Engine Rotational Speed Research Articles

Mengurangi Karbon Monoksida dari Emisi Kendaraan untuk Melindungi Lingkungan dan Meningkatkan Efisiensi Energi

Gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions certainly contain CO gas. This gas in the air can be dangerous for humans and can even be deadly. The presence of CO gas emissions indicates incomplete combustion of fuel in the engine. How to reduce CO gas released from vehicle engines without changing anything and power can also increase. This research was conducted experimentally by examining CO gas levels with the influence of the type of spark plug material, fuel and engine speed. The test was carried out on gasoline vehicles with an engine capacity of 1,500 cc. The results showed that the spark plugs that are good for producing low CO gas are Iridium spark plugs and fuels with an octane number of 92 and above. A good engine speed to produce small CO gas is between 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm. With the combination of the three can reduce CO gas and energy can be increased. This research is good for gasoline vehicle users so that CO gas emissions are low and energy efficiency is high, so use Iridium spark plugs, gasoline with octane 92 or more and the engine rotation speed between 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm.

Evaluation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Electrohydraulic Proportional Valve (EHPV) for an Auto-Steering Tractor Application

The performance of the electrohydraulic proportional control valve (EHPV) employed in a tractor’s automatic steering system directly influences the steering performance. To develop a highly reliable EHPV, it is essential to analyze the hydraulic characteristics of the EHPV for several working conditions of tractors. This study aimed to measure and analyze the hydraulic characteristics of the EHPV according to tractor working conditions. The flow rate and pressure data of the EHPV were computed through the valve measuring system, and the required power was computed. The experimental conditions were selected based on engine rotational speed and tractor steering angle. As a result, it was discovered that the flow rate, pressure, and power all increased when the engine rotation speed and steering angle conditions increased. Furthermore, the rates of increase in flow rate, pressure, and power based on the increase in the steering angle were higher than when the engine rotation speed increased. In the regression analysis results between the two variables and the hydraulic characteristics of EHPVs, the steering angle demonstrated a higher correlation than the engine rotation speed. In conclusion, the steering angle and engine rotational speed are the major variables in the hydraulic characteristics of EHPVs, and the influence of the steering angle is greater.

Моделирование системы управления насосом охлаждения главного дизеля в среде MATLAB Simulink

The article considers simulating the main diesel cooling pump control system in the MATLAB Simulink envi-ronment. Simulating is performed to demonstrate the operation of the upgraded main diesel cooling system. The need to modernize the pump control system comes from the fact that in the original system there is no possibility of adjusting the speed of electric motor rotation, the coolant temperature is regulated only according to the readings from the temperature sensor at the outlet of the main diesel engine, and adjusting the rotation speed of the electric motor in relation to the operating mode of the main diesel engine is not provided. The upgraded control system consists of four sensors (coolant temperature sensor located at the outlet of the main diesel engine, coolant temperature sensor located at the main diesel inlet, sea water temperature sensor and tachogenerator), a fuzzy logic controller and a frequency converter. The frequency converter changes the magnitude and frequency of the voltage supplied to the electric motor, depending on the magnitude of the signal from the fuzzy logic controller. The value of the signal from the fuzzy logic controller depends on the value of the signals from the temperature sensors and the tachogenerator and is determined in accordance with the algorithm written in Simulink. The new system will make it possible to cool the engine more efficiently, due to taking into account the operating mode of the main diesel engine (rotation speed) and will maintain the recommended temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the main diesel engine.

In-Cylinder Pressure Estimation from Rotational Speed Measurements via Extended Kalman Filter.

Real-time estimation of the in-cylinder pressure of combustion engines is crucial to detect failures and improve the performance of the engine control system. A new estimation scheme is proposed based on the Extended Kalman Filter, which exploits measurements of the engine rotational speed provided by a standard phonic wheel sensor. The main novelty lies in a parameterization of the combustion pressure, which is generated by averaging experimental data collected in different operating points. The proposed approach is validated on real data from a turbocharged compression ignition engine, including both nominal and off-nominal working conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed technique accurately reconstructs the pressure profile, featuring a fit performance index exceeding 90% most of the time. Moreover, it can track changes in the engine operating conditions as well as detect the presence of cylinder-to-cylinder variations.

