Risky Engagement Research Articles

The Differential Experience of COVID-19 on Asian American Subgroups: The Los Angeles Pandemic Surveillance Cohort Study.

Data from Asian Americans (AsA) are commonly aggregated in research studies and reporting, obscuring the significant differences across AsA subgroups. We investigated the differential experience of AsA subgroups in COVID-19 testing, vaccination, engagement in risky and protective behaviors and mental health status against this infectious disease. We surveyed a representative sample of the Los Angeles County population (N = 5500) in April 2021 as part of the Los Angeles Pandemic Surveillance Cohort Study and focused on participants who self-identified as AsA (N = 756). There were significant differences across the AsA subgroups, with Koreans, Asian Indians, and Other Asians living in areas with higher COVID-19 mortality rates, and Asian Indians demonstrating the lowest proportion of COVID-19 vaccination. Vietnamese and Koreans had a higher proportion of becoming unemployed during the pandemic. Although the AsA sample on average demonstrated better outcomes than other racial and ethnic groups, the apparent advantages were heterogenous and due to specific subgroups of AsAs rather than AsAs as a whole. The observed differences in COVID-19 measures across AsA subgroups underscore the need to disaggregate AsA data to identify and reduce existing disparities.

Big five personality and COVID‐19 beliefs, behaviors, and vaccine intentions: The mediating role of political ideology

AbstractBecause personal health decisions can impact the health of the broader community, researchers have increasingly sought to understand the psychological bases for different responses to public health communications and prescriptions. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we analyze the relationship between Big Five personality traits and three critical beliefs and behaviors in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. These are vaccine hesitancy, engagement in risky (vs. self‐protective) pandemic social behaviors, and conspiratorial beliefs surrounding the origins, consequences, and public health response to COVID‐19. Second, we draw on theory from political psychology to model the joint effects of personality and ideology. Our analysis of two American samples (MTurk = 510; Representative = 441) indicated that political liberalism mediated the relationship between Openness and COVID‐related attitudes and behaviors.

Distinct neurocognitive fingerprints reflect differential associations with risky and impulsive behavior in a neurotypical sample

Engagement in risky and impulsive behavior has long been associated with deficits in neurocognition. However, we have a limited understanding of how multiple subfunctions of neurocognition co-occur within individuals and which combinations of neurocognitive subfunctions are most relevant for risky and impulsive behavior. Using the neurotypical Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample (N = 673), we applied a Bayesian latent feature learning model—the Indian Buffet Process—to identify nuanced, individual-specific profiles of multiple neurocognitive subfunctions and examine their relationship to risky and impulsive behavior. All features were within a relatively normative range of neurocognition; however, there was subtle variability related to risky and impulsive behaviors. The relatively overall poorer neurocognition feature correlated with greater affective impulsivity and substance use patterns/problems. The poorer episodic memory and emotion feature correlated with greater trait externalizing and sensation-seeking. The poorer attention feature correlated with increased trait externalizing and negative urgency but decreased positive urgency and substance use. Finally, the average or mixed features negatively correlated with various risky and impulsive behaviors. Estimating nuanced patterns of co-occurring neurocognitive functions can inform our understanding of a continuum of risky and impulsive behaviors.

Police and public perspectives on the use and impacts of technology that expose enforcement locations for phone use while driving

Avoiding being caught and punished has consistently been demonstrated to be a key predictor of continued engagement in risky and illegal phone use while driving. This is a large concern, as the presence of applications such as Google Maps, Apple Maps, Waze, and social media pages/groups that share the location of enforcement activities related to phone use while driving has increased. The present investigation aimed to understand the impact of these technologies on phone use while driving using a mixed-methods approach. First, to obtain an enforcement perspective, 15 police officers from Queensland (Australia) were interviewed. Three main themes were identified, suggesting that the use of the technologies 1) can encourage dangerous driving and allow drivers to avoid punishment more often, 2) do not impact police enforcement of the phone use while driving law and 3) can promote exposure to enforcement. Next, a quantitative survey was implemented with Queensland drivers (n = 622, 58.7% females). A cluster analysis was initially conducted to categorise the different types of phone offenders (acknowledging differential deterrability). Two clusters (high-frequency and low-frequency phone offenders) were created. A hierarchal binary logistic regression indicated that using Apple maps, Facebook police location sites and checking these Facebook sites predicted membership in the high-frequency phone offender group (Waze and Google maps were not significant). After controlling for the use of these technologies, avoiding being caught and punished predicted being in the high-frequency phone offender group. The results confirmed the impact of these technologies on phone use while driving behaviour.

