Engine Oil Deterioration Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF LUBRICANT OIL DEGRADATION AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL FOR CI ENGINE USING BLEND FUELS

Long-term engine running has been the subject of extensive research on the deterioration of engine oil. In contrast, it is not fully clear what effect synthetic and biofuels will have. Modern engines, traditional fuels and lubricants should be used to provide a research basis for characterizing novel fuel-related phenomena in engines. This study makes an effort to characterize how lubricating engine oil behaves over the course of its service life using data on friction and wear. Every 20 hours, oil samples from the engine were obtained to evaluate its chemical makeup. On a reciprocating test rig, friction and wear measurements were taken. Kinematic viscosity, density, and wear metals such as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) were measured for the lubricant oil analysis. In general, n-pentanol aids in the reduction of engine wear debris, contamination, and lubricating oil oxidation. According to the findings of this study, a D60WCO20Pe15 ternary combination can be used in a diesel engine without any alteration. The sound pressure level (SPL) increased by 7.8 dB at engine speed of 1300 RPM in the case of the DF95WCO5. However, when compared to base line, the average SPL of D60WCO20Pe15 ternary blend was 4.3 dB lower.

Analysis of lubricating oil degradation and its influence on brake specific fuel consumption of a light-duty compression-ignition engine running a durability cycle on a test stand

The Euro 6 emission standard required compliance with legal exhaust emissions limits for newly registered vehicles and obligates light duty vehicle manufacturers to respect the 160,000 km durability requirements for in-service conformity. Although there is no legal limit set for fuel consumption, manufacturers are obligated to decrease the carbon footprint of vehicle fleets in order to obtain carbon neutral mobility beyond 2035. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of various oils’ and viscosity grades’ degradation on the change in break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measured over a standardized durability test cycle. Each oil candidate underwent 300 h of durability test running performed on a test bed, without any oil changes. The purpose of the laboratory test was to reproduce the worst-case operating conditions and degradation process of the long-life engine oil type that can be experienced during extreme real life driving of a vehicle. In order to define the influence of the engine oil deterioration on the BSFC profile, the engine operation parameters were continually monitored throughout the test run. Additionally, chemical analysis of the oil was performed and the solid deposits formed on the turbocharger’s compressor side were evaluated. The test results revealed differences up to 3.5% in the BSFC values between the oil candidates tested over the durability cycle. The observed BSFC increase was directly related to the decrease in engine efficiency and can cause higher fuel consumption of the engine, which in turn has an adverse effect on environmental protection goals.

Effects of Vehicle Mileage Rate on Engine Oil Properties

The research focuses on the relationship between automotive mileage and its effect on engine oil deterioration. The effects of the new (2020) and old (2012) engines on the most important parameters, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and fire point were investigated. Measurements were performed on four-engine oil samples. Profi-car Endurance SAE 10W-30 semi-synthetic was used for all the engines. The maximum trip length for the oil samples was 8,000 Km. Kinematic viscosity was measured by using a KV1000 Bath (according to the ASTM D445). In addition, the flash point and fire point of the samples were determined by using the Open Cleveland method. This work investigates the difference between old and new engines in actual use on the roads in the rate of decrease in engine oil properties. The cumulative results obtained help drivers protect their car engines by changing engine oil when the engine’s mileage is above 100,000 Km. The comparison of the average results shows that the rate of deterioration of used oil in old engines is higher than in the new engines. It has been shown that the rate of difference in oil viscosity deterioration between old and new engines at cold temperatures, 40°C, and 100°C were 9.3%, 10%, and 4.78% respectively. Also, the different rate for the oil flash points and fire points was 5.56% and 6.75%.

Comparative Studies of Used and Fresh Lubricating Oil

Current research work aims to inspect the chemical analysis of engine oils as an indicator of deterioration in engines. Engine oil deterioration during long-term engine operation is a well-argued topic. This study is to investigate and compare the flashpoint, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity at 40 ⁰C &100 ⁰C, viscosity index, and sulfated ash of fresh and used engine oil of Pakistani multi grade (SAE-20W / 50, SAE- 15W / 40) and mono grade (SAE40) lubricating oil. Seventeen samples of lubricating oils were included in this investigation in which four samples are of SAE –40. The results reveal that values of flashpoint, viscosity index for oil decreased as compared to unused oil while the value of sulfated ash for oil increased as compared to unused oil.

