Engine Equipment Research Articles

Research on straightness error detection and quality control of multi-crankshaft bores for large medium speed engine block

Crankshaft is the key component of internal combustion engine equipment, the machining precision of crankshaft hole has a direct impact on the performance and life of the whole engine. Aiming at the precision machining of crankshaft bore of large medium speed engine block with high precision and multiple crankshaft holes, the inspection tool and straightness measurement method of finishing process on crankshaft holes were studied. Based on the virtual manufacturing technology and the modular design concept of the checking tool and the laser detection and alignment technology, a relationship model describing the matching between the center straightness of the crankshaft hole and the crankshaft deflection is established. A single crankshaft hole shape and position tolerance measurement and multi-crankshaft hole are designed. The special measuring tool for measuring center deflection is verified by experiment to find the compensation law for the deflection of linearity evolution, and should be used in the process of finishing with crankshaft hole. The results of many cutting experiments and laser measurements show that the tool can effectively measure the size deviation and deflection of crankshaft holes, and form a quality control method for crankshaft holes finishing. This study aims to provide a set of measurement methods for crankshaft holes straightness error of large internal combustion engine block..

The Fractal Calculus for Fractal Materials

The major problem in the process of mixing fluids (for instance liquid-liquid mixers) is turbulence, which is the outcome of the function of the equipment (engine). Fractal mixing is an alternative method that has symmetry and is predictable. Therefore, fractal structures and fractal reactors find importance. Using F α -fractal calculus, in this paper, we derive exact F α -differential forms of an ideal gas. Depending on the dimensionality of space, we should first obtain the integral staircase function and mass function of our geometry. When gases expand inside the fractal structure because of changes from the i + 1 iteration to the i iteration, in fact, we are faced with fluid mixing inside our fractal structure, which can be described by physical quantities P, V, and T. Finally, for the ideal gas equation, we calculate volume expansivity and isothermal compressibility.

Parametric Study on Vibration Response for Automobile Crankshaft

In the interest of utilized more stable automobile components at high speed for reduction the vibration of mechanical system, dynamic characteristics analysis plays a vital role in complex mechanical parts. Factors influencing on the level of vibration response were determined and optimized by the approach of experimental design. Based on golbal and local proerties of crankshaft structural properties, it was found that main journal diameter and Young’s modulus were recommended as inital values. Modification of crankshaft structure was performed carefully with the aspect of compatitablity for engine equipment. The reduction of vibration response was achieved and structure resonance has been shifted toward higher frequency domain. This approach proposed for the optimizing the structural parameters and would provide potential value basis to qualitative measure of parameters and determination of optimized structure.

Construction equipment engine performance degradation due to environmental and operation factors in Latin America

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine whether the altitude at which construction equipment operates affects or contributes to increased engine wear.Design/methodology/approachThe study includes the evaluation of two John Deere PowerTech Plus 6,068 Tier 3 diesel engines, the utilization of OSA3 oil analysis laboratory equipment to analyze oil samples, the employment of standard sampling scope and methods, and the analysis of key Engine Control Unit (ECU) data points (machine utilization, Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) and engine sensor data).FindingsAt 250 h of engine oil use, the engine operating at 3,657 meters above sea level (MASL) had considerably more wear than the engine operating at 416 MASL. The leading and earliest indicator of engine wear was a high level of iron particles in the engine oil, reaching abnormal levels at 218 h. The following engine oil contaminants were more prevalent in the engine operating at the higher altitude: potassium, glycol, water and soot. Furthermore, the engine operating at higher altitude also presented abnormal and critical levels of oil viscosity, Total Base Number and oxidation. When comparing the oil sample analysis with the engine ECU data, it was determined that engine idling is a contributor for soot accumulation in the engine operating at the higher altitude. The most prevalent DTCs were water in fuel, extreme low coolant levels and extreme high exhaust manifold temperature. The ECU operating data demonstrated that the higher altitude environment caused the engine to miss-fire and rail pressure was irregular.Practical implicationsMany of the mining operations and construction projects are accomplished at mid to high altitudes. This research provides a comparison of how construction equipment engines are affected by this type of environment (i.e. higher altitudes, cooler temperatures and lower atmospheric pressure). Consequently, service engineers can implement maintenance strategies to minimize internal engine wear for equipment operating at higher altitudes.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this paper will help construction equipment end-users, maintenance engineers and manufacturers to implement mitigation strategies to improve engine durability for countries with operating conditions similar to those described in this research.