The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae of trauma exposure: An integrative approach to examining trauma's effect.

In this study, we tested direct pathways from trauma exposure to trauma symptomatology and risky and self-destructive behavior and indirect pathways through two cognitive and affective mechanisms: (a) world assumptions and (b) emotion dysregulation. A sample of 270 undergraduate students with an average age of 20.02 years participated in the study (204 women, 65 men, and one participant choosing not to disclose). Participants completed self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, trauma symptoms, emotion dysregulation, world assumptions, and lifetime and past-month engagement in any of 38 risky and self-destructive behaviors. The direct path from trauma exposure to trauma symptoms was significant, and so was the indirect effect of self-worth assumptions on this association. The indirect pathway between trauma symptoms and risky and self-destructive behavior in the past month was significant through difficulties with impulse control when distressed. Trauma symptoms had an indirect effect on the association between trauma exposure and lifetime and past-month engagement in risky and self-destructive behavior, while the direct pathway from trauma exposure to lifetime engagement remained significant. We offer theoretically and empirically supported integrative pathways that explicate some aspects of trauma exposure's negative sequelae with potential areas for intervention. Clinical Impact Statement: Trauma exposure is widespread and is associated with negative views about oneself and the world and with difficulties in managing one's emotions, which in part is associated with individuals' risk for developing psychopathology and engaging in risky and self-destructive behaviors. The findings inform optimal time for intervention and prevention efforts targeting trauma exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)

Sports Law, Its Various Issue in Iran and the World

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study is to study the rights of sports in Iran and the world, its history in Iran. The study of the factors of sports rights in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the world.Methodology: The methodology of this paper is a review study and studying the conditions governing the community as well as reviewing the constitution of Iran and referring to legal texts and sports rights. The scholar has found findings from the 19th century onwards through the review of the fatwa of the Shiite authorities and the examination of the past history of sport and the consideration of the rights of sport in Iran and the world since the 19th century.Findings: Sports rights are one of the branches of law science that examines events in sports. In general, it is possible to say that the purpose of the sporting events is all the crimes committed by athletes, teachers, trainers, spectators and sports event managers, and even sports equipment manufacturers and manufacturers, and the subject matter These incidents can be health and life and property, dignity and dignity and other legal rights of individuals who are in the same range of sports, the quantitative and qualitative scope of the above issues clearly reveals the importance of this field. Conclusion: Today, sport and education with multiple goals of physical and mental self-improvement are considered as integral parts of societies. The need for professional sport is a complex and sometimes risky engagement in sporting activities associated with adverse events and consequences. Meanwhile, the criminal liability of sports events is one of the important issues that are considered during the exercise of sports law.

Neural mechanisms of reward and loss processing in a low-income sample of at-risk adolescents.

Adolescence is a time of engagement in risky, reward-driven behaviors, with concurrent developmental changes within reward-related neural systems. As previous research has recruited mostly higher socioeconomic, European and European American participants, therefore limiting generalizability to the US population, especially for populations of color or low-income populations. The current study provided one of the first opportunities to examine the neural correlates of reward and loss functioning in a population-based sample of adolescents at increased risk for poverty-related adversities. The study investigated neural reward and loss processing and whether age, pubertal status and the social constructs of gender and race predicted individual differences in reward- and loss-related brain function. One hundred and twenty-eight primarily low-income adolescents (mean age: 15.9 years, 75% African American) from urban environments completed a modified monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Consistent with the previous research, reward and loss anticipation recruited similar motivational circuitry including striatal, insular, thalamic and supplementary motor areas. Race and gender were not associated with reward- or loss-related neural reactivity. Age and pubertal development were associated with differences in neural reactivity to reward and loss, suggesting that older and more mature adolescents had increased activity in sensory and motivational circuits, but decreased activity in regions responsible for error detection and behavior modification.

Factsheet: Parental Awareness of Children’s Experiences of Online Risks and Harm Evidence From Ngā Taiohi Matihiko O Aotearoa – New Zealand Kids Online

Research suggests that parents tend to largely underestimate their child’s engagement in risky and/or hurtful behaviors as well as their experiences of harm online. While helpful, the available international evidence is not only limited but also does not reflect the New Zealand context. In addition, understanding parental knowledge of the online experiences of children is important as parents play a critical role in helping their child to prevent or deal with bothering experiences and risky behaviors as well as providing children with emotional support when things go wrong online. To help close the gap of New Zealand-based evidence on the topic, this factsheet presents findings from a quantitative study conducted with New Zealand parents and their children. The objectives of the study are to measure parental knowledge of children’s experiences of risks and harm online, and to compare parents’ level of awareness with their child’s self-reported experiences. The study found a mismatch between parents’, caregivers’ and whānau awareness and their children’s reports of bothering or upsetting experiences online.

Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Falls in Well-Functioning Older Adults: Findings From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

Previous work demonstrates the consequences of falling in older adults and the potential of physical activity (PA) to reduce falls, but few studies have used accelerometer-measured PA to compare overall and time-of-day activity patterns of nonfallers, fallers, or subgroups of fallers. In 840 participants (mean age, 66.7; s = 13.2; range, 26-97) of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging between 2007 and 2014, PA was measured objectively with Actiheart accelerometers and falling status (faller/nonfaller) was assessed during an in-person interview. Differences in daily PA and PA by time-of-day were assessed using multiple linear regression. Differences in PA (multiple linear regression), and functional status (χ) were further examined in subgroups of "risky" or "normal" fallers. Overall, fallers and nonfallers exhibited similar daily (β = 22.6, P = 0.48) and time-specific PA; however, those who fell doing risky activities were more active overall (β = 243.8, P = 0.002), during the morning (β = 77.3, P = 0.004), afternoon (β = 78.4, P = 0.001), and late afternoon/evening (β = 56.3, P = 0.006) than those who fell doing normal activities. Risky fallers were significantly higher functioning than normal fallers. Persons who fell while engaging in normal activities exhibited lower PA overall and throughout most of the day, and were of lower functional status than persons who fell while engaging in risky or unusual activities, suggesting that engagement in risky or unusual PA is associated with higher functional ability and lower falls risk in older persons.

Investigation of the role of proximity of clothing to self anticipating risky appearance management behaviours

Body dissatisfaction has been reported as a primary force behind individuals’ engaging in appearance management behaviours (AMBs), even in problematic behaviours, such as eating disturbances and other risky behaviours. As a consequence of the importance of the identified phenomena, we investigated whether ‘proximity of clothing to self’ (PCS) would account for a personal difference in the relationship between one's body dissatisfaction and his/her engagement in risky and non-risky AMBs, and thus it would moderate the relationship. A total of 158 survey responses collected from female college students in a Midwestern university were used. Two-way analysis of variances were employed for analysis. The results confirmed that PCS moderated the effect of body dissatisfaction on engagement in risky AMBs. In other words, the results indicated that PCS can play a role in signalling one's tendency to engage in risky AMBs. The finding that PCS serves as a factor in predicting one's engagement in risky AMBs (when she or he experiences body dissatisfaction) will be useful in fashion practice in order to help prevent extreme and problematic AMBs.

Lower Cortisol Activity is Associated with First-Time Driving while Impaired.

Driving while impaired (DWI) is a grave and persistent high-risk behavior. Previous work demonstrated that DWI recidivists had attenuated cortisol reactivity compared to non-DWI drivers. This suggests that cortisol is a neurobiological marker of high-risk driving. The present study tested the hypothesis that this initial finding would extend to first-time DWI (fDWI) offenders compared to non-DWI drivers. Male fDWI offenders (n = 139) and non-DWI drivers (n = 31) were exposed to a stress task, and their salivary cortisol activity (total output and reactivity) was measured. Participants also completed questionnaires on sensation seeking, impulsivity, substance use, and engagement in risky and criminal behaviors. As hypothesized, fDWI offenders, compared to non-DWI drivers, had lower cortisol reactivity; fDWI offenders also showed lower total output. In addition, cortisol activity was the most important predictor of group membership, after accounting for alcohol misuse patterns and consequences and other personality and problem behavior characteristics. The findings indicate that attenuated cortisol activity is an independent factor associated with DWI offending risk at an earlier stage in the DWI trajectory than previously detected.

A Social Resistance Perspective For Delinquent Behaviour Among Non-Dominant Minority Groups

Non-dominant minorities, compared with majority groups, often have greater engagement in risky and delinquent behaviours. This study develops an innovative theoretical model for understanding risky/delinquent behaviour among non-dominant groups based on the social resistance framework, which suggests that power relations within society bring non-dominant minorities to actively engage in various forms of everyday resistance that can include delinquent behaviours. We tested this model on traffic violations, surveying 1,060 non-dominant and majority drivers in Israel. Structural equation models suggest that different mechanisms underlie delinquent behaviours in the two groups: social resistance plays a direct role in traffic violations among non-dominants, while, for the majority, procedural justice and non-commitment to the law have a stronger impact. Implications for understanding delinquent and risky behaviour and as an extension of the well-known procedural justice model are discussed.

