Engine Performance Parameters Research Articles

Integrated optimization of common rail direct injection diesel engine input parameters with linseed biodiesel: A hybrid approach using grey relational analysis and genetic algorithm techniques

In the pursuit of improved productivity and efficiency, the search for alternative fuels that reduce dependence on fossil fuels is of utmost importance. This research study aims to investigate the influence of process parameters, namely blend percentage, fuel injection pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, and engine load, on various engine performance parameters such as torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), hydrocarbon emissions (HC), and mechanical efficiency. The experiments are conducted following the Taguchi orthogonal array (L25) design of experiments. Additionally, grey relational analysis, a multi-objective optimization technique, is applied to identify the optimal levels of the process variables that optimize all the response parameters. The optimal values obtained through grey relational analysis are determined as 0% blend, 600 bar fuel injection pressure, 12% EGR rate, and 12 kg engine load. Moreover, the Genetic Algorithm-based Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is employed for multi-objective optimization of the engine input variables, yielding optimal levels of 19.45% blend, 594.35 bar fuel injection pressure, 14.12% EGR rate, and 12 kg engine load. Furthermore, multivariable regression models are developed to predict the response variables within the experimental domain. These models are validated through a confirmation test. The findings of this study provide insights into the optimization of process variables for enhanced engine performance, with the developed models serving as valuable tools for future predictions and optimization.

Multi-objective optimization of Fe-based SCR catalyst on the NOx conversion efficiency for a diesel engine based on FGRA-ANN/RF

With the development of industrial level and the increasingly strict emission regulations, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is one of the important ways to control NOx emissions from diesel engines. In this study, the effects of intake pressure on pressure and NOx conversion efficiency before and after catalyst were investigated at different loads. In order to improve the SCR efficiency, a multi-objective prediction method based on FGRA-ANN/RF was developed for SCR systems, where the predicted output parameters (the front and back section temperatures of the catalyst, the pressure difference, and the instantaneous catalytic efficiency) and the decision variables (the engine operating parameters). Firstly, the sensitivity analysis of the multi-objective inputs obtained from the ETC condition experiments is performed by the fuzzy grey relation method (FGRA) to select the high sensitivity parameters. Then, the prediction was carried out by artificial neural network (ANN) as well as the improved random forest (RF). The experimental results showed that the evaluation index R2 of RF was generally greater than 0.92 and the improved random forest method had high accuracy and robustness. It is valuable for solving SCR industrial simulation and reducing the hysteresis of ammonia injection response.

Numerical analysis of spray characterization of blends of hydrous ethanol with diesel and biodiesel

The spray characteristics of a fuel greatly influence the combustion as it affects the formation of an air–fuel mixture, which directly impacts the performance and emissions of the engine. This study investigates the physical injection spray characteristics of biofuels to optimize the engine operating parameters for their effective utilization. For the analysis of the spray characteristics of pure diesel (D100), 80% diesel—20% biodiesel (D80B20), 80% diesel—10% biodiesel—10% pure ethanol (D80B10E10), and 80% diesel—10% biodiesel—10% hydrous ethanol (D80B10HE10) are investigated. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of a constant volume chamber under non-evaporative conditions is performed to conduct numerical analysis. The chamber pressure of 2 and 2.5 MPa and nozzle injection diameter of 0.126 mm, 0.15 mm, and 0.2 mm are considered to conduct the simulations. The variation in spray penetration length is analyzed and discussed for the injection of different fuel blends at different initial conditions. It is observed from numerical results that the high-density fuel blend D80B20 has a penetration length of 10.695% and 15.805% higher than pure diesel and D80B10HE10 blends, respectively. For pure diesel, with an increase in nozzle diameter from 0.126 mm to 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm, the penetration length is increased by 20% and 32%, respectively, and with an increase in pressure from 2 MPa to 2.5 MPa, penetration length is decreased by 14.62%. From this study, it can be concluded that biofuels like biodiesel and hydrous ethanol can be used with diesel in blended form over pure ethanol. Compared to pure ethanol, hydrous ethanol gives cost benefits and better spray characteristics.