Investigation of Stall Inception Behavior in a Centrifugal Compressor with Bent Pipe/Volute Coupling Effect

The centrifugal compressor typically has a bent inlet pipe and volute due to the engine equipment installation, leading to the existence of asymmetric structures in both the inlet and outlet of the impeller. Under the coupling effect between the bent inlet pipe and outlet volute, the onset time and the circumferential position of the stall inception, as well as the stall development process, will be influenced. In this work, three centrifugal compressor models are investigated. The M0 model has the straight inlet pipe, and the M1 and M2 models have bent inlet pipes with different installation angles between the bent pipe and volute tongue. Unsteady numerical simulations are carried out, and the static pressure distributions of the casings are compared between the experiment and unsteady time-averaged results, to validate the unsteady simulations. Based on the casing static pressure comparison, unsteady simulations of the stall process are carried out for three models. Results show that the influence of the bent pipe on the stall process is smaller than that of the volute. Therefore, the circumferential onset position of stall inception is always located at the circumferential position of the pressure peak induced by the volute, irrespective of the pipe installation angle. The onset times of stall inception for the bent pipe models are earlier than those of the straight pipe models. When the low total and static pressure region of the bent pipe’s inner wall acts on the same position of the pressure peak region induced by the volute at the impeller inlet (corresponding to model M1), the momentum of incoming flow reduces at this position; thus, the capability of resistance to reverse pressure gradient decreases, which causes an earlier stall inception onset. In contrast, when the high total and static pressure region of the bent pipe outer wall acts on the same position of the pressure peak region induced by the volute at the impeller inlet (corresponding to model M2), the stall inception onset time will be delayed. Meanwhile, the stall development process of M2 is faster than that for M1. In the application of an inlet bent pipe, the installation angle of model M2 should be adopted to delay the stall inception onset and improve compressor performance.

Experimental study of homogeneous charge compression ignition engine operation fuelled by emulated solid oxide fuel cell anode off-gas

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) hybrid system is a system that combines an SOFC with an additional power generation device to increase the efficiency of the system. The SOFC–gas turbine hybrid system has been primarily investigated for SOFC hybrid systems. However, the current power generation capacity of an SOFC is less than several MWs; for this generation capacity, an internal combustion engine is generally more efficient and economical than a gas turbine. Focusing on this point, recently, the concept of an SOFC–internal combustion engine hybrid system was proposed. However, the operation of this system has not been experimentally studied yet. In this paper, as the first step in an experimental investigation of the hybrid system, an experimental study on the operation of an internal combustion engine fuelled by SOFC anode off-gas was conducted. To successfully combust the SOFC anode off-gas, which includes a large amount of diluents (H2O and CO2), the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) method was selected instead of spark ignition as the combustion strategy of the internal combustion engine in the hybrid system. For the HCCI engine experiments, a single-cylinder HCCI engine and experimental equipment for emulating SOFC anode off-gas were constructed. Various HCCI engine experiments were performed while varying several system control parameters, e.g., the fuel utilization factor of an SOFC, which primarily affects the composition and flow rate of the engine intake gas. The experiments indicated that, in general system operating condition, HCCI engine operation yields a significant amount of power (w/25–30% gross indicated efficiency) and produces significantly low NOx emissions (<5 ppm @ O2 15%) under stable HCCI combustion (<5% COV IMEPg, which is the coefficient of variance of the gross indicated mean effective pressure). Considering that the experiment was performed using a small single-cylinder engine, these experimental results reveal that the use of an HCCI engine as the bottoming cycle in an SOFC hybrid system is promising. In addition, it has been found how each system control parameter affects HCCI engine operation. It was confirmed that HCCI engine operation was not always stable in all system operating conditions. System operating conditions that induce an exceedingly low engine load (<1.8 bar IMEPg, which is the gross indicated mean effective pressure) should be avoided as it decreases the stability of engine operation. Additionally, system operating conditions that make an engine intake gas with excessive dilution (fuel molar fraction < 0.125) should be avoided to decrease the amount of unburned CO emission and maintain a CO combustion efficiency higher than 90%.