Assessing the benefits of Chlorella vulgaris microalgal biodiesel for internal combustion engines: Energy and exergy analyses

Biodiesel is proven to be an effective replacement for fossil fuels, and ongoing research aims to improve its quality. One method for this improvement is by adding nanoparticles to the biodiesel and various tests are performed to evaluate the efficiency and emission profile of the fuel blends generated. The exergy and energy values of these fuel blends are more important than the tests that are performed to evaluate the performance, emission, and combustion levels. In this study, biodiesel blends are produced using the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Four different fuel blends are prepared: MB0% (pure diesel 100% + microalgal biodiesel 0%), MB10% (pure diesel 90% + microalgal biodiesel 10%), MB20% (pure diesel 80% + microalgal biodiesel 20%), and MB30% (pure diesel 70% + microalgal biodiesel 30%). A transesterification method is used to convert the Chlorella vulgaris oil into biodiesel and then various biodiesel-diesel blends were prepared. The physical and chemical characteristics of the fuel blends determined. Experimental tests are performed using a single-cylinder diesel engine with varying loads, ranging from 0% to 100% at 25% intervals. The engine rotational speed is maintained at 1500 rpm throughout the tests. Exergy analysis is used to assess the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical energy. The parameters examined are brake power, heat taken by cooling water, and heat taken by exhaust gases. Exhaust gas emissions, such as CO, NOx, HC, and soot, are measured at different loads. The results showed that the presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and the resulting increase in combustion temperature increases the formation of NOx, resulting from the cylinder temperature increase. However, the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and soot were decreased, except for nitrogen oxides.

Haulage Cycles Identification for Wheeled Transport in Underground Mine Using Neural Networks.

The task of ore transportation is performed in all mines, regardless of their type (open pit/underground) or mining process. A substantial number of enterprises utilize wheeled machines to perform ore haulage, especially haul trucks and loaders. These machines' work consists of repeating cycles, and each cycle can be divided into 4 operations: loading, driving with full box/bucket, unloading and driving with empty box/bucket. Monitoring this process is essential to create analytical tools that support foremen and other management crew in achieving effective and optimal production and planning activities. Unfortunately, information gathered regarding the process is frequently based on operators' oral testimony. This process not only allows for abuse but is also a repetitive and tedious task that must be performed by foremen. The time and attention of foremen is valuable as they are responsible for managing practically everything in their current mine section (machines, operators, works, repairs, emergencies, safety, etc.). Therefore, the automatization of the described process of information gathering should be performed. In this article, we present two neural network models (one for haul trucks and one for loaders) build for detecting work cycles of the ore haulage process. Both models were built utilizing a 2-stage approach. In the first stage, the models' structures were optimized, while the second was focused on optimizing hyperparameters for the structure with best performance. Both of the proposed models were trained using data collected from on-board monitoring systems over hundreds of the machines' work hours and utilized the same input features: vehicle speed, fuel consumption, selected gear and engine rotational speed. Models have been subjected to comprehensive testing during which the efficiency and stability of the model responsible for haul trucks was proven. Results for loaders were not as high quality for haul trucks; however, some interesting facts were discovered that indicate possible directions for future development.

Advanced turbulence and combustion modeling for the study of a swirl-assisted natural gas spark-ignition heavy-duty engine