An Ex Post Examination of Auditor Resignations

SYNOPSIS The auditor change literature has generally concluded that clients from whom an audit firm resigns are risky clients, yet little is known about the period after a predecessor auditor has resigned from an engagement. We investigate a sample of resignations to determine why an audit firm chooses to accept the role of successor auditor on a presumably risky engagement and whether this decision is associated with a future adverse outcome. Consistent with prior studies, our results indicate that, relative to Non-Big N firms, Big N firms are more selective in accepting the successor auditor role when the predecessor auditor has resigned. Incremental to these prior studies, we find that Big N firms factor in two variables to help mitigate their potential risk—the timing of the predecessor audit firm's resignation and their own firm's expertise. Our analysis of future outcomes indicates that the resigned clients engaged by Non-Big N successor auditors are associated with weaker long-term financial ratios, shorter survival tenures, and a greater proportion of adverse outcomes compared with the resigned clients engaged by Big N successor auditors. Data Availability: Data are available from the sources indicated in the text.

An Ex Post Examination of Auditor Resignations

The auditor change literature has generally concluded that clients from which an audit firm resigns are risky clients, yet little is known about the period after a predecessor auditor has resigned from an engagement. We investigate a sample of resignations to determine why an audit firm chooses to accept the role of successor auditor on a presumably risky engagement and whether this decision is associated with a future adverse outcome. Consistent with prior studies, our results indicate that, relative to Non-Big N firms, Big N firms are more selective in accepting the successor auditor role when the predecessor auditor has resigned. Incremental to these prior studies, we find that Big N firms factor in two variables to help mitigate their potential risk – the timing of the predecessor audit firm’s resignation and their own firm’s expertise. Our analysis of future outcomes indicates that the resigned clients engaged by Non-Big N successor auditors are associated with weaker long-term financial ratios, shorter survival tenures, and a greater proportion of adverse outcomes compared with the resigned clients engaged by Big N successor auditors.

To the Ends of the Earth: Renaissance Journeys and Imagination's Sight

AbstractThis article looks at the word echappee, using the structure of complex thought that is borne by this compound term as a lens to examine the theme of imagination's role in Renaissance journeys. Echappee can mean 'escape', 'glimpse' or 'the outstripping of a rival'. Each of these meanings is examined in turn through a cluster of sixteenth-century texts that illustrate how travel literature can be viewed as a means of exhibiting the powers of imaginative speculation and exploration in adventures of flight and sight or insight. From the fantastic, mythological journeys described by Ronsard and Aneau via the domestic settings of Marguerite de Navarre to the encounters of Lery and Montaigne with New World natives, the article analyses the transformation of the space of exploration into the space of imaginative speculation, of risky engagement with the Other. Using the work of Quentin Skinner and Michel de Certeau, it proposes that we see echappee as providing an incremental narrative of a multi-layered...

Adolescent health

Growth, development, and adaptation to numerous internal changes, as well as the changing roles of adolescents within the family and the community often take place within an environment of drug abuse, increased sexual freedom, weakened family structure, and under the strong influence of the media. Confronted with these pressures, adolescents often develop risky behaviours, which are also important health risks. Up to 75% of deaths and serious morbidity in adolescence is associated with risky behaviours. The aim of this study is to establish the frequency and types of risky behaviours in adolescents, as well as the characteristics of adolescents and families that engage in risky behaviours. We performed this research with the help of 789 adolescents, aged 10 to 19, from elementary and secondary schools in Novi Sad. The questionnaire included items on risky behaviours in adolescents, based on: age, sex, school achievement, and family characteristics: family composition, socioeconomic status, emotional support, family conflicts, and risky behaviours of other family members. The results demonstrated that a high percentage of adolescents in Novi Sad engage in risky behaviours. Significantly more girls than boys engage in numerous risky behaviours. In comparison to their peers, adolescents from poor families, from families with either one or both parents unemployed, from families with inadequate emotional support, from families with frequent conflicts, or from families whose members themselves engage in different risky behaviours, engage in numerous risky behaviours significantly more often. Considering the fact that adolescent engagement in risky behaviours significantly affects adolescent morbidity and mortality, it is essential to implement comprehensive preventative programmes, which should include all adolescents before they start to engage in risky behaviours. In this process, the most important role belongs to the family. However, the entire community, schools, and health workers, should also play an active part.