Enforcement Authorities Research Articles

A Systematic Review on the use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Crime Prediction from Social Media

The goal of crime prediction is to help law enforcement authorities to prevent crimes before they happen by identifying and reducing potential future crimes. In present days, crime cases are rapidly occur so it is a challenging task to accurately predict and classify the future crimes, as criminal patterns are adaptable and constantly evolve, making it a challenging task. Sentiment analysis is essential for deciphering the feelings conveyed in text since social media has grown into a popular venue for individuals to communicate their thoughts, feelings, views, and comments. This analysis is particularly valuable for making informed decisions in business, politics and government agencies especially to identify crimes. However, it faces the difficulties like lexical diversity and dataset imbalance. In order to make better decisions and maybe lower the risk of predicting the suspects in a crime, early crime prediction has lately made use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models like Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML). When applied to crime data, ML and DL models may assist pinpoint possible crime hotspots and foretell when crimes may occur. Crime prediction and categorization using social media posts is covered in depth in this paper, which offers a comprehensive overview of several ML and DL frameworks. Initially, different ML and DL based crime prediction models designed by many researchers are examined in brief. The next step is to do a comparison research to learn about the shortcomings of those frameworks and provide an alternative method for effectively predicting crimes based on social media postings.

Crime Prediction using Machine Learning

The process of researching crime patterns and trends in order to find underlying issues and potential solutions to crime prevention is known as crime analysis. This includes using statistical analysis, geographic mapping, and other approaches of type and scope of crime in their areas. Crime analysis can also entail the creation of predictive models that use previous data to anticipate future crime tendencies. Law enforcement authorities can more efficiently allocate resources and target initiatives to reduce crime and increase public safety by evaluating crime data and finding trends. For prediction, this data was fed into algorithms such as Linear Regression and Random Forest. Using data from 2001 to 2016, crime-type projections are made for each state as well as all states in India. Simple visualisation charts are used to represent these predictions. One critical feature of these algorithms is identifying the trend-changing year in order to boost the accuracy of the predictions. The main aim is to predict crime cases from 2017 to 2020 by using the dataset from 2001 to 2016.

Подозреваемый, обвиняемый — возможно ли поставить знак равенства в современном досудебном производстве?

The relevance of the study of the procedural position of a person subject to criminal prosecution by pre-trial investigation authorities is caused by the fact that in accordance with Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 11-П of June 27, 2000, on the Verification of the Constitutional Nature of the Provisions of Part 1 Article 47 and Part 2 Article 51 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR and in View of the Complaint Filed by Mr. V.I. Maslov, the start of such investigation is related to carrying out investigative and other procedural actions against a specific person upon the receipt of a crime report or notice by the law enforcement authority. Even if such person has not obtained the suspect status yet. However, such person obtains the legal status of a convict upon lodging of charges, which often takes place only upon termination of criminal case investigation in the form of pre-trial proceedings, or upon preparation of the final procedural document (letter of accusation, bill of indictment) by an interrogator if cases are investigated in the interrogation form and the summary interrogation form with some exceptions. The criminal procedure theory is now lacking a consolidated position with regard to the suspect/convict correlation. Along with the traditional approach towards the evaluation of arraignment as a guarantee of rights, freedoms and legal interests of a person subject to criminal prosecution, the position that the institution of arraignment has long lost its initial function and is almost the same as the suspect institution and thus requires a fundamental review has started to gain more and more supporters.

Cybercrime and the Law: Addressing the Challenges of Digital Forensics in Criminal Investigations

A lack of standards and regulations for handling digital evidence is impeding its admissibility in court proceedings. This article addresses the challenges of digital forensics in criminal investigations due to the rise of cybercrime. The literature existing studies on digital forensics, legal frameworks, and cybercrime is reviewed in order to find possible solutions. The results demonstrate the importance of collaboration between the legal and technological sectors in developing standardized norms and processes for digital evidence collection and processing. The findings also highlight the importance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need for a robust legal framework to combat cybercrime effectively. This note emphasizes the vital significance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need to develop standardized rules and procedures for the management of digital evidence. The recommendations presented in this article may assist policymakers and law enforcement authorities in designing legal framework capable of effectively confronting cybercrime.