Preliminary Study of pH Sensor for Engine Oil Deterioration Detection Using Anodized Ta2O5 Nanotubular

pH sensor is one of the sensing principles that can be employed in detection of engine oil deterioration. To avoid unnecessary changing of engine oil while maintaining the oil quality consumed by car’s engine, engine oil deterioration sensor is required to continuously monitor the oil condition. In this work, we fabricated pH sensor sensing layer made up of tantalum thin film. Ta2O5nanotubular was constructed as the medium of interaction to measure the quality of engine oil. Anodization synthesis method was used to fabricate the sensing layer by varying the anodization time. Two samples anodized at 30 min and 60 min were tested in pH buffer solution at pH ranging from 2, 4, 7, 10 and 12. Further characterization using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was conducted to investigate the surface morphology properties, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to obtain crystal properties of Ta2O5nanotubular. A homogeneous Ta2O5nanostructures with cubic crystal structure and pore diameter ranging between 15 to 20 nm was obtained. 30 min sample tested in pH buffer solution has better adsorption of H+ions with linear pH sensitivity of 31.616 mV/pH and good stability. Therefore, anodization method can be an alternative to fabricate pH sensor for oil deterioration detection system.Additionally, other study on chemical sensor for the detection of engine oil deterioration level wasalsodiscussed in this paper.

Classification of contaminants in diesel engine oils

Introduction. The deterioration of engine oil in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is directly related to the ingress of various pollutants into the crankcase. Depending on the type of contamination, the type of sediment on engine part surfaces varies. It should be noted that the functioning of the motor oil is extremely affected by the oxidation process, and organic acids produced during the process contribute to corrosion of ICE parts. Water, diesel, cooling fluid, soot particles, asphaltenes, etc. also cause irreparable damage.Materials and methods. This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review aimed at studying the main types of motor oil pollutants. Classifications are given for the aggregate state of pollutants, as well as for possible ways of their penetration into the lubricant. Liquid pollutants are the most narrowly considered in this article. To demonstrate the negative effect of contaminants entering the engine oil, photographs of internal combustion engine parts with sediments on the surfaces of the internal combustion engine components are presented.Results. The classification of the main pollutants of motor oils is given; the consequences arising from the ingress of foreign compounds into the lubricant in question are indicated.Conclusion. The effect of contaminants on the parts of the internal combustion engine and the lubricant has been established. On the basis of the classification, it is possible to judge the causes of entry and the possible consequences of the impact of contamination on the operation of the engine.

Identifying and modelling changes in chemical properties of engine oils by use of infrared spectroscopy

The aim of this paper was to describe the interdependencies between the surface areas of characteristic FTIR spectral bands, reflecting the amounts of chemical substances generated during oil deterioration in engine, and the mileage of the cars depending on the oil used. The tested engine oils were used in 12 similar vehicles operated in similar conditions and an attempt was made to describe the differences between the kinetics of changes in the groups of investigated oils and, likewise, to provide a possible explanation of their causes while examining the relationships between individual spectral bands. Based on the areas of spectral peaks, a mathematical model, characterizing engine oil deterioration: Y = β ₀ + β1 ·X + β2 ·X2 + ε was developed. Based on the MOB algorithm, a total of 10 functional models describing the key chemical changes depending on the mileage were determined. The obtained findings suggest that the type of engine oil differentiates the changes in the surface area of the spectral band at the wavenumber 860 cm−1, 1150 cm−1, 1270 cm−1 and 1710–1760 cm−1, depending on the car mileage and using a given oil.

Using Adsorbents to Mitigate Biodiesel Influence on the Deterioration of Engine Oil

Using Adsorbents to Mitigate Biodiesel Influence on the Deterioration of Engine Oil

Evaluating petrol engine oil deterioration through oxidation and nitration parameters by low-cost IR sensor

For the proper working of the internal combustion engine, engine oil plays a significant role. The performance of the engine is greatly affected by oil that has degenerated. In order to determine the optimal gap between oil changes, it is crucial to measure the deterioration in the engine oil. Multiple parameters like oxidation, nitration, viscosity and so on are brought into use. One of the methods used to quantify the deterioration in the engine oil is the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The main parameters of the engine oil are distinguished by this method by utilizing Infrared (IR) absorption at different bandwidths. The two significant parameters in engine oil deterioration are oxidation and nitration. However, the limitation of the FTIR method is that it is more expensive and since it uses huge machinery, it requires a lot of area. Hence, the use of this method is not possible in the field area due to the need for space. It is this major limitation that is the motivation for proposing an inexpensive, yet handy system, using an IR sensor set up, in this paper. This system is used for measuring the transmittance of engine oil that has degenerated. For this paper, we collected random samples at various times from service stations that were specifically authorized. These samples were used in experiments based on the FTIR spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometer and the results were compared using the IR sensor setup. Investigation of the experimental results showed that monitoring oil transmittance using an IR sensor setup is possible, and a robust relationship between oxidation and nitration and the transmittance of the oil was observed. Moreover, a pattern of deterioration for a specific engine oil (SAE 5W30) which is utilized for passenger cars and light duty vehicles was also established.

