Law Enforcement Security Research Articles

The Role of Informal Security Service in Addressing Banditry and Kidnapping in Zuru Emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria.

There is a growing interest in the impact of informal security service on banditry and kidnapping, given the increasing insecurity challenges facing many African countries, including Nigeria. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of informal security actors in addressing banditry and kidnapping in Zuru emirate of Kebbi state, Nigeria. Mixed methods research was used, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative designs. Questionnaires served as instruments for quantitative data collection, and a total of four hundred (400) questionnaires were distributed to the people in Zuru Emirate to gain their perceptions of the efforts of informal actors. For the qualitative part, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with leaders of informal security actors, traditional rulers, and law enforcement agencies. SPSS was used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic and content analyses were utilized for qualitative data. The outcome of the study revealed that a significant number of respondents strongly agreed that informal security actors are effective personnel in addressing banditry and kidnapping. They play a crucial role in protecting lives and property and ensuring safety, peace, and stability in Zuru Emirate, especially in the rural areas where banditry and kidnapping are prevalent. This study recommends collaborations with other security agencies, such as the police and military, to share intelligence and resources in combating banditry.

Use of drones in Indo‐Pak cross border terrorism: Challenges, regulations and evolving responses

AbstractThe proliferation of drones to states and non‐state actors has created newer challenges for national security & border management. Globally, drones are being used by security forces as force multipliers in military operations, while non‐state actors are employing drones for carrying out terror strikes, smuggling arms, narcotics, and by citizen journalists and other groups for disseminating information on government crackdown on public protests. The paper traces the increasing usage of drones in India, especially since 2019, while also analyzing the multifarious challenges faced by Indian security forces and law enforcement agencies from the use of drones by non‐state actors. It analyses the rules and regulations that have been put in place in India to manage the spread of UAS/drones in the country while not stifling the domestic manufacturing. Finally, the paper explores the possible systems that have been explored by India and other countries to counter UAS/drones and the challenges posed in effectively countering drones in border regions.

Understanding the Experience of Workplace Violence in Hospitals as Documented by Nursing Staff: Using the READ Approach.

Background: Workplace violence has a significant impact on patients, families, and staff safety. Workplace violence can produce traumatic results for those involved; the importance of preventive measures needs to be paramount in health service policy and process. Health care staff are required to document their experiences of violent incidents after every occasion, usually via an incident reporting system, which allows for a free text description of the event. There is a lack of understanding of how health care staff document reports of violence and how they explain the events. Methods: This study aims to determine the circumstances surrounding workplace violent events as documented by health care staff. The four-step Review, Extract, Analyze, and Document (READ) approach to document analysis was used to examine workplace violence incident reports over 12 months (September 2021-September 2022) in a tertiary referral hospital. Findings: Six categories of workplace violence were found: (a) "Escalation Dynamics"-patterns and progression of how violence incidents intensify; (b) "Warning Behaviors"-verbal or non-verbal signals that may foreshadow physical violence if not addressed; (c) "Authoritative Institutional Interventions"-how aggression correlates to protocols involving security personnel or law enforcement; (d) "Care Delivery Methods"-how certain treatment procedures and approaches might inadvertently elicit violence; (e) "Situational Stressors"-external circumstances or changes that act as triggers for violence; and (f) "Unprovoked triggers"-sudden and seemingly unprovoked violent outbursts. Conclusions and application to practice: Workplace violence in health care is a multifaceted interplay of events with the nurse involved in all aspects of the process. These findings can be used by occupational health nurses in education and policy development. The findings can be used to focus education on how violent incidents may escalate and provide more opportunities for de-escalation by health care staff.