Effect of Bypass Duct on the Thrust Vectoring Performance of Dual Throat Nozzle in a Supersonic Aircraft

Abstract Due to its ability to maximize thrust vectoring performance, the bypass dual throat nozzle (BDTN) has an advantage over other fluidic vectoring controls. In this study, numerical simulation is performed to analyze the flow characteristics and performance parameters of an aircraft engine with three different nozzle configurations. The nozzle of a representative engine, i.e., an F100 engine was selected as a model geometry to test the efficiency obtained by BDTN. The present investigation has shown that implementing a bypass channel on a real geometry nozzle has no significant effects on thrust vectoring performance in vectored mode. Although the real geometry scheme has a higher thrust and a discharge coefficient, the smaller cavity length resulted in lower vectoring angles. Modifying the real geometry nozzle according to the BDTN configuration significantly improved the thrust vectoring performance. However, the V-shaped bypass passage flow in the modified geometry scheme imposed un-necessary total pressure losses in the nozzle. A geometry scheme that utilized an arc-shaped rather than a V-shaped bypass passage is considered in this research and found to present minimize pressure losses. A total increase of 2% and 3.5% is hereby reported, for thrust and discharge coefficients, respectively. A decrease of 6% is reported in the thrust vectoring angle under an improved geometrical scheme. Out of three geometries, the real geometry scheme reported negligible thrust vectoring performance, while modified and improved geometry schemes indicated improved thrust vectoring performance without substantially changing the engine states.

Evaluating the Impact of Using HEFA Fuel on the Particulate Matter Emissions from a Turbine Engine

The dynamically growing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) industry and the implemented European policy create the need for conducting research on the actual benefits of using alternative fuels in aviation. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) fuel on the particulate matter emission indicators of an aircraft engine. This article presents the results of the measurements of particle emissions from a jet engine fueled by a blend of aviation kerosene and HEFA fuel (with HEFA content at 5%, 20%, and 30% by volume). A positive effect of HEFA on both the number and mass indices of particles was observed. The use of SAF fuel led to a reduction in the particulate number index by 90% and the particulate mass index by 75%. The Particle Number Emission Index (EIN) for an engine fueled with Jet A-1 exhibited values ranging from 5.23 × 1016 to 1.33 × 1017 particles per kilogram. The use of HEFA fuel (30% content) allowed for a reduction in the EIN to the range of 2.83 × 1015 to 1.04 × 1016 particles per kilogram. A detailed analysis of particle size distribution (PSD) for both the number and volume of particles was conducted. It was noted that neither the fuel composition nor the engine operating parameters significantly affected the shape of the PSD, but the use of HEFA fuel distinctly reduced the values of the number-based PSD. It was observed that the volume-based PSD had a bimodal shape, indicating a significant contribution of particles larger than 100 nm, forming the so-called soot mode. Our findings suggest that even a small amount of HEFA fuel yields satisfactory results in reducing particulate matter emissions.

Using renewable alternative fuels and studying their impact on the performance and emissions of compression ignition engines

AbstractThis practical study examined the effect of engine torque on engine performance and emissions. The most important parameters of engine performance are thermal efficiency, brake power (BP), and specific fuel consumption. As for exhaust emissions, the most important of which are hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The experiment was conducted for a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke compression ignition engine. Mixtures (B0, B10, B20, B30, and B40) were taken from biodiesel prepared from sunflower oil by the esterification method. The engine speed was fixed at 1700 rpm, and torque variable was from 0 to 10 N m. The results indicated a decrease in engine BP by an average of 19.5 W, a decrease in thermal efficiency by an average of 1.058%, while an increase in fuel consumption by an average of 0.095 kg/kW h−1 compared to diesel. As for exhaust emissions, HC emissions decreased by 5.8 ppm, while CO decreased by 0.0207%, and NOx emissions increased by 138.5 ppm compared to diesel, due to changes in the properties of biodiesel, such as high density, viscosity, and low calorific value compared to the properties of regular diesel

Analysis and optimisation of emissions and fuel economy of biodiesel fuelled CI engine using Taguchi technique

The objectives of the present work are to examine the combined effect of engine operating and injection parameters and to optimise these parameters for better fuel economy, performance, and reduced emissions. The fuels used were diesel and biodiesel blends of Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel. The results indicate that diesel gives higher thermal efficiency at low loads, however, the 20% jatropha blend was slightly more efficient, at high loads. It was observed that the BSFC increases when the EGR is varied from 0% to 20%. Even though the smoke opacity increases with increased EGR, advanced injection at 28o BTDC decreases smoke. Increased EGR also reduced NOx emissions by up to 11%. Blending also has a significant impact on the output parameters. Taguchi analysis was applied to optimise the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine and set of input values were obtained for the optimum performance under different conditions.