Mitigating the influence of biodiesel on the deterioration of engine oil using adsorbents

Mitigating the influence of biodiesel on the deterioration of engine oil using adsorbents

The impact of adsorbents on the oxidative stability of biodiesel and its influence on the deterioration of engine oil

This study presents the impact of adsorbents in augmenting the oxidative stability of biodiesel. Engine oil performance is affected by the use of biodiesel as it can accumulate in a vehicle’s sump and impact engine oil durability. This work aims to assess the influence of adsorbents on the formation of oligomers in engine oil when biodiesel or its blends are used as fuel. 20% rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel (RME) mixed with 80% base oil were treated with combined adsorbents of magnesium aluminum hydroxycarbonate and 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene in the mass ratio of 1:2. Mannol engine oil was also used to study the impact of the adsorbents on the additives in the oil. The adsorbents were also tested with pure additives. The mixtures were aged at 170 °C for 80 h. With the use of adsorbent, induction period increased by a factor of about 3. The FTIR results showed about 60% less formation of oligomers which correlates with the results of size exclusion chromatography. About 90% reduction in the total acid value. Viscosity increment was under than 50%. The adsorbents therefore, have an enhanced impact on the formation of oligomers.

Properties of engine oil measured using a surface acoustic wave sensor

Shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) devices are used as sensors for liquid measurements. Liquid properties, such as viscosity and conductivity, can be measured using SH-SAW sensors. Measurements of the deterioration of engine oil are required. In this study, an SH-SAW sensor was applied to measure the properties of three types of oil. First, the properties of olive oils with iron particles were measured to simulate the deterioration of oil. Secondly, two types of engine oil were heated to evaluate the thermal changes in their properties. The properties of the engine oil used by a motorbike for about one year were measured and compared with those of the new one. The obtained results in this study strongly suggest that the SH-SAW sensors for detecting the mechanical and electrical properties of liquids were effective in measuring the properties of oil.

엔진오일 레벨게이지를 이용한 디젤 엔진의 오일 열화특성 측정

엔진오일 레벨게이지를 이용한 디젤 엔진의 오일 열화특성 측정

오일교환경보 알고리즘 및 표시장치 개발

Dept. of Automotive Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hoseo University(Received February 27, 2014 ; Revised April 1, 2014 ; Accepted April 3, 2014)Abstract − This paper presents an engine oil change warning algorithm based on the test results of a small dip-stick-gage-type engine-oil-deterioration-detection sensor, software to realize the algorithm and a display deviceto apply the software. The algorithm determines the engine oil deterioration condition from the rate of changein the dielectric constant based on the average measured capacitance at 80

딥스틱게이지형 소형 엔진오일열화감지센서의 시험결과 분석

This paper presents the test results of small dipstick-gage-type engine-oil-deterioration-detection sensor. The measured sensor signal characteristics for the capacitance and temperature are analyzed. The engine oil deterioration condition correlates with the electrical property of the dielectric constant that comprised with physical properties such as TAN (Total Acid Number), TBN (Total Base Number) and viscosity. Several problems encontered during the test of the sensor system are improved. The results of vehicle tests show that the capacitance signal is stable after the engine stops. Therefore, the sensor should start measuring the parameters for monitoring the engine oil condition after the engine stops. The engine is considered to be in a stopped state if the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the oil capacitance measured every 1 min is below 0.02 pF. The key test results in this paper will help in the development of an engine oil change warning algorithm.

정전용량 프로브 크기에 대한 엔진오일 상대 유전율 측정

The capacitive application(prove) can be used to measure the complex permittivity of dielectric material of various thickness and cross section. This paper presents that we designed the analysis system of engine oil permittivity to know the relation between the engine oil deterioration and the prove dimension. Each of the dimension of capacitive prove is changed and then electric capacity is measured by LCR {Inductance(L), Capacitance (C), and Resistance (R)} meter. The engine oil permittivity has extracted in the prove measurement. As the additional research, this paper suggest the best of the prove dimension for the permittivity measurement.