Increasing demands on higher performance and lower fuel consumption and emissions have led the path for internal combustion engine development; this race is nowadays directly related to CO2 emissions reduction. To drive engine development and reduce the time-to-market, the employment of numerical analysis is mandatory. This requires a continuous improvement of the simulation models toward real predictive analyses able to reduce the experimental R&D efforts. In this framework, 1D numerical codes are fundamental tools for system design, energy management optimization, and calibration. The present work is focused on the improvement of the phenomenological turbulence model, originally conceived to describe turbulence evolution in tumble-promoting engines. The turbulence model is developed with reference to a SI heavy-duty CNG engine derived from a diesel engine. In this architecture, due to the flat cylinder head, turbulence is also generated by swirl and squish flow motions, in addition to tumble motion. The presented turbulence model is validated against 3D CFD results, demonstrating to properly predict turbulence and swirl/tumble evolution under two different operating conditions, without the need for any case-dependent tuning. The developed turbulence model is coupled to a phenomenological combustion model based on the fractal geometry theory applied to the flame front surface, where the turbulence is assumed to support flame propagation through an enhancement of the flame front area with respect to the laminar counterpart. The combustion model is validated against an extensive experimental dataset, composed of 25 operating points at different engine rotational speeds and loads. The numerical/experimental comparisons of global performance parameters are satisfactory, leading to maximum errors around ±2% for the BSFC, ±2° for the main combustion events, and ±1 bar for the in-cylinder peak pressure. Burn rate profiles are very well captured by the combustion model at changing operating conditions, not requiring any case-dependent tuning. The presented results demonstrate that the turbulence/combustion models could constitute a reliable virtual test facility, contributing to supporting and driving experimental activities.

Identification of Engine Rotation Speed Control System Installed in Research Aircraft “Hisho''

Identification of Engine Rotation Speed Control System Installed in Research Aircraft “Hisho''

An Addition of Ethanol and Patchouli Oil on Pertamax: The Case Study of Their Effect on Exhaust Gas Emission for 4-stroke Engine

Industrial sector has been focused on the transportation and automotive service due to their essential for many people in every daily life. Currently, almost everyone has a motorized vehicle which also has an effect on improving the country’s economy. On the other hand, this raises concerns about the occurrence of a global warming phenomenon. The more motorized vehicles were extremely impact on increasing the exhaust gasses that also have a negative impact to the environment, including carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hence, this work tried to reduce the exhaust gas emission through the addition of ethanol and synthetic additive, namely patchouli oil. This case study was conducted using pertamax fuel with octane number 92. We analyzed five different optimization sample that consisting of S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5. Then, the several characterizations also carried out to these samples for supporting the results obtained i.e. density, viscosity, and surface tension. Also, the variation of engine rotation speed (in rpm) is utilized to determine the performance or the impact of the samples made to the environment. The results indicate that the pertamax sample mixed with ethanol and patchouli oil showed an optimal performance in S5, there is no detect of CO emission. Then, S3 for the lowest emission of CO2. Also, S3 for the highest efficient in fuel consumption. Hoping this work has an extremely impact for the reducing an exhaust emission in fuels and increasing the energy efficient of internal combustion engines

Synthesis of the system for controlling the distance between vehicles

Problem. In conditions of high traffic intensity, it often happens that shortly after turning on the car's speed control mode, the driver has to brake in order to maintain a distance from other road users moving at variable speeds. The work analyzed the remote control system, considered the remote control system and car control, considered the sensors of the automatic control system, selected the control law, analyzed the control object, the structural diagram of the distance. A control system was developed and the transfer coefficient of the control law was determined. Goal. As a result of the analysis, the goal of the study was highlighted: to conduct a synthesis of the remote control system. Methodology. The main method of solving this problem is the study of the differential equations of the control system and the selection of optimal controller parameters that ensure the necessary quality of the transition process. Results. The result of the study is: a two-circuit distance control system, containing the circuits for regulating the engine rotation speed and the distance to the car driving ahead which meets the requirements of the task, if the P-regulator is used in the speed control circuit, and a PD-regulator is used in the remote control circuit. Originality. The originality lies in the fact that the introduction of the distance maintenance function into the car's speed control system contributes to a comfortable ride and reduces the likelihood of a stressful situation. Practical value. The use of the proposed results indicate the possibility of developing an automatic distance control system with specified quality parameters.