DPA independence and ‘indirect’ access—illusory in Belgium, France and Germany?

Directive 2016/680 provides for two procedures for the exercise of the rights of access to one's data: a direct one (that is, directly against the law enforcement authority) and an ‘indirect’ one, in which the responsible Data Protection Authority (DPA) exercises the right of access of the data subject against the law enforcement authority which refused the direct access, including by carrying out a legality check on the data processing of the personal data of the individual requesting access. The recent judgment in Ligue des droits humains ASBL treated the question of the powers of DPAs in the framework of this procedure, amongst others, as a matter of DPA independence. Existing literature has observed that the implementing laws of three Member States – Belgium, France and Germany – severely restrict the powers of the DPAs when these perform the ‘indirect’ right of access, for example to carry out the legality check and inform the individuals of the results of the check. In the this article we will argue that these national restrictions constitute an unjustified interference with the requirement on DPA independence in EU data protection law, including in Article 8(3) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.

Mutual Recognition By Private Actors In Criminal Justice? E-Evidence Regulation And Service Providers As The New Guardians Of Fundamental Rights

A large and constantly growing number of criminal offences, not only cybercrime, is committed in a way that leaves digital traces which can serve as evidence. This data is in the possession of service providers, often located in a different country than the place of an investigation. The available model of cross-border gathering of evidence, based on mutual legal assistance, is considered too cumbersome and lengthy for the digital world. Similar reservations have been made as regards the European Investigation Order. In response, the European Commission proposed the so-called e-evidence package in 2018, which – after 5 years of arduous negotiations – was finally adopted on 12 July 2023. Its main element is the European Production Order, an instrument based on mutual recognition which will allow law enforcement authorities in one Member State to request Internet service providers in another Member State to produce data without or with limited involvement of the authorities of the latter State. This new system is effectively a legal revolution which redefines the concept of mutual recognition and creates a model where service providers will play a significant role in safeguarding their users’ fundamental rights. This article examines the paradigm shift caused by this instrument, analyses the dynamics of interaction between the parties involved – in particular the role private actors will play in it – in order to verify the correctness of the legal basis and reveal the consequences of such a new system for transnational cooperation and service providers in the EU.

The European Arrest Warrant - Optional Reasons for Refusing its Execution. Case Law Aspects

This paper aims to bring to attention certain optional reasons for refusing the execution of a European arrest warrant, situations in which the courts can defeat the principle of mutual recognition and trust between the judicial authorities of the European Union states, which represents the “cornerstone” of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The judicial enforcement authorities cannot refuse to execute a European arrest warrant except for reasons resulting from the Council Framework Decision No. 2002/584/JAI of 13 June 2002, however, in practice, the optional reasons for non-execution often raised problems, the wording of article 4 and article 4a leaving a margin in the judgment of the courts.

The Counteraction of Corruption in Indonesia Based On the International Agreement (Extradition) Between Indonesia and Singapore

In early 2022, Indonesia signed an extradition agreement with Singapore. This extradition agreement with Singapore is crucial because Singapore has been one of the destinations for Indonesian fugitives, particularly in corruption cases. The territory of Singapore, with its direct proximity to Indonesia and the visa-free arrangement for Indonesian citizens visiting Singapore, creates an environment where criminals can potentially use Singapore as a final destination or transit point for their illegal activities. This analysis examines the counteraction of corruption in Indonesia based on the international agreement (Extradition) between Indonesia and Singapore. The research adopts a normative legal research approach. The extradition agreement between Indonesia and Singapore will facilitate law enforcement authorities in Indonesia in resolving criminal cases where the perpetrators are located in Singapore. This allows law enforcement to take action against the criminals. Extradition also makes potential wrongdoers think twice before attempting to flee to another country, knowing that the destination country has an extradition agreement in place. In the fight against corruption, the Indonesia-Singapore extradition agreement is beneficial in preventing criminals from escaping to other countries, enabling the apprehension of wrongdoers, and facilitating the recovery of assets obtained through corruption.