오일필터 일체형 엔진오일 퇴화감지센서용 센싱시스템 개발

The purpose of this study is to develop a sensing system to measure the capacitance of a pre-developed engine oil deterioration detection sensor integrated with an oil filter. To measure the capacitance of engine oil in the sensor, it is used the way measuring the electric charging time in a capacitor by impressing DC volt. This method has merits on cost and signal stability. The measured capacitance is compensated by comparison with the one measured by an impedance analyzer. Also, using the dielectric constant gained by an impedance analyzer, the calculating equation of the dielectric constant of engine oil related with the currently developed sensor is decided. Finally, the degradation degree of engine oil is estimated according to the change rate of dielectric constant between green oil and used oil. The newly developed personal controller is to control a series of the processes.

초고주파 구형도파로를 이용한 엔진 오일의 유전율 측정

The rectangular waveguide technique can be used to measure the complex permittivity of dielectric material of various thickness and cross section. This paper presents the analysis system of engine oil permittivity at which deterioration of engine oil is measured at the X-band(8-12.5 GHz). The middle of the rectangular waveguide has engine oil case and is connected with VNA(Vector Network Analyzer) for the measurement of the transmission<TEX>$(S_{21})$</TEX> and reflection<TEX>$(S_11)$</TEX> and then the permittivity is extracted. The deterioration of engine oil is proved by the comparison with both the extracted data and reference data. As the additional research, This paper suggest that an accurate permittivity is considered by not only the wave guide length but the air gap between oil case and the waveguide.

엔진오일 유전상수 변화량 측정에 의한 엔진오일 품질 모니터링 시스템 개발

Dept. of Automotive Engineering, Hoseo University(Received March 15, 2011; Revised April 20, 2011; Accepted April 25, 2011)Abstract − The purpose of this study is to develop an engine oil quality monitoring system to warn the abnormalcondition of engine oil. To do this, first of all, it is needed a personal controller development to measure thecapacitance of a pre-developed engine oil deterioration detection sensor integrated with an oil filter. To measurethe capacitance of engine oil in the sensor, it is used the way measuring the electric charging time in a capacitorby impressing DC volt. This method has merits on cost and signal stability. The measured capacitance is com-pensated by comparing with the one measured by an impedance analyzer. Also, using the dielectric constantgained by an impedance analyzer, the calculating equation of the dielectric constant of engine oil related withthe currently developed sensor is decided. Then, the deterioration degree of engine oil is estimated according tothe change rate of dielectric constant between green oil and used oil. Finally, using this dielectric constant infor-mation together with engine oil temperature and pressure, the currently developed engine oil quality monitoringsystem is to tell the abnormal state of engine oil.Keywords − engine oil deterioration detection sensor(엔진오일열화감지센서), capacitance(정전용량),dielectric constant(유전상수), oil filter(오일필터)

Development of an apparatus to evaluate oil deterioration and oil life based on a new principle for environmental conservation

From the viewpoint of environmental conservation, a reduction in waste is required. The development of long-life oil has been energetically proposed as a method to reduce waste in lubricants. However, it would be economical and effective for users to be able to know the precise deterioration status of lubricants so that the materials could be completely used up before disposal. The development of super long-life oils has been advanced in automotive engine oils, which hold a large proportion of the lubricant market. Automotive manufacturers recommend that automotive engine oils be changed periodically or at a set mileage because there are a number of engine oils in the market and they are used for individual automobiles. However, the reality is that this oil-change interval depends on the end users’ judgement. Thus, engine oils are often changed needlessly and improperly. Therefore, the authors aimed to simply and precisely evaluate the oil deterioration status with a very small amount of engine oil to ease the burden on users. Generally, in addition to deterioration and decomposition of engine oil itself, there is contamination of substances such as unburned fuel and soot generated from the combustion. In either case, the change of electrical property due to increase of polar substance in engine oil can be predicted. Thus, the relationship between the measured frequency and the dielectric characteristics with a very small amount of oil was examined using a comb-shaped electrode. As a result, it was found that the permittivity was increased as the oil was deteriorated and the frequency characteristics differed between the oils used in a diesel engine and a gasoline engine. In order to investigate the status of basicity component, which is added in engine oil to protect it from a bad influence due to the formation and contamination of acidic compound, the acidity of the engine oils was directly measured with acidic ion sensitivity sensor for pH measurement (pH-ISFET). It was found that the acidity clearly increases as the oil is deteriorated. Also, it is possible to simply and accurately evaluate the engine oil deterioration status using a very small amount of oil by measuring its permittivity frequency characteristics with a comb-shaped electrode and its acidity with pH-ISFET.