Effect of associated gas utilization on the creep life of gas turbines employed for power generation application

Utilizing associated gas (A-Gas) in gas turbines for power generation applications would greatly solve some of the acute power challenges Nigeria is faced with over the years. However, utilizing A-Gas to generate a given power demand, would necessitate the engine fired with associated gas to consume more fuel; thereby causing the engine to operate at elevated turbine entry temperatures, which may affect the creep life of the turbines. This study investigates the effect of associated gas utilization on the creep life of gas turbines. GasTurb details 5.1 was employed to model the A-Gas fuel, while GasTurb 11 was used to model and simulate the performance of the aero-derivative gas turbine engine fired with natural gas and associated gas separately. The input and output gas path parameters obtained from GasTurb simulations which include mass flow rate, Pressure ratio, turbine entry temperature, engine rotational speed, power output etc. were used as input to size the HP turbine Blade. Larson Miller parameter and blade metal temperatures obtained for different sections of the blade were used to estimate the time to failure of the HP turbine blade for the two conditions (blade of engine fired with natural gas and A-gas separately) investigated. The results show that the estimated time to failure of the HP turbine blades for engine fired with natural gas is 49,821.4 h as against 33,158 h for the one operated with A-Gas fuel.

Improvement of technical performance of heat regenerator of GPU-3 Stirling engine

In this paper, in order of simulate the performance of Stirling engine a novel adiabatic model (irreversible adiabatic) is proposed for the Ground Power Unit Stirling engine, which has higher accuracy than previous models of this Stirling engine. Then the effects of important parameters of Stirling engine such as regenerator length, regenerator porosity, engine rotational speed, and pressure on the performance of the Ground Power Unit engine are investigated and optimal conditions of these parameters are provided for three different operating pressures. The engine modeling is conducted by the Runge–Kutta method and the genetic algorithm technique is used to optimize the engine. The results show that the power output and thermal efficiency of model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Also, at high rotational speeds, by increasing the regenerator length, the pressure drop increases and the power output decreases sharply; therefore, it is better to use short regenerators to achieve proper thermal efficiency. Also, at high rotational speeds and low regenerator porosity, the pressure drop of regenerator increases so much that at 3500 rpm and 0.65 porosity, the pressure drop reaches more than 2.5 bar. For maximize the power and thermal efficiency, a high porosity coefficient is recommended at high rotational speeds.

Combustion characteristics for a hydrogen-fuelled low-pressure-ratio split-cycle engine

Investigation of hydrogen-air combustion characteristics for low-pressure-ratio split-cycle engines is performed for the first time. Ignition delay and combustion duration data are presented for low initial pressures below 5 bars and temperatures from ambient level till 550 °C. A simplified constant-volume combustion chamber experiment with glow-plug ignition and timed intake and exhaust valves is constructed in order to simulate the real operation. Ignition delay is found to be inversely proportional to the temperature, and unexpectedly directly proportional with pressure. Equivalence ratio has a weak influence on the ignition delay. Combustion duration exhibits the same behaviour as the ignition delay and represents an average 40% portion of the total combustion delay. Ignition delay results are bounded to the selected glow plug surface temperature range and complements with data in literature. Based on the results, the engine rotational speed would be limited to a maximum of 4500 RPM for an intake duration of 30° at 550 °C and 3.5 bars pre-combustion conditions.

Information and measurement system of traction transport vehicles

The synthesis of the information and measurement system for traction transport vehicles was performed in the study. It was established that, depending on the purpose, measuring systems are divided into measurement information systems, measurement control systems, measurement control systems, etc. The majority of tractors produced have analog information and measurement systems. The structure of the information and measurement system was proposed, which includes a microprocessor and the following sensors: inertial measurement device (IMP); tractor speed sensor; engine rotation speed sensor; fuel flow meter. The developed information and measurement system allow to determine the parameters of the tractor's functioning more quickly and the operator may choose effective modes of operation by changing the transmission or speed of movement. Depending on the change of the measuring task, the system is called a flexible measurement system. It is determined that the energy assessment is carried out in order to determine the balance of power and the correctness of the choice of energy means for an agricultural machine or to determine the traction characteristics of a tractor. Experimental models of mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural vehicles and implements in a unit with tractors, as well as self-propelled vehicles that ensure the execution of the work process, or experimental models of vehicles driven by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor are subject to energy evaluation. During the energy evaluation, the power consumption of the machine-tractor unit is determined in the modes of operation, in which technological operations are performed stably. Energy assessment of agricultural vehicles and implements is carried out on a specially equipped tractor corresponding to the traction class of the tested vehicle or implement. The developed measurement system refers to technical means of diagnosis and operational control and can be used in agriculture and machine-building industry. It is intended to determine the kinematic, dynamic, power and energy characteristics of mobile vehicles and their elements during road, field and bench tests. Key words: measurement system, sensor, energy assessment, tractor.