A Critical Examination of the Role of Auditing as a Means of Ensuring Transparency and Accountability in Petroleum Revenue Management Activities in Ghana: Proposed Intervention

Oil discovery by some nations has become a resource curse rather than a blessing due to misappropriation, mismanagement and corruption in the management of petroleum revenues due to abuse of political power by public officers in partnership with other stakeholders within the oil industry, national and international alike. Auditor General's Annual Reports, Reports of Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, Public Interest and Accountability Committee (PIAC) and CSOs reports among other literature have established that public resources such as oil revenue are mismanaged. Weak institutions, Finance Minister's discretionary powers under Act 815, lack of political will, weak legal and policy enforcement regimes among others are to blame for the lack of transparency and accountability leading to corruption. The study establishes that effective auditing plays a significant role in exposing the weak links to ensure transparency and accountability to mitigate corruption, particularly corruption auditing is best suited for petroleum revenue management activities. The study provides that transparency and accountability for effective corruption control and oversight, auditing and enforcement requires a multifaceted approach, stakeholders such as Supreme Auditing Institutions, external and internal audits system, citizens active participation, PIAC and CSOs such as Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas (CSPOG) and Ghana Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (GHEITI), good political will by government, strong legislature and judicial system as well as the support of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) including Donors and multinational petroleum companies are all needed on deck to tackle successfully the monster called petroleum revenue misappropriation, mismanagement and corruption. And ensuring that the government, public officials and other stakeholders uphold to best practice when it comes to PRMA.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Desa Serangkat Melalui Edukasi Interaktif Mengenai Bantuan Hukum

Legal awareness plays a crucial role in law enforcement, especially in remote areas like Serangkat Village. The government has a direct responsibility to support the community there. The lack of legal awareness in Serangkat Village is due to the community's tendency to resolve legal issues based on local customary law, a lack of trust in law enforcement authorities, and concerns about significant financial consequences. The primary goal of this activity is to enhance understanding of the importance of legal awareness and introduce the Legal Aid program organized by the government for the community. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method supported by field observations, planning, and implementation of activities. Legal Aid refers to free legal services provided by authorized institutions to individuals in need. The program aims to protect the constitutional rights of individuals and promote social changes that are fair. The results of this awareness campaign are evident through the community's understanding of the urgency of legal awareness and the availability of the Legal Aid Program provided by the government

Study on the impact of central environmental protection inspection on the health of the older adult population-A quasi-natural experiment in China.

In 2015, the central government of China established the Central Environmental Protection Inspection (CEPI) system for oversight of local governments. It enhanced local government enforcement of environmental regulations, which had a considerable influence on the health of the local older adult population. This study quantifies the effects of local government regulation brought about by CEPI on the health of the older adult. It examines the impact mechanism using the DID model and panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The results show that (1) local governments' environmental protection regulations implemented by CEPI have a positive impact on the general health of the older adult. The results of the study passed the parallel trend test, PSM test, replacement variable test, and placebo test and remained significant; (2) in terms of the impact mechanism, CEPI has promoted local governments' environmental governance initiatives, which has reduced industrial wastewater emissions, industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, and industrial fumes emissions. This has improved air quality, thereby creating a good living environment for the older adult and improving their overall health; (3) according to heterogeneity research, the health of older adult living in the Yangtze River Basin, urban older adult, and older adult without chronic diseases is more significantly affected by the environmental protection regulations of the local governments brought about by CEPI.

The Problem of Religious Guidance among Indian Muslims: A Forward-Thinking Proposal