Urgensi Penyatuan Lembaga Penegak Hukum di Laut Indonesia

In its efforts to enforce law at sea, Indonesia has 13 law enforcement agencies at sea. Six of these institutions have maritime patrol task forces. The number of law enforcement agencies in Indonesian seas is considered negative by several parties because of the potential for the authority of each agency to overlap. This research aims to find out what the condition of maritime law enforcement agencies in Indonesia is and what are the considerations for unifying maritime law enforcement agencies in Indonesia. This research is normative research related to maritime law enforcement agencies in Indonesia. There are at least 13 law enforcement agencies in Indonesian seas. The unification of maritime law enforcement agencies in Indonesia is necessary because unclear roles and authority, as well as a lack of coordination between agencies, have resulted in ineffectiveness in law enforcement and maritime security management. Indonesia needs unification of authority to strengthen all security, safety and maritime law enforcement functions in Indonesia

Law Awareness and Abidance and Radicalism Prevention Among Hong Kong Youth

Social influence through awareness of law abidance and enforcement is uncertain in preventing youth radicalism. Accordingly, the effects of the social norm for law abidance and deterrence on radicalism are unclear or debatable. To clarify these effects, this study randomly surveyed 883 Chinese youth in Hong Kong, where the national security law has recently launched to tackle radicalism. Results show the significant inverse effects of awareness of national security law enforcement, awareness of support for law abidance, and agreement on law abidance on radicalism. Nevertheless, the effect of awareness of the enforcement slightly weakened with education, the agreement, or awareness of the support. This weakening suggests situational deterrence. These results imply the preventability of youth radicalism by law, including its awareness, abidance, and enforcement.

Assessing Challenges in Police and Private Security Partnership in Nairobi County, Kenya

In Nairobi County, Kenya, maintaining public safety needed coordination between private security firms and law enforcement. The primary goal of this study was to properly examine the obstacles they encountered. The study's purpose was to define the nature of collaboration within the historical framework of shared responsibilities, with an emphasis on identifying and comprehending the barriers to constructive cooperation.
 Our research took a complete approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies inspired by the differential link notion and the theoretical foundations of systems theory. Nairobi was chosen as the primary data collection hub since it is home to many state and private security service providers.
 The results revealed a statistically significant link (r = 0.682; p 0.05) between the police force and private security firms, emphasizing the importance of their collaborative efforts to ensure public safety in Nairobi County. Accountability issues, insufficient information exchange, and a lack of a regulatory framework were discovered to be complicated (R2 = 0.713). Surprisingly, insufficient manpower, a lack of resources, and a centralized command system were the key causes of these failures.
 This study considerably contributed to the body of knowledge by filling a significant data vacuum regarding police-private security collaborations in Kenya. It also acted as a springboard for further research, supporting a more in-depth examination of Kenya's entire population preservation policy.
 The information acquired from this investigation was critical for politicians, law enforcement, and private security interests. The detailed examination and analysis of these limitations provided the basis for proposing targeted solutions that may improve collaboration, make the best use of available resources, and improve public safety throughout Nairobi County. This summary, which contained the methodology, important findings, and study impact, communicated the core goal of our investigation concisely and clearly.

Life Insurance Protection for High-Risk Occupations for State Civil Apparatus

The government has an obligation to provide Work Accident Insurance (JKK) and Death Insurance (JKM) protection to the State Civil Apparatus (ASN). This aims to improve the welfare of ASN, in addition to providing life insurance protection for high-risk jobs for ASN. The research method used is normative juridical, which is to study and examine legal principles, especially positive legal principles derived from existing literature materials from laws and regulations. The results showed that the excellent services provided by the police to the community include security maintenance, protection, protection, and law enforcement, in accordance with Article 13 of Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police. Police work in Indonesia carries risks and workloads that can cause stress, with stressors including excessive workload, time pressure, poor quality executives, unfavourable political climate, inadequate authority, prolonged conflict, differences in task values between leaders and subordinates, and unusual organisational changes. In addition, the results of the study state that PT ASABRI (Persero) is a State-Owned Enterprise responsible for managing social insurance programs for TNI Soldiers, members of the National Police, and State Civil Apparatus Employees (ASN) within the Ministry of Defence and the National Police, in accordance with Government Regulation Number 102 of 2015 concerning Social Insurance for Soldiers of the Indonesian National Army, Members of the Indonesian National Police, and State Civil Apparatus Employees within the Ministry of Defence and the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia.