Fatigue analysis of sundry i.c engine connecting rods

Connecting Rod is an important component in reciprocating type of I.C engines. The chances of fatigue failure in connecting rod are higher when it is subjected to alternative compressive and tensile stresses in a cycle of the engine. More over the connecting rod is also subjected to buckling stress as it acts as a column. Hence, it is necessary to determine the fatigue life of the existing connecting rod materials and also look for alternative materials. Using the output of a test, which was conducted on computerized variable compression ratio (V.C.R), Kirloskar Diesel Engine equipment provided with a pressure transducer, kinematic and dynamic analysis of a connecting rod was carried out at a compression ratio of 16.5. Further the results of Dynamic analysis were utilized for carrying out Quasi-Dynamic stress analysis. We embarked on performing the kinematic and dynamic analysis of connecting rod using MATLAB at a compression ratio of 16.5, 17.5 and 18.5 and also at four different critical crank angles with the existing materials namely Forged Steel, Aluminum Alloy and Titanium alloy. Further, the analysis was performed by using ANSYS workbench for determining the Vonmises stresses, Deformations, Life and Factor of safety.

Two-dimensional warranty: A literature review

The warranty policies for capital-intensive products, such as automobiles, heavy equipment, and aircraft engines, typically have two dimensions, that is, the age and usage. During the last two decades, much research has been published on the two-dimensional warranty from many different perspectives. This article reviews and summarizes work and state-of-the-art developments in this research field, with emphasis on both theoretical methodologies and practical applications. In this review, five principal topics are covered: (1) two-dimensional warranty policies, (2) cost analysis of two-dimensional warranty, (3) two-dimensional warranty and engineering/marketing problems, (4) two-dimensional warranty and logistics issues, and (5) two-dimensional long-term warranty. In particular, the practical and application aspects of two-dimensional warranty policies have been surveyed. Overall, 105 journal papers covering 49 journals, published from 1993 to present, are selected and discussed in detail. Finally, some interesting and challenging research topics are presented for the scholars and practitioners to explore new research in this field.

Optimization of organic Rankine cycle used for waste heat recovery of construction equipment engine with additional waste heat of hydraulic oil cooler

The aim of this study is to provide an optimal organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for waste heat recovery (WHR) from a construction equipment engine. Construction equipment machines have very high annual fuel consumption, and most of the engine power is used to drive a hydraulic oil pump, thus producing additional waste heat from the hydraulic oil cooler. In order to compare the WHR of the construction equipment engine with that of a conventional engine without the heat of the hydraulic oil, four different single-loop ORC cases were considered and optimized for maximum net power. The results of this study showed that at the half-load condition as the primary operating condition, the use of additional waste heat from the hydraulic oil can increase the net power output of the ORC in the construction equipment engine by 11% despite at a low expander inlet temperature without a recuperator as compared to the system without the heat of hydraulic oil. However, the use of waste heat from the hydraulic oil increased the cost of the system owing to the preheater used by hydraulic oil and the increased condenser size.

Surveillance and Analysis of Occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in the Paris Region.

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning is common and often severe. Domestic causes have been extensively documented, while occupational exposures have been reported less frequently. We analyse occupational carbon monoxide poisonings from the available data of the carbon monoxide poisoning surveillance network for Paris and its region, and identify predictive factors of severity for occupational poisoning in order to identify priority prevention actions. We retrospectively reviewed all events of acute accidental carbon monoxide exposures which occurred in the Paris region, at the work place, and notified to the surveillance network from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2011. Over the 7-year study period, 362 exposed workers were identified, representing 8.15% of all cases of carbon monoxide exposures. The largest number of events occurred in the building sector and most commonly affected occupations were craft and related trades workers. The most common sources of exposure were internal combustion engine equipment that was involved in almost half of cases. Minor severity was observed in 86% of cases, and 13% were moderate or more. We identify that the use of internal combustion engine equipment was significantly associated with increased severity. Occupational carbon monoxide poisoning is reported less frequently than domestic poisoning and has different and more numerous causes. It can be potentially severe, especially when it is caused by internal combustion engine equipment. Information about risks, compliance with instructions and cleaning rules, and establishment of collective and individual protective equipment would significantly reduce the frequency and severity of carbon monoxide poisoning.