Chromatographic Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Exhaust Gas Samples from Urban Two-Wheeled Vehicles

The subject of the article was the chemical analysis of gasoline and exhaust gas samples taken from an urban two-wheeled vehicle. The main aim of the work was to identify chemical compounds emitted by a group of urban two-wheeled vehicles depending on the engine’s operating parameters. First, engine operating parameters and driving parameters of three urban two-wheeled vehicles were measured in real operating conditions. Based on the averaged results, engine operating points were determined for exhaust gas samples that were collected into Tedlar bags. The exhaust gas composition of individual chemical substances obtained in the chromatographic separation process were subjected to a detailed analysis relating the engine operating point with their emission rate, with each individual component being assessed in terms of its impact on human health. The obtained qualitative analysis results indicated the presence of alkenes, alkanes, aliphatic aldehydes, and aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes) in the tested samples. The experiments provided a variety of conclusions relating to the operating parameters of a two-wheeler engine. Qualitative assessment of exhaust samples showed that a two-wheeled vehicle was characterized by the most varying composition of BTX aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives, which are particularly dangerous to human health and life. Therefore, the authors suggest that in the future, approval procedures regarding toxic emissions should be extended to include chromatographic tests. The presented results are an extension of previous studies on toxic emissions from urban two-wheeled vehicles in real operating conditions that were published in other journals.

Experimental study of spatial distribution of knock events in a turbocharged spark-ignition engine

An experimental investigation on the spatial distribution of knock events in a turbocharged spark-ignition engine for hybrid vehicle applications was conducted by using a multichannel fiber optic method. The knock positions were detected under different conditions to investigate the influence of crucial engine design and operating parameters on the knock characteristics including the spatial distribution in the combustion chamber and its relationship to knock intensity. The measured data reveal that the spatial distribution in the engine with a port fuel injection (PFI) system is mainly located on the exhaust side with insignificant influence of engine speed and load, which is attributed to the elevated thermal load around the exhaust valves. However, the knock events under gasoline direct-injection (DI) conditions were found to occur in more scattered locations with more occurring on the engine front-end and rear-end sides. These results indicate that the in-cylinder fuel-air mixing process may have a significant impact on the knock occurrence spots under DI conditions. The knock positions of the engine with different excessive air ratios, injection timings, and intake-valve timings were also detected, indicating that engine operating parameters have complex influences on the knock-region distribution in a DI engine. In addition, experiments were also carried out in two different cylinders to verify the cylinder-to-cylinder variations in knock regions which may be caused by the engine cooling design. Furthermore, no apparent correlations were observed between the knock position and the knock intensity by analysis of the experimental data.

Analysis of Performance Parameters of Engines with Spark Ignition with Variable Regulations of the Fuel-Injection System, Powered by E100 Fuel

Emission limits imposed on gas-powered vehicles, which have gradually been introduced by the European Commission, as well as the exhaustibility of the planet’s natural resources involve the need to search for alternative solutions and restore renewable fuel markets. In terms of ecology, using biofuels for powering spark-ignition engines has a positive impact on the natural environment. This kind of fuel, however, has a negative effect on the drive unit performance parameters, such as power and torque. This study presents test results of performance parameters of a spark-ignition engine fueled by E100 (pure ethanol). Parameters that have been analyzed are power, torque, exhaust emission components (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons), solid particles included in exhaust gases and emission of noise generated by the drive unit. The vehicle control system software adjustments have also been tested. Twelve regulations have been tested to evaluate performance parameters of a spark-ignition engine powered by E100 fuel. An analysis of the test results has confirmed the advisability of the introduction of control system software regulation. The aim of the work was to develop a model that will help select the appropriate software adjustment for an engine powered by E100 fuel. Due to the introduced emission restrictions, there is an important issue that concerns users of combustion vehicles. The research presented in the manuscript concerns a joint analysis of the engine’s fueling with alternative fuel and the introduction of changes to its software in order to reduce emissions.

