM fuel cells.A new Department of Energy Consortium (H2NEW – Hydrogen from Next-generation Electrolyzers of Water) funded out of the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office is focused on enabling the cell-level fundamental understanding and advances required to address achieving $2/kg hydrogen through electrolysis. The primary focus of this effort is PEM electrolysis, the focus of the talk.A challenge in meeting the cost, performance and durability of PEM electrolysis systems is that current systems have had a strong emphasis on efficiency and durability. This means that cost has not been a primary concern such that systems could be “over-engineered” using extra or more expensive components and processing techniques. This approach has meant that little is understood about fundamental degradation rates relevant to systems that have not been over-engineered. Additionally, the markets that these devices have been sold into have typically operated under continuous conditions rather than the variable, intermittent load profiles that could couple to renewable or low-cost electricity inputs expected in the future. A clear understanding of the optimum system and operating conditions is not well understood at this time, nor is the impact of such operating conditions on performance and durability.Research needs place a high priority on durability under variable operating conditions. Specific components have susceptibility to different performance and durability impacts. In this talk, the impact of operating conditions and a discussion of projected operating conditions will be discussed. The concerns for both performance and durability will be discussed at the cell level with consideration of various cell components including catalyst, polymer, electrode, and porous transport layers. Accelerated stress tests for components in cells is a critical need and will also be presented. Finally, system and techno-economic considerations will also be included.References Hydrogen Council. “Hydrogen Scaling Up.” November 2017. http://hydrogencouncil.com/hydrogen-scaling-up/ B Pivovar, N Rustagi, S Satyapal, Electrochemical Society Interface 27 (1), 47.

(Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award) Rethinking Catalyst Layer Design: Interplay between Activity and Durability for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFCs) technology has advanced to reach the commercialization stage with more automotive manufacturers announcing new PEFC-based light and heavy-duty vehicles. However, the life span and cost of such systems still remain challenges. Using the Department of Energy (DOE) cost-breakdown for the 80-kWnet stack for light-duty vehicles, the cost of precious metal electrocatalysts remains almost unchanged as production rate increases to 0.5 M PEFC stacks per year. The cost of the electrocatalysts amounts to 31% of stack cost, for 0.5 M systems per year production rate. Platinum (Pt) or Pt-alloys are used as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode side and the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on the anode side of PEFCs. Pt or Pt-alloy electrocatalysts are dispersed as nanoparticles onto a carbon-black support. DOE set a target of reducing Pt loading to 0.125 mg cm-2 to achieve the goal of $12.6 kWnet -1 for a stack with power density target of 1.8 W cm-2. MEAs with lower catalyst loading are less durable [1], thus, the cost issue cannot be resolved without focusing on the catalyst durability issue of the PEFC stack. To reach the activity and durability targets, overall understanding of the interfaces within the MEAs are needed and their evolution during ageing.This presentation will summarize my group’s recent efforts within the three main directions for the MEA design: 1) catalyst layer durability studies, via advanced characterization [2], 2) Pt-ionomer interface understanding during the PEFC lifetime and its impact on activity and durability and, 3) ionic liquids and small molecule additives to tailor Pt-ionomer interface for activity. Using methodology of electrochemical characterization, including CO-displacement/stripping, double layer capacity studies, oxygen transport resistance measurements, and others, along with the computational modeling and advanced material characterization (synchrotron and lab-scale), we aim to build comprehensive understanding of transport properties, water management and interfacial properties during the PEFCs’ lifetime.

(Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic) Designer Porous Carbon Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) hold promise for efficiently storing and delivering electricity at the grid-scale, offering opportunities to complement and ultimately supplant fossil fuels with sustainable, but variable, energy sources.[1] However, widespread deployment of RFBs is hindered by their prohibitive cost, which depends, at least in part, on reactor performance. Thus, improving cell performance characteristics by targeting critical system components is an effective strategy towards realizing an energy infrastructure powered by renewable resources. In particular, porous carbon electrodes are vital components of RFBs, simultaneously fulfilling multiple crucial roles.[2] The electrode provides surface area for redox reactions to occur, distributes the electrolyte, determines the pressure drop, and cushions the cell during compression; thus, electrode properties are directly coupled with the RFB electrochemical and fluid dynamic performance. However, the commercial materials utilized in advanced flow batteries – typically papers, cloths, or felts – possess low surface area (~0.1 – 10 m2 g-1), poor aqueous wettability, and suboptimal surface chemistry, motivating efforts into electrode engineering. Current approaches for improving the electrode largely focus on post-process modification of pre-existing fiber-bed substrates which, although effective, may ultimately be incremental, as achievable properties are limited by the underlying material. While findings from prior art have furthered knowledge about the role of electrode interfacial chemistry and microstructure in cell performance, greater paradigm shifts may be necessary to unlock transformative advances and to enable chemistry-specific electrode design.In this talk, I will present three concurrent efforts towards rationally designing electrodes with property sets favorable for RFBs. First, I describe a method of refining the interfacial properties of commercial carbon electrodes through conformal deposition of conductive polymers with nanometric thicknesses, analyzing potential benefits of these coatings towards enhanced performance of iron-based redox couples.[3,4] Second, I discuss a strategy to produce sustainably sourced, elementally diverse, and high surface area electrocatalysts derived from biomass.[5] Findings from this work are coupled with modeling efforts to guide the effective utilization of high surface area electrocatalysts. Lastly, I outline a scalable, bottom-up synthetic method for producing tunable electrode microstructures that achieve pore network configurations inaccessible to classic fibrous electrodes. The fabricated scaffolds offer compelling opportunities as platforms for microstructure-function studies and potentially as performance materials.[6,7] While the focus of these efforts is RFBs, the methods, implications, and techniques for these concepts may ultimately be applicable to a diverse portfolio of convection-driven electrochemical systems that benefit from engineered transport layers. Acknowledgements This work was supported as part of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences. CTW acknowledges additional funding from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. 1122374. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

(Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic) Understanding Charge Transport for Current and Future Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies

Advances in electrochemical energy storage are key for the integration of intermittent wind and solar energy sources into the grid, widespread adoption of electric vehicles, and development of new safe and reliable consumer devices. For grid, transportation, and electronic energy storage markets, each application has distinct needs. Therefore, developing battery technology for emerging and wide-spread applications demands greater understanding of the complex chemical and electrochemical processes that occur within rechargeable batteries. Electron transfer and ion transport are the foundation of battery function where the capacity, loaded voltage and current define the practical energy and power delivery of the system. During operation, repetitive addition and removal of electrons and ions can lead to structural change within the electrode and interfacial formation that can dramatically impact electrochemical outcomes. Thus, structural, chemical, and electrochemical characterization during operation is critically important for next generation electrochemical energy storage technologies. The research efforts highlighted in this talk use multiple advanced characterization techniques, including operando methods, to probe charge transport properties, structural changes, and interfacial evolution in multiple rechargeable battery systems. Specifically, spatiotemporal x-ray fluorescence mapping was used to quantify elemental composition near the electrode and in the electrolyte of operando cells. Isothermal microcalorimetry was used to determine heat evolution due to parasitic or decomposition reactions operando. X-ray absorption spectroscopy enabled structure and oxidation state elucidation in the absence of long-range order. X-ray diffraction was employed to track phase changes of distinct electroactive materials. Using advanced characterization, these research efforts provide insight into electron transfer and ion transport properties and their impact on application relevant outcomes (resistance, cycle life, delivered capacity) of electrochemical energy storage technologies.

Welcoming New Editor for Mechanisms: Qiaode Jeffrey Ge

Abstract I am pleased to announce that Dr. Qiaode Jeffrey Ge, Professor and Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Stony Brook University, has been appointed by the ASME Design Engineering Division (DED) and the ASME Technical Committee on Publications and Communications (TCPC) to serve as a new Editor in the area of Mechanisms for Journal of Mechanical Design (JMD), effective from January 2021 for five years.