3-11.ガスエンジン環境試験装置と希薄燃焼ガスエンジン空燃比コントローラの開発(Session(3)天然ガス)

3-11.ガスエンジン環境試験装置と希薄燃焼ガスエンジン空燃比コントローラの開発(Session(3)天然ガス)

A Critical Review and Analysis of Construction Equipment Emission Factors

Diesel-powered construction equipment is the primary source of Green House Gas (GHG) and exhaust emissions during the construction stage of a large infrastructure project. The equipment pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) endanger people's health and surrounding environment. A critical review and analysis of factors affecting the amounts of construction emissions is conducted through literature review and a case study, four categories of factors including equipment and conditions, equipment maintenance, operating conditions, and equipment operations are reviewed. A case study is made on 14 wheel loaders with different makes and capacities with accumulated weekly data with the aim of determining the impact of emission factors on the weekly equipment emissions. It is found that equipment engine power, equipment conditions, and equipment operator skills are significant factors on average fuel consumption and emissions in the case study. Based on the findings from current research literature and the case study, some recommendations are made on how to reduce fuel consumptions as well as pollutant emissions for contractors and other equipment owning organizations.

Research of the Quality of Quarry Dumpers Engine Crankshafts Sliding Bearings of Various Manufacturers

Sliding bearings are an important part of many large and critical components. They are widely used in power equipment, high-capacity pumps, compressors, electric motors and internal combustion engines (ICE). As a rule, sliding bearings include an antifriction bushing, part of the shaft surface (bearing journal), and a layer of oil between them. These are complex and critical parts in which there may occur dangerous defects, and which directly affect the durability, accuracy and reliability of the entire unit. To ensure high reliability of the equipment with sliding bearings applied in complex equipment, it is necessary to provide the quality control and sufficient level of monitoring of the technical condition, as well as diagnosis of emerging defects. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the internal combustion engines sliding bearings quality of various manufacturing companies. It gives operational properties of bearings depending on the compositional composition. The results of chemical analysis of the base, the cover and intermediate layers of the ICE liners are presented here. We have also made recommendations to increase the operational performance of sliding bearings.

Effects of electric field on micro-scale flame properties of biobutanol fuel.

With the increasing need of smaller power sources for satellites, energy systems and engine equipment, microcombustion pose a potential as alternative power source to conventional batteries. As the substitute fuel source for gasoline, biobutanol shows more promising characteristics than ethanol. In this study, the diffusion microflame of liquid biobutanol under electric field have been examined through in-lab experiment and numerical simulation. It is found that traditional gas jet diffusion flame theory shows significant inconsistency with the experimental results of micro scale flame in electric field. The results suggest that with the increase of electric field intensity, the quenching flow rate decrease first and increase after it reach its minimum, while the flame height and highest flame temperature increase first and drop after its peak value. In addition, it was also observed that the flame height and highest temperature for smaller tube can reach its maximum faster. Therefore, the interaction between microscale effect and electric field plays a significant role on understanding the microcombustion of liquid fuel. Therefore, FLUENT simulation was adopted to understand and measure the impacts of microflame characteristic parameters. The final numerical results are consistent with the experimental data and show a high reliability.

Component test for simulation of piston ring – Cylinder liner friction at realistic speeds

The piston ring cylinder liner contact is a large contributor to mechanical friction losses in internal combustion engines. It is therefore important to have methods and tools available for investigations of these frictional losses. This paper describes the design of a novel component test rig which is developed to be run at high speeds with unmodified production piston rings and cylinder liners from heavy duty diesel engines. A simplified floating liner method is used and the test equipment is developed to fill the gap in between a full floating liner engine and typical component bench test equipment. The functionality and repeatability of the test are investigated and an unexpected behaviour of the twin land oil control ring is found.