Experimental investigation and artificial neural network-based modelling of thermal barrier engine performance and exhaust emissions for methanol-gasoline blends

In recent years, due to environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, alternative fuel use and alternative emission reduction methods have gained importance in the automotive industry. In addition, methanol is used as an alternative fuel in gasoline engines with coated piston engines. This study first presents an experimental investigation of engine performance and exhaust emissions for a partially thermal barrier lined piston engine operating on methanol-gasoline blends. In the second phase the obtained data is then used to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based model to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions for methanol-gasoline blends. The developed ANN model was trained and validated using MATLAB. The results of the experimental study showed that the use of methanol-gasoline blended fuel in the engine provides better engine performance and reduced exhaust emissions compared to gasoline fuel. According to the results obtained, an increase of 3.7 % in effective power and a decrease in NOx and HC emissions by 19 % and 18 %, respectively, compared to the STD case when both coating and alternative fuel are used in the engine. With the established ANN models, engine performance parameters and exhaust emission parameters were predicted with 99 % and 98 % accuracy respectively.

Study of the effect of ignition crank angle and mixture composition on the performance of a spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol

The publication presents the results of the measurements of the operating parameters of a spark-ignition engine fueled with 95-octane unleaded gasoline (ES95) and ethyl alcohol, approx. 92%. The measurements were carried out at a constant load: an engine speed of 1,500 rpm and a constant pressure in the intake system - MAP=0.45 bar. For each type of fuel, the measurements were carried out in two series for two variables. The ignition crank anglewas varied in the range of 0˚÷40˚ and the mixture composition λ in the range of 0.85÷1.25. The recorded engine performance parameters included torque, intake manifold pressure, intake air temperature, exhaust gas temperature and temporal fuel consumption; and exhaust gas composition was examined in terms of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The study showed that an ethanol-fueled engine has lower average efficiency compared to a gasoline one. The highest efficiency for ethanol was obtained for rich mixtures in the range λ=0.85÷1.0 and at high ignition advance angles. The use of alcohol fuel showed a very favorable effect on the composition of exhaust gas and a significantly lower content of harmful exhaust components was demonstrated. For the same operating points, carbon monoxide content was reduced by an average of 15%, and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by an average of 80%.

Performance evaluation of direct injection diesel engine fueled with diesel-ZnO nanoparticles blends

Present experimental study focused on investigating the effects of diesel-zinc oxide nanoparticles blends on the performance evaluation of a four stroke two-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Two blends were employed to analyze engine combustion and performance parameters at various engine loads and constant speed (1500 rpm) conditions. Blends were prepared by dispersing zinc oxide nanoparticles with diesel fuel in different dosing levels through the ultrasonication process. One blend has 30 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles per liter of diesel (D100ZnO30) and another has 60 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles per liter of diesel (D100ZnO60). It was found that combustion and performance characteristics improved at higher engine loads for all blends. Present experimental results revealed that blending of zinc oxide nanoparticles in diesel fuel enhance engine performance due to better in-cylinder combustion. Combustion characteristics like maximum cumulative heat release, maximum net heat release rate and peak rate of pressure rise of diesel engine were promoted due to nanoparticles additive. Percentage increase of 9.09 and 10.09 in duration of combustion of D100ZnO30 and D100ZnO60 blends respectively than diesel was recorded at full load. At full load conditions, brake thermal efficiency was improved by 2.63 % and 0.36 % for D100ZnO30 and D100ZnO60 blends respectively as compared to diesel. Moreover, brake specific fuel consumption of D100ZnO30 and D100ZnO60 blends also improved significantly than diesel. Hence, it can be stated that zinc oxide nanoparticles in lower concentration would be an effective approach to significantly improve diesel engine combustion and performance parameters.