Development of the Reliability Assessment Process of the Hydraulic Pump for a 78 kW Tractor during Major Agricultural Operations

This study focuses on the development of the reliability test method for the hydraulic pump of a tractor during major agricultural operations (plow, rotary, baler, and wrapping) at various driving and PTO (power take-off) gear stages. The hydraulic-pressure-measurement system was installed on the tractor. The measured hydraulic pressure and engine rotational speed were converted to the equivalent pressure and engine speed for each agricultural operation using a mathematical formula. Additionally, the overall equivalent pressure and overall engine speed were calculated to determine the acceleration lifetime. The average equivalent pressure and engine speed for plow tillage were calculated at around 5.44 MPa and 1548.37 rpm, respectively, whereas the average equivalent pressure and engine speed for rotary tillage were almost 5.70 MPa and 2074.73 rpm, accordingly. In the case of baler and wrapping operations, the average equivalent pressure and engine speed were approximately 11.22 MPa and 2203.01 rpm, and 11.86 MPa and 913.76 rpm, respectively. The overall hydraulic pressure of the pump and the engine rotational speed were found to be around 10.07 MPa and 1512.93 rpm, respectively. The acceleration factor was calculated using the overall pressure and engine speed accounting for 336. In summary, the developed reliability test method was evaluated by RS-B-0063, which is the existing reliability evaluation standard for agricultural hydraulic gear pumps. The evaluation results proved that the developed reliability test method for the hydraulic pump of a tractor satisfied the standard criteria. Therefore, it could be said that the developed reliability test method could be applicable to the hydraulic pump of the tractor during agricultural field operations.

Negative impact of constant RPM control strategy on ship NOx emission in waves

In severe wave conditions, the ship propulsion system is loaded with high fluctuations due to external disturbances. The highly fluctuating loads enforce radical changes in the main engine torque, which in turn demands variation of the fuel rate injected into the cylinders if a constant rotational speed strategy is applied. Therefore, the temperature of gases varies to a large extent during the combustion process in the cylinders. The emitted NOx is a function of this highly fluctuating temperature. The main goal of this study is to investigate NOx emission under the aforementioned conditions when a usual constant RPM control strategy is applied in waves similar to the calm water condition. The paper presents a mathematical model of the whole system, which is applied to a selected ship both in regular waves and in calm water conditions. The results show that the sea waves, in comparison with the calm water condition, can radically increase the emitted NOx under the constant rotational speed strategy. This change can reach even 1014 times more, averagely. The results also show that the higher the wave height the higher the emitted NOx. It is concluded that the control strategy of keeping the engine rotational speed in waves at a constant level is the most important reason for the significantly increased NOx emission in waves in comparison with the calm water condition.

COMPARISON OF GENETIC ALGORITHM AND NEURAL NETWORK APPROACHES FOR THE PROGNOSIS OF MECHANICAL IDLE RUNNING LOSSES IN AGRICULTURE TRACTOR TRANSMISSION

An experimental investigation of mechanical idle running losses in an agriculture tractor transmission was used to collect a wide range of data. The influence of the engine rotation speed, the number of switched-on gears, and the oil level in the transmission gearbox on the idle running losses was determined. Adequate regression models in cases of switched-on and switched-off PTO were received. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize mathematical models obtained using regression analysis. A feed-forward artificial neural network was also developed to estimate the same experimental data for mechanical idle running losses in transmission. A back-propagation algorithm was used when training and testing the network. A comparison of the correlation coefficient, reduced chi-square, mean bias error, and root mean square error between the experimental data and fit values of the obtained models was made. It was concluded that the neural network represented the mechanical idle running losses in tractor transmission more accurately than other models.

