Norm Enforcement Research Articles

经济博弈中的公平理论及公平规范执行的群体偏见

经济博弈中的公平理论及公平规范执行的群体偏见

Community influence as an explanatory factor why Roma children get little schooling

Parents who experience poverty and who want to provide their children with an escape route can be expected to encourage and support their progeny’s education. The evidence that Roma parents behave differently is unsettling. In this paper we test empirically an explanation for that behavior. The explanation is based on a theory (Stark et al. 2018) that can be “borrowed” to rationalize the enforcement of norms of little formal education in underprivileged communities. An analysis of survey data collected in Roma communities in four Central and Eastern European countries lends support to the explanation. The analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between the influence of the Roma community on an individual member’s life and the importance accorded by the individual to formal schooling for children. The correlation is robust to controlling for standard determinants of attitudes towards schooling, such as poverty, unemployment, labor market discrimination, and parents’ educational attainment. The analysis suggests that policy interventions aiming to increase the formal education of Roma children need to reckon with the influence of Roma community norms on individual choices.

PECULIARITIES OF CHALLENGING A DEBTOR-CITIZEN TRANSACTION: TRENDS IN LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE

The purpose of this article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of the procedure for challenging transactions in the framework of bankruptcy proceedings of individuals, identifying trends in regulation and law enforcement practice in this area. To achieve it such tasks are set as: the analysis and study of the procedure and grounds for challenging transactions of the debtor-citizen, the identification and characterization of the features of the application of provisions of family law in challenging transactions of the debtor-citizen, the establishment of peculiarities of challenging transactions of the debtor-inheritor. The conducted work allowed to establish the relationship of the rules on bankruptcy of individuals with the general provisions of the legislation on insolvency, the norms of family and inheritance law. The study of the contestation of debtor-citizen transactions allowed to identify general and special rules, to develop a proposal to adjust the terms of claims for contestation of transactions by creditors. The interrelation of norms of family law and provisions of bankruptcy law in terms of meaning, legal consequences and peculiarities of challenging extrajudicial agreements on the division of marital property and the establishment of alimony obligations was established. Attention is drawn to the legal positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the possibility of combining spouses' insolvency cases. It is noted that these aspects are reflected only in the explanatory act of the highest court. It is concluded that the regulation of social relations connected with the contestation of transactions of the debtor-inheritor is lacunae. It emphasizes the debatable nature of the issues of admissibility of the debtor's transactions by the heirs and the application of the consequences of invalidation of the transaction. It is determined that the proper legal regulation and law enforcement of norms of contestation of debtor-citizen transactions should ensure the efficiency of formation of the bankruptcy estate and contribute to the satisfaction of creditors' claims.

Проблемы закрепления института льгот по уплате страховых взносов как инструмента социальной политики Российской Федерации

The Russian Federation’s fulfillment of its obligations as a social state provides for a fairly wide range of measures, including incentives for certain types of activities. Legislative looseness of the Institute of benefits for insurance premiums causes errors in the enforcement of certain norms of legislation on taxes and fees and requires scientific understanding. The article examines the scientific positions on the issues of tax benefits and benefits for insurance premiums, and identifies their main differences. Special author’s attention is paid to judicial practice on the implementation of article 56 and article 427 of the Tax Сode of the Russian Federation. The conclusion that it is necessary to include in the Tax Сode of the Russian Federation an article regulating benefits for insurance premiums is substantiated. A scientific assumption is made about the possibility of extending the rules and principles related to tax benefits to the Institute of reduced rates of insurance premiums.

The role of third parties in norm enforcement in customary courts among the Enga of Papua New Guinea

Cultural norms are key to cooperation in human societies. How they are regulated, maintained, and adapted to the change remains a matter of debate. Humans have dispositions for both retributive and restorative justice; recent focus has been on third-party punishment, punitive sanctions by those not directly harmed, as key for norm enforcement. However, punishment does not engage the essential proficiencies and emotions critical to cooperation in small-scale societies with high dependence on collective action, sharing, and exchange. Third-party participation in norm enforcement is examined with data from a 10-y study among the Enga of Papua New Guinea. The Enga have a plural justice system with formal courts practicing retributive justice and customary courts applying restorative measures. Most cases are brought to customary courts. Drawing on observations from 333 village customary court cases concerning assault, marriage, land, and property violations, third-party engagement outside of and during customary court hearings is analyzed. Results show that all sides are heard, restoration is prioritized, and third-party punishment is rare; rather, third parties help with compensation to reintegrate wrongdoers and resolve conflicts. Repeated offenders and free riders receive ever less community support. Third parties contribute substantially both during and outside of customary court sessions to help kin, pursue economic agendas, or gain reputation. They also act generously to build a strong community. Emphasis is on amends to the victim for fairness, not punishment of the offender. Broad third-party participation is maintained throughout times of rapid change to adapt while supporting essential structures of society.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS HUKUM KORBAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL BERBASIS NILAI KEADILAN

Indonesia is a constitutional state based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, so that every citizen has the same rights in the field of law as part of human rights (HAM). Human rights (human rights) are related to individual rights and community rights. One of the focuses of thought in every country today is the violation of human rights against women related to gender-based violence. Indonesia is one of the countries that has ratified the international convention on the elimination of violence against women. Violence is an attitude or action that is considered