Developing Fuel Efficiency and CO2 Emission Maps of a Vehicle Engine Based on the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) Approach

A vehicle interacts with the road, other vehicles, and traffic control devices in real traffic conditions. The level of traffic influences driving patterns and, consequently, this can affect the vehicle´s fuel efficiency and emissions. This study aims to develop engine maps of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for a light vehicle operating under real traffic conditions. A representative passenger vehicle of the Ecuadorian vehicle fleet, powered by gasoline, was selected for the experimental campaign that was developed on a test route designed according to real driving emission (RDE) regulation. An on-board diagnostic (OBD) device was used for recording in real-time engine and vehicle operating parameters. Moreover, CO2 emissions were estimated using the fuel rate registered from the OBD system of the vehicle This study proposed a novel methodology for developing two-dimensional contour engine maps based on OBD data. The result showed that the vehicle engine operated in real traffic conditions with a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 27%, a brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 275 g/kWh, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) energy-emission factor of 716 g/kWh. In terms of distance, the CO2 emission factor for the tested vehicle was approximately 190 g/km. Overall, this study demonstrates that the OBD approach is a potential method to be used to assess the fuel consumption and emissions of a vehicle operating under real-world traffic conditions, especially in Latin American countries, where portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) are not readily available.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЗАГРУЗКИ АСИНХРОННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ С КОРОТКОЗАМКНУТЫМ РОТОРОМ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

In the agro-industrial complex, asynchronous electric motors with a squirrel-cage rotor are widely used in most technological processes. More than half of them are unevenly loaded, which leads to overspending of electricity or premature failure of the electric motor. Installation of engines in hard-to-reach places makes it difficult to access live parts to control their main indicators during operation, therefore, for rational operation and prevention of failures, it is required to develop a method for operational control of engine operation parameters without stopping the technological process. (Research purpose) The research purpose is substantiating the possibility of determining the load of an asynchronous electric motor by the frequency of rotation of the rotor shaft. (Materials and methods) A load bench for experimental studies was manufactured, consisting of an asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor and a DC generator of independent excitation. The research was carried out by loading the asynchronous motor with a generator for various values of the rotor speed, at which its main indicators were recorded. (Results and discussion) Graphs of current measurement, power factor and power consumption from engine rotor revolutions were presented. We analyzed the dynamics of changes in the main indicators of an asynchronous motor depending on its load. It was found that the studied indicators vary linearly depending on the engine speed with high approximation reliability. (Conclusions) Analytical dependencies were identified to determine the main engine indicators by rotor speed. It has been shown that the proposed method for determining the load is easy to use, since it is enough to measure the rotor speed and compare it with the nominal one, regardless of the technical characteristics of the engine.

Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles—From Statistics to Emission Regulations and Vehicle Testing in the European Union

The article offers a comprehensive examination of vehicle emissions, with a specific focus on the European Union’s automotive industry. Its main goal is to provide an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the emission of microcontaminants from light-duty vehicles and the challenges associated with their removal via exhaust aftertreatment systems. It presents statistical insights into the automotive sector and explores the relationships between vehicle categories, fuel types, and the emission of regulated and nonregulated pollutants, as well as relevant legal regulations such as the European Emission Standard. The article delves into the characteristics of vehicle exhaust, compares exhaust-gas aftertreatment systems, and introduces factors affecting emissions from gasoline engines, including downsizing, fuel composition, and engine operating parameters. It also considers the impact of driving style, start–stop systems, and related factors. Concluding, the article offers an overview of vehicle-testing procedures, including emission tests on dynamometer chassis and real driving emissions. With the growing global vehicle population and international environmental regulations, a focus on solid particles containing microcontaminants is paramount, as they pose significant risks to health and the environment. In summary, this article provides valuable insights into vehicle emissions, significantly contributing to our understanding of this crucial environmental issue.

Optimización del rendimiento del motor y las emisiones con nanopartículas de CeO2 en combustible diésel: mediante el método de superficie de respuesta

The response section method (RSM) determines the effectiveness of the data transfer at different load conditions of the engine to minimize and amplify emissions. Traditionally, manual measurements can be used to measure performance and exhaust emissions under different load conditions. This saves costa in continuous measurement. In this experimental study, nanoparticles (NPs), which have been used as fuel additives recently, were added to the diesel fuel and their effect on engine performance and emissions was analyzed. Optimization was achieved using the response and results of the surface method application. CeO2 nanoparticles were added to the fuel, at 25, 50 and 100 ppm rates, and tests were conducted at 1600, 2000, 2400 and 2800 rpm engine speeds. According to the results, an increase in brake thermal efficiency, engine power, and engine torque was observed, as well as a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). In emissions, CO, HC, and smoke emissions decreased, while NOx emissions increased. An optimization study was conducted with the data obtained subsequently. In the optimization with the response surface method, the optimum values were 2200 rpm and 100 ppm CeO2. Hence, engine torque, engine power, BSFC, thermic efficiency, NOx, CO, HC and smoke emissions, 25.650 Nm, 6.374 kW, 325.175 g/kWh, 27.50%, 1192 ppm, 53.30%, 96 ppm and 45.40% values were obtained, respectively. As for engine performance parameters, low error rates were obtained. The response surface method is compatible with low error rates, especially in engine performance values.