The Indian Muslim community faces a paradox, marked by the presence of religious leaders without a clear path forward. The article identifies a lack of guidance, particularly in matters of faith, as numerous Ulema offer conflicting fatwas, stemming from a flawed Ifta methodology. Tracing the historical evolution of fatwa issuance, the 19th-century shift in India, influenced by the East India Company's trade-focused policies, led to an abundance of independent Ulema. This article explores the historical evolution of Ifta in Islam, with a focus on India. It reviews the transition to formal fatwa institutions, compares practices across regions, and proposes centralizing fatwa authority through a high central council in India, offering recommendations for reform. The absence of a centralized authority for fatwa issuance in India results in a chaotic scenario.To address this, the author proposes a structured solution: establishing a high central council of diverse Ulema and intellectuals. This council would delegate responsibilities for religious and social issues to ensure uniformity in fatwa decisions nationally. However, the article underscores that councils alone are ineffective without legal enforcement authority. This article will show: 1) Abundance of Guidance and Contradictory Fatwas; 2) Evolution of Fatwa Issuance in Islamic History; 3) Current State of Fatwa Issuance and Recommendations for Reform. Additionally, it advocates reevaluating the concepts of 'Dar al-Islam' and 'Dar al-Harb' in the context of India's identity. The author suggests a Parliament-recognized Council to issue fatwas, aligning with democratic principles and reflecting shared ownership among India's diverse Muslim population.

Law enforcement of electronic government in the context of public-private partnership in the state security and defense sector

The article is devoted to the study of the law enforcement of electronic governance in the context of public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state. It was concluded that the application of electronic governance will be associated with general features of the use of digital technologies in the activities of public administration and special features mediated by public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state. It is noted that electronic governance is a concept of regulating social relations based on the use of digital technologies.
 It has been established that the key characteristic of e-governance is digitization management with an emphasis on the needs of the citizen. Attention is focused on the fact that the specifics of the law enforcement of e-governance of public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state is mediated by the possibility of using digital technologies as regulators of social relations related to ensuring the proper state of security of the state and its national interests.
 It was determined that the application of e-governance measures is an integral component of the national security of the state as a whole and the application of public-private partnership tools.
 It was established that the following should implement their activities based on the principles of electronic governance: 1) bodies authorized to regulate activities related to public-private partnership as a whole; 2) bodies acting as a party to public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state.
 The thesis that the degree of application of electronic governance tools in the public-private partnership in the security and defense sector will vary depending on the status of the entity that will act as a party to contractual relations from the state side is substantiated.
 It is concluded that finding a balance between the use of digital tools that allow to simplify public access to the activities of public institutions during the implementation of public-private partnerships with the obligation not to disclose activities in this context will always lean towards the functional purpose of protecting the state over ideas digital transformation.

EQUALITY OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN VIS-À-VIS THE LAW IN CASES OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND ABUSE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHILD PROTECTION LAW

Child rape is a devastating form of sexual violence. This study aims to investigate and analyze the equality of legal protection for children in cases of sexual relations and abuse, focusing on the perspective of child protection law. This study uses methods that research normative juridical law. The results showed that the established legal law has partially worked for victims of child violence. The study's conclusions address whether the diversion process undertaken by law enforcement authorities in the Juvenile Justice System for adolescents facing legal problems due to allegations of sexual intercourse and/or maltreatment reflects gender non-discrimination.

Moral foundations of russian criminal proceedings

The article explores the problem of the relationship between morality and law in general and in criminal proceedings in particular. It is proposed to consider morality as one of principles of law, and moral consciousness – legal awareness, and on this basis it is concluded that law and legal consciousness are connected not only purely legally, but also in a moral way. That is, they have a common moral foundation, moral nature. The approach is justified, according to which the domestic model of criminal proceedings should be formed primarily taking into account the moral needs of society and the individual. The moral aspect is defined as a system-forming category for both criminal procedure law and the law enforcement authority, which in turn should serve to improve the guarantees of a fair investigation and resolution of criminal cases, and to achieve the necessary balance of public and private interests in the criminal process.

Chhattisgarh's Perspective on Investigating Cybercrime: Challenges and Solutions

Chhattisgarh is not an exception to the ubiquitous effects of cybercrime, which has become a global problem. Cybercriminals take advantage of weaknesses as digital technologies develop, providing particular difficulties for Chhattisgarh's law enforcement organisations and authorities. In order to boost cybersecurity measures and improve law enforcement capacities, this research study addresses the specific difficulties the state faces in pursuing cybercrime. The study examines case studies, evaluates current cybersecurity activities, and provides thorough recommendations while also analysing the current cybercrime scenario. Chhattisgarh can successfully fight cybercrime and establish a safer online environment by comprehending and tackling these issues.