THC and CO Emissions from Diesel Engines Using Biodiesel Produced from Residual Frying Oil by Non-Thermal Plasma Technology

Research aimed at finding alternative fuels to replace petroleum diesel (petrodiesel) used in controlled combustion engines (CCEs) has identified biodiesel as one of the main candidates, due to its sustainability and potential for use in energy matrices. In this study, the gas emissions from a diesel CCE were investigated, with a focus on total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Biodiesel (B100) samples derived from the transesterification of frying oil, produced applying conventional chemical catalysis (CC) or non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology, were tested as alternative fuels. Three engine rotation speeds were investigated (900, 1500, and 2500 rpm) and biodiesel samples obtained from the residual frying oil were compared with conventional road diesel (S-500) without biodiesel added, acquired from a gas station. Blends were also prepared with S-500 and B100 obtained applying NTP for 15 or 30 min, in mixes containing 2, 12, 20, and 50% of biodiesel. These blends showed reductions in THC and CO emissions of 62% and 80%, respectively, compared with the emissions for 100% S-500. Thus, biodiesel produced from frying oil offers low emissions of CO and THC, highlighting the potential for reductions using biodiesel produced applying the NTP technology.

Technical and economic modeling and optimization of a Ford-Philips engine for power production

In this study, for the first time, the effects of various parameters including engine rotational speed, engine pressure, heater temperature, and piston stroke on technical (energy and exergy) and economic (cost savings and payback period) performance of a Ford-Philips 4-215 engine is investigated. Considering the different engine losses, a thermodynamic model of the engine is employed and validated with available experimental data. The results reveal that the increase in engine pressure and heater temperature, augments the capacity and efficiency of the engine, respectively, and increasing the engine rotational speed and piston stroke first shortens the payback period and thereafter makes it longer. Moreover, the engine parameters are designed from six different technical and economic standpoints, and the optimal parameters are selected using two well-known decision methods, namely, the linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). In one of the cases, from energy and economic viewpoints, engine parameters have been designed and the maximum electric power and minimum payback period have been gauged at 260.46 kW and 6.10 years, respectively. In another case, from the exergy perspective, the maximum exergy efficiency and minimum exergy destruction are 65.17 % and 6.81 kW, respectively. Finally, by performing a three-objective optimization (energy, exergy, and economic), the maximum output power and exergy efficiency are evaluated 258 kW and 44.5%, respectively at a 5-year payback period.

Comparative study of the effects of increasing heat transfer area within compression and expansion chambers in combination with modified pistons in Stirling engines. A simulation approach based on CFD and a numerical thermodynamic model

The aim of this research is to ascertain the potential benefits of increasing heat transfer area in the expansion and compression spaces of Stirling engines. This is achieved, as proposed in an accepted patent, by simultaneously attaching pins or fins to the chamber walls and modifying the geometry of the displacer. Different configurations involving pinned and finned surfaces were proposed for comparison with a hollow cylindrical chamber. In order to compute the heat transfer rate as well as the convective heat transfer coefficient for each suggested geometry, a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model was run under different temperatures, displacer speeds and pressures. For a selected geometry based on longitudinal cylindrical pins, the computed heat transfer coefficients were correlated with input parameters in order to obtain a simple equation. The equation was subsequently introduced into a three-camera second-order thermodynamic model of a gamma Stirling engine with crankshaft mechanism. Five different cases were evaluated. The models were run for different operational conditions (speed and charge pressure), for a hot wall temperature of 493 K and a cold wall temperature of 293 K. Pressure was varied from 1 to 2.5 atmospheres and the engine rotational speed ranged between 50 and 1000 rpm. Results showed an increase in engine power between 1.3 and 2.5 times when compared to a conventional engine without heat exchangers.