Experimental investigation on SiO2 nano particle as additives on performance and emission parameters of diesel engine fueled with castor oil blends


 
 
 
 Introduction: Today, a lot of research work is carried out in the vegetable oil based fuels which are the blended renewable fuels derived from vegetable oils or the oxygenated fuels which could effect in reduced Carbonaceous emissions. This experimental study investigates the impact of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles as additives on the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine running on castor oil blends.
 
 
 
 
 Materials and methods: Castor oil is a renewable source of biodiesel, but it has limitations such as lower calorific value and higher viscosity compared to conventional diesel. To overcome these limitations, SiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under various load conditions using different fuel blends.
 
 
 
 
 Results: Results shows that the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles improved the engine's performance by increasing brake thermal efficiency by 25% and reducing specific fuel consumption by 9%. Carbon monoxide emissions (CO) were decreased by 25%, Hydro Carbon emissions (HC) decreased by 52% with SiO2 nanoparticles while a marginal percentage of NOx was also observed.
 
 
 
 
 Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of SiO2 nanoparticles as additives in enhancing the performance and reducing emissions of diesel engines using castor oil blends, contributing to the development of sustainable transportation.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Investigating the Combined Impact of Water–Diesel Emulsion and Al2O3 Nanoparticles on the Performance and the Emissions from a Diesel Engine via the Design of Experiment

This study aims to assess the impact of the water ratio and nanoparticle concentration of neat diesel fuel on the performance characteristics of and exhaust gas emissions from diesel engines. The experimental tests were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the effects of adding water to neat diesel fuel in ratios of 2.5% and 5% on engine performance and emissions characteristics were examined and compared to those of neat diesel at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm under three different engine loads. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to simulate the design of the experiment. According to the test results, adding water to neat diesel fuel increased the brake-specific fuel consumption and reduced the brake thermal efficiency compared to neat diesel fuel. In the examination of exhaust emissions, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the tested fuel containing 2.5% of water were decreased in comparison to pure diesel fuel by 16.62%, 21.56%, and 60.18%, respectively, on average, through engine loading. In the second stage, due to the trade-off between emissions and performance, the emulsion fuel containing 2.5% of water is chosen as the best emulsion from the previous stage and mixed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles at two dose levels (50 and 100 ppm). With the same engine conditions, the emulsion fuel mixed with 50 ppm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles exhibited the best performance and the lowest emissions compared to the other evaluated fuels. The outcomes of the investigations showed that a low concentration of 50 ppm with a small amount of 11 nm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles combined with a water diesel emulsion is a successful method for improving diesel engine performance while lowering emissions. Additionally, it was found that the mathematical model could accurately predict engine performance parameters and pollution characteristics.

Analysis of a turbofan engine using a parametric loop

PurposeIn this study, the performance analysis of the split flow turbofan engine with afterburners has been examined using the parametric cycle analysis method. The purpose of this study is to examine how engine performance is impacted by design parameters and flight ambient values and to develop a software in this context.Design/methodology/approachSoftware has been developed using the open-source PYTHON programming language to perform performance analysis. Mach number, compressor/fan pressure ratio, bypass ratio and density were used as parameters. The effects of these variables on engine performance parameters were investigated.FindingsParametric cycle analysis has been calculated for different flight conditions in the range of 0–2 M and 0–15,000 m altitude for turbofan engines. With this study, basic data were obtained to optimize according to targeted flight conditions.Practical implicationsAs a result of the performance analysis, the association between the flight conditions and design parameters of engine were determined. A software has been developed that can be used in the design of supersonic gas turbine engines for fast and easy simulation of the design parameters.Originality/valueThe variables used in the literature have been analyzed, and the results of the studies have been incorporated into the developed software, which can be used in innovative engine design. Software is capable to be developed further with the integration of new algorithms and models.