Regional Governance of Labour Inspection: Lessons from Banten Province

Introduction: Labor inspection has become one of the essential studies since the emergence of labor issues as a part of the public interest. Protection, guarantees and compliance with la-bor norms are the focus of realizing good labor conditions. The governance of labor inspection also functions as a mechanism for law enforcement, protection and guarantees for fulfilling labour norms. Labor inspection is carried out as internal control in the workplace and external control as a public function of the central and regional governments. Theoretical Reference Framework: According to management perspective, the control func-tion within the organization has two main points: system/process and strategic human re-sources (Efendi & Poernomo, 2019). This concept includes three things: setting standards, comparing activities carried out based on the standards, and improvement. Method: This study using qualitative research method by presenting naturalistic empirical da-ta. Results: This study provides important lessons that leadership is the key and balance control-ler in unifying different interests in the governance system for implementing labor inspection at the regional level. Also, values mutually agreed upon by stakeholders, including the regional government, employers, and worker/trade unions, must be continuously institutionalized. It includes the dynamics of deliberation among stakeholders, division of responsibilities, re-source capacity, knowledge and experience between the actors involved, and adaptation to possible uncertainties and risks. Discussion and Conclusions: Lessons learned from the study on implementing labour inspec-tion in Banten Province show the complexity of governance on various sides. Low institution-al linkages and planning between the local and central government and inadequate law en-forcement lead to weak inspection accountability and less transparent inspection implementa-tion.

Strategic choices of migrants and smugglers in the Central Mediterranean sea.

The sea crossing from Libya to Italy is one of the world's most dangerous and politically contentious migration routes, and yet over half a million people have attempted the crossing since 2014. Leveraging data on aggregate migration flows and individual migration incidents, we estimate how migrants and smugglers have reacted to changes in the border enforcement regime, namely the rise in interceptions by the Libyan Coast Guard starting in 2017 and the corresponding decrease in the probability of rescue to Europe. We find support for a deterrence effect in which attempted crossings along the Central Mediterranean route declined, and a diversion effect in which some migrants substituted to the Western Mediterranean route. At the same time, smugglers adapted their tactics. Using a strategic model of the smuggler's choice of boat size, we estimate how smugglers trade off between the short-run payoffs to launching overcrowded boats and the long-run costs of making less successful crossing attempts under different levels of enforcement. Taken together, these analyses shed light on how the integration of incident- and flow-level datasets can inform ongoing migration policy debates and identify potential consequences of changing enforcement regimes.

Forensic features of methods of committing theft using methods of social engineering and information and telecommunication technologies

Many online media have recently been focusing on the topic of social engineering fraud. Business leaders, computer security experts, and lawyers, in particular, law enforcement officers, however, do not fully understand the kinds of frauds that can be conducted through or with the aid of the Internet and mobile communication, or the ramifications of such frauds for the future of e-commerce. The article will present a forensic characteristic of the system of actions for the preparation, commission and concealment of fraud using social engineering methods and information and telecommunications technologies. This paper has three principal goals. First, it will identify the principal types of social engineering frauds that law enforcement and regulatory authorities are observing. Second, it will explain the major psychological influence techniques that criminals use in conducting such frauds. Third, it will identify the patterns of preparation, commission and concealment of fraud of this type. The paper will begin by presenting a typology of the criminal and the forensic characteristics of his illegal activity. Also, will explore the principal psychological features of social engineering fraud. In conclusion, the features of the methods of committing fraud of the analyzed category of crimes will be summarized and its characteristic features will be revealed.

Wtórna wiktymizacja ofiar przestępstw seksualnych – aspekty normatywne i praktyczne

The article deals with secondary victimisation of victims of sexual offences. It considers the term, aetiology and possible forms of preventing secondary victimisation through regulatory efforts and practice of the law enforcement and judicial authorities. The chief objective of the paper is the search for comprehensive solutions which will really help the victims of sexual offences and prevent their secondary victimisation and revictimisation. The author of the paper points out that legal and social awareness in the perception of victims and their objectifying treatment must change.