Problems of the operation of turbocompressors in an internal combustion engine and methods of increasing their reliability

The operating efficiency and reliability of internal combustion engines depends on many factors, including the operation of its components and systems. One of these elements is the turbocompressor of the engine charging system. Extensive statistical data show that the turbocompressor is one of the most frequently failing units of auxiliary engine equipment. The main causes of turbocompressor failures are breakdown of bearings or seals and body or rotor breaking. One of the solutions to increase the reliability and extend the life of turbocompressors is to improve the bearing unit with a gas magnetic support.

부유식 일체형 소형워터제트 추진시스템 개발

This paper presents the development of a floating outboard type of compact water jet propulsion system. The planning case of the water jet system is developed by performing precision processing after manufacturing FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics) from plug mold casting. This system is composed of an intake, impeller, diffuser, reverse bucket, and main shaft. In addition, a rebuilt engine was applied through marine engineering. The water jet propulsion system performance was verified to discharge a maximum of flow rate and 37 m/s of flow velocity in a test pool on land. A field test was performed by installing the water jet propulsion device on board a ship that was tested off the coast of Korea. The weight of the hull, engine, and other equipment was approximately 1.2 tons, and the sailing speed was a maximum 22 knots at 3,600 rpm.

Methods for recovering precious metals from industrial waste

The accelerated rate of industrialization increases the demand for precious metals, while high quality natural resources are diminished quantitatively, with significant operating costs. Precious metals recovery can be successfully made from waste, considered to be secondary sources of raw material. In recent years, concerns and interest of researchers for more increasing efficient methods to recover these metals, taking into account the more severe environmental protection legislation.Precious metals are used in a wide range of applications, both in electronic and communications equipment, spacecraft and jet aircraft engines and for mobile phones or catalytic converters. The most commonly recovered precious metals are: gold from jewellery and electronics, silver from X- ray films and photographic emulsions, industrial applications (catalysts, batteries, glass/mirrors), jewellery; platinum group metals from catalytic converters, catalysts for the refining of crude oil, industrial catalysts, nitric acid manufacturing plant, the carbon-based catalyst, e-waste. An important aspect is the economic viability of recycling processes related to complex waste flows. Hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes are the most important ways of processing electrical and electronic equipment waste. The necessity of recovering precious metals has opened new opportunities for future research.

Effects of Idle Time Restrictions on Excess Pollution from Construction Equipment

AbstractConstruction vehicles and equipment contribute to air pollution. To reduce pollution, numerous state and local jurisdictions limit the amount of time diesel engine vehicles or equipment can run at idle without shutting down. These restrictions vary widely indicating a need for improved understanding of the relationships between pollutant emissions and regulations establishing a maximum idle time in a construction setting. Previous studies have found that a reduction in operational efficiency will increase the amount of excess pollution, that is, the amount of pollution created in excess of that emitted by a construction operation under ideal conditions. Shutting down an engine can create a delay in re-entering the work stream and, therefore, reduce operational efficiency. In another study, the authors found that excess pollution would be minimal with a reasonably well-balanced, minimum or near minimum cost, construction equipment fleet composed of a single wheel loader (WL) working with different ...

Application of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Proses for Error Detection of Auxilary Systems of Ship Main Diesel Engines

Ship engine room has a structure which has to meet a number of needs with regard to administrative conditions. Therefore, when the complicated structure of engine room are considered, even a simple mechanical failure, if no measures taken abruptly, grows into irreversible condition, causing losses that cannot be compensated. A well-qualified ship engine conductor along with an effective error detection system is needed to detect failure and act immediately against any engine impairments possible. This study aims to manage troubleshooting in main engine auxiliary systems which cover cooling, lubricating and cooling oil and fuel systems. The study is also thought to be a good reference for maintenance processes for marine engineering operators. Breakdown of main engine equipment are examined and troubles hooting program is developed for using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) determine solution methods and causes of such breakdowns. In this paper, a fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology was proposed to determine the most effected system of the ship main diesel engine. The results showed that fuel system was the most effected alternative, as being followed subsequently by cooling system, governor system, air supply system and oiling system. The results were based upon the opinions of three experts groups who ranked the ship main diesel engine systems alternatives according to twenty-nine criteria expert selected.