Survey of Different Face Detection & Recognition Techniques

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of different face detection and recognition techniques, with a primary focus on face recognition. Face recognition is a rapidly evolving field that has numerous applications, such as security systems, biometric authentication, law enforcement and social media. The paper provides an overview of the various approaches and algorithms used in face detection, including Haar-cascade, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), and deep learning-based techniques, among others. However, the paper places more emphasis on face recognition and discusses in detail various recognition techniques, such as feature-based, template-based, and neural network-based methods. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of current research trends and future directions in the field of face recognition. The survey's overall goal is to present a thorough grasp of the most recent facial recognition technologies and potential uses for them.

Settlement security, local law enforcement at the Southern Great Plain Region I.

Aim: The aim of the study is to present the municipal security of the Southern Great Plain Region and the police and complementary law enforcement agencies involved in local policing. In addition, it is intended to describe the difficulties associated with the operation of municipal police forces, to identify anomalies in practice and to suggest optimal solutions.Methodology: The research was carried out by interviewing the police chiefs of three county police headquarters in the region, as well as the municipalities through an online questionnaire. In addition, in order to develop a complex opinion, focus group discussions with various participants in two districts were held to find out about local government measures in the field of local policing. Thirdly, in the framework of secondary research, the author processed domestic legal regulations, professional studies and statistical data.Findings: The results of the research carried out reveal that the development of municipal law enforcement agencies can only be achieved through a long-term and well designed strategy. It has been demonstrated that municipal security and local law enforcement tasks are extremely complex and require the active and coordinated action of several actors. It has also been shown that municipalities have a permanent need for stable and balanced public security and are willing to make commitments to achieve this, if the right opportunities and knowledge are available. In this complex system of policing tasks, continuous and extensive cooperation between the partners and the flow of information through regular communication are indispensable factors.Value: The conclusions of the study can be used in the development of future action programs by local law enforcement contributors as well as police chiefs. The author has formulated recommendations for improving municipal security that deepen the theoretical and practical knowledge of specialists.

Introducing the New Editorial Team

Introducing the New Editorial Team

The effectiveness of sanctions on disclosure regulation: Australian evidence

AbstractWe investigate the deterrent effects of securities law enforcement sanctions with different levels of severity. Our setting is Australia's Continuous Disclosure Regulation, which features a range of sanctions from light through to more punitive. We find that after civil and administrative sanctions are imposed on a firm, market liquidity of industry‐peer firms significantly improves relative to non‐industry‐peers. Our results are robust to alternative measures, tests and models. The findings suggest that less costly and lighter sanctions are useful enforcement tools, providing important policy implications for securities regulators on the selection of sanctions to enforce disclosure regulation.

PREVENTING POTENTIAL ROBBERY CRIMES USING DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM OF DATA PROCESSING

Recently, deep learning technologies, namely Neural Networks [1], are attracting more and more attention from businesses and the scientific community, as they help optimize processes and find real solutions to problems much more efficiently and economically than many other approaches. In particular, Neural Networks are well suited for situations when you need to detect objects or look for similar patterns in videos and images, making them relevant in the field of information and measurement technologies in mechatronics and robotics. With the increasing number of robbed apartments and houses every year, addressing this issue has become one of the highest priorities in today's society. By leveraging deep learning techniques, such as Neural Networks, in mechatronics and robotics, innovative solutions can be developed to enhance security systems, enabling more effective detection and prevention of apartment crimes. To evaluate the performance of our trained network, we conducted extensive experiments on a separate test dataset that was distinct from the training data. We meticulously labeled this dataset to obtain accurate ground truth annotations for comparison. By measuring precision scores, we determined the effectiveness of our model in detecting potential crimes. Our experiments yielded an accuracy rate of 97% in the detection of potential crimes. This achievement demonstrates the capability of YOLO and the effectiveness of our trained network in accurately identifying criminal activities. The high accuracy rate indicates that our system can effectively assist in property protection efforts, providing a valuable tool for security personnel and law enforcement agencies.