THE ANALYSIS OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE SOLID PRODUCT USING SCOR ANALYSIS AT PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY, JAKARTA

In improving the performance of pharmaceutical companies, it is necessary to implement a green supply chain using the Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR) method. Several pharmaceutical KPI deviations during 2016-2018 such as Supplier Irregularities, Documentation Errors, CO2 Energy complaints, Water-H2O complaints, and Waste. Therefore, green manufacturing is a production process that uses inputs with relatively low environmental impact, is efficient, and produces little waste or pollution. This study aims to analyze the performance of the Green Supply Chain in pharmaceutical companies in Jakarta by using Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR). This study uses quantitative methods and qualitative methods with a focus on measuring the performance of green manufacturing. The population and samples in this study were all sales and operating planning divisions, supply chain divisions, logistic divisions, commercial divisions, production divisions, procurement divisions, engineering and health divisions and environmental safety divisions. The results of research using green SCOR show that the performance value of green pharmaceutical manufacturing is 96.506 (very good) and is a new way of monitoring the performance of pharmaceutical companiesKeywords: Supply Chain, Green Supply Chain, Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR)JEL Classifications: L2, J2DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.10777

Projective representation of D 6 group in twisted bilayer graphene* *Project supported by DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award DE-SC0010526.

Within the framework of continuum model, we study the projective representation of emergent D 6 point group in twisted bilayer graphene. We then construct tight-binding models of the lowest bands without and with external electromagnetic fields, based on the projective representation.

SISTEM MANAJEMEN ASET DENGAN METODE GARIS LURUS

Technological developments and advances have a major influence on the business world and the world of education, especially in the field of computerization, used as data processing and obtain accurate information to be used as a decision. Schools in the Ungaran area are institutions or agencies engaged in education. Asset recording in these schools has been computerized with Microsoft Excel, but it is not optimal yet. The Maintenance Repair Information Technology (MRIT) division still uses bookkeeping in serving borrowing and returning assets, resulting in less effective and less controlled amount and condition of assets.The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to problems related to the asset inventory system of schools in the Ungaran area. The results obtained from this study are in the form of an asset inventory system using a web-based straight-line method. The system was built using the PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) programming language and MariaDB as the database. The straight-line method is used in this study to calculate the depreciation of assets to determine the value of assets after experiencing depreciation. The MRIT section can easily find out the condition of the asset and the replacement time of the asset. ome of the features in the system include asset recording, borrower data, loan data and asset returns, asset depreciation and reports. The results of the research are that the presentation of asset data reports becomes more effective because they do not have to open several old documents. Asset replacement time can also be known easily.

Beware of Superbugs in a Post-COVID World.

Beware of Superbugs in a Post-COVID World.

NexusLIMS: A Laboratory Information Management System for Shared-Use Electron Microscopy Facilities.

This work introduces NexusLIMS, an electron microscopy laboratory information management system designed and implemented by the Office of Data and Informatics and the Materials Science and Engineering Division at NIST for a multi-user electron microscopy co-op facility. NexusLIMS comprises network infrastructure, shared information technology resources, a custom software package to harvest and extract experimental information and construct experimental metadata records, and an intuitive web-based user-facing interface for searching, browsing, and examining research data. These metadata records conform to the Nexus Experiment schema, which is introduced in this work. The NexusLIMS suite of tools requires minimal input and adjustments to user behavior, instead relying on existing organizational procedures and the collection of information from a multitude of sources to construct a complete picture and record of a research experiment. The underlying infrastructure and design considerations for a multi-user data management system are discussed. The core codebase for NexusLIMS is made publicly available alongside this work, and its modular design encourages the adaptation of the presented methods at other research organizations.

Call for Papers for the Special Issue: Selected Papers From IDETC-CIE 2021

Abstract The ASME Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics invites papers for a special issue drawing on papers from the 45th Mechanisms and Robotics Conference (MR), held as part of the 2021 International Design and Engineering Technical Conferences &amp; Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (IDETC/CIE 2021). Sponsored by the Mechanisms and Robotics Technical Committee of the ASME Design Engineering Division, this annual gathering will take place virtually August 17-20, 2021.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY USING SECI AND WIL TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF IN-FORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIVISION IN PANGESTU JAYA LTD.

Information Technology Division is one of the divisions in Pangestu Jaya Ltd. which engaged in IT Department, where in this division there are several sub-divisions that are interrelated and have the duty and responsibility of each individual to improve services in The company. Turnover is one of the major obstacles in order to still be able to keep the knowledge technology in the company, because there are still many employees with outsourced status who often do turnover in IT division, so difficult to keep the knowledge. therefor need a knowledge management technology which is capable of storing, distributing knowledge in order to renew even while maintaining corporate knowledge. The system design of this research used SECI and WIL (Work Integrated Learning).