The Legality of Devious Cyber Practices: Readiness of Indonesia's Cyber Laws

The ever-expanding Indonesian cyberspace has ushered in significant economic growth to the country’s online business and e-commerce. This is due to the country’s rising internet penetration rate of 73% of its total population, with about 204 million people connected to the internet. This high connectivity has brought about several positive socio-economic opportunities but with other thorny issues like cybercrime, misinformation, cyber-induced intolerance, disinformation, trolling and cyber warfare. Despite the Indonesian government’s intervention with measures to regulate cyber activities, some devious cyber practices undefined in legal literature continue to be practiced, even passed as legitimate, sometimes leading to negative consequences. These practices are often conducted as organized operations that target populations to create mistrust and polarize the targeted population. Some are crafted as cyber warfare declared by entities within a country or from a foreign country targeting another’s populace, which poses a threat to social order. This paper explores these devious cyber practices and their strategies and mitigation possibilities. A sociological research approach coupled with the use of law enforcement theory was applied to study and analyze Indonesia’s cyber security law enforcement policies, the Internet and Electronic Transaction (ITE) Law, the Criminal Prosecution Act, the Constitutional law, civil society actors and private sector actors on cyber security. Indonesian law and international law, coupled with available technology, were reviewed for readiness to address threats posed by these devious cyber issues to social order. Measures taken by the Indonesian government are in readiness to combat these cyberspace issues in its jurisdiction but also present more questions on the proposals for reviews to the legislation and introduction of content monitoring systems, which risk being inappropriately deployed in censorships or suppression of legitimate freedom of expression.

On the Prevention and Control of Public Security and the Modernization Construction of Police Organizational form in the Pearl River Delta

With the deepening development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the water security situation is becoming increasingly tense and causing frequent illegal and criminal incidents on the water, which has brought great harm to the economy and people's lives in the Bay Area. On the surface of the public security analysis, the public security organs to the importance of the water police is the direct reason of the deterioration of the water security situation. The deep factors include the existing problems in the form of police organization form in the Pearl River Delta, the lack of police talents in foreign-related waters, the formation of mass prevention and mass governance network by unrelated people, the urgent need of water-related laws, and the fuzzy police organization form in water waters. The prevention and control of public security in waters should start from strengthening the legal standardization and unity construction of water area public security law enforcement, developing the academic education of water area police officers, cultivating professional water area police talents and strengthening the joint prevention and cooperation mechanism of public security in the Pearl River Delta region.

A Review of Hash Function Types and their Applications

In the recent decade, global community has been one of the world's most prominent targets of terrorist strikes. There is still study being done and improved efficiency procedures needed in this sector, however the security forces and law enforcement agencies are creating and launching high security weaponry to secure their territories. There is a huge necessity to include the greater level of protection into military vehicles in the wake of several terrorist attacks and sniffing of security officers. Terrorists rely heavily on infiltration while avoiding detection by security measures because of the holes in these hypothetical situations. This paper presents the central methods of hash functions, cryptography and dynamic encryption that may be utilised by the military personnel to increase the safety, privacy, and resistance to sniffing of their communications with one another. This article details the many methods and algorithms that may be included into laser guided defensive weapons and vehicles to provide safe communication across the system.

Cross‐border regulatory enforcement and corporate voluntary disclosure

AbstractIn this study, we find that foreign firms cross‐listed in the US issue significantly more and better‐quality management earnings forecasts after their home countries sign the Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Consultation and Cooperation and the Exchange of Information (MMoU), a nonbinding arrangement established by the International Organization of Securities Commissions to enhance the cross‐border enforcement of securities laws. Specifically, we find that after the MMoU, relative to their domestic counterparts in the US, foreign firms cross‐listed in the US are not only more likely to issue management earnings forecasts but also issue them more frequently. They also tend to issue better‐quality earnings forecasts, as measured by lower surprise, higher precision, greater timeliness, more disaggregation, lower optimism and fewer errors. We find that the observed effects of the MMoU signing are stronger for cross‐listed firms from countries with weaker institutional environments, resulting in greater enforcement concerns after the MMoU, and for firms with less foreign institutional ownership before the MMoU. Collectively, our findings support the conjecture that after a US‐listed foreign firm's home country enters the MMoU, the firm has more incentives to engage in voluntary disclosure due to greater concerns about regulatory enforcement and increased information demand from investors.

Maritime law enforcement: Indonesia's experience against illegal fishing

Maritime law enforcement is very important duty for a coastal state as failure to properly enforce maritime security law can result in undermining the sovereignty, security, and safety of a coastal state. The high number of maritime crimes occurring in Indonesian waters shows that this country is still faced with the enforcement of maritime security laws in dealing with illegal fishing. This paper examines the international and national laws relevant to maritime security and analyses the institutions arrangement of maritime security in Indonesia. To analyze the issues and countermeasures of illegal fishing, this research uses the case study method. This case study uses data on illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing that occurred in Indonesian waters in 2015–2020. Finally, the recommendations for creating an omnibus law and establishing a new maritime security agency to improve the performance of maritime security law enforcement in Indonesia are proposed.

A Review on Cyber Security

Virtual simulation experiment teaching is an important content of higher education information construction and experimental teaching demonstration centre construction, and is the product of the deep integration of discipline and information technology. At present, traditional crimes in China are gradually shifting to the Internet, and cybercrimes are frequently and frequently occurring, seriously endangering national security, social order and people's interests. The forging of a team of high-quality professionals in network security and law enforcement is the inevitable path to effectively crack down on network crimes and realise the comprehensive governance of network crimes, and also provides a new examination question for the teaching of network security law enforcement. In view of the network security law enforcement routine practice teaching cannot cover all types of the experiment, especially some reach or irreversible operations (such as electronic data on-site inspection, etc.), and need high cost, large comprehensive experiments training (such as a variety of types involved network crimes probing experiment, etc.), virtual simulation experiment teaching has become an important method in the teaching of network security law enforcement Therefore, combining with the characteristics of network security law enforcement major, exploring the establishment of virtual simulation experimental teaching platform for network security law enforcement plays a crucial role in the teaching of network security law enforcement experiment and practical training

Cross-border enforcement of securities laws and dividend payouts

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, numerous countries signed a special nonbinding arrangement to enhance cross-border enforcement of securities laws. This agreement is the Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Consultation and Cooperation and the Exchange of Information (MMoU). This study examines whether and how a country's MMoU entry affects firms' dividend payout policies. Relative to domestic US firms, foreign firms cross-listed in the US report a significant increase in dividend payouts after their home country entered the MMoU. Furthermore, the effect of MMoU on corporate dividend payouts is pronounced for (1) firms with high agency costs, (2) countries with low external governance quality, and (3) countries with poor disclosure environments. Furthermore, we find that MMoU significantly changes the corporate governance structure. Our findings collectively corroborate the prediction of the dividend outcome model and are consistent with the notion that strengthening cross-border regulatory enforcement of foreign firms improves protection for outside shareholders and increases dividend payouts.

Construction of Network Security enforcement Virtual Simulation Experiment and Teaching Platform

Abstract: In view of the issues in virtual simulation experiment teaching of network security enforcement, this paper analyzes the need of construction of the virtual simulation experiment teaching platform, that expounds the construction content of virtual simulation experiment platform from 3 aspects of virtual simulation course system, experimental area and teaching mode. Network security enforcement virtual simulation experiment and teaching platform is made with 3 core experimental modules of network security scene enforcement, electronic data scene forensics, and investigation of cyber-crime cases. The coaching of students’ higher order thinking and actual combat ability is reinforced publically security schools. Keywords: Virtual simulation, Experimental teaching platform, Network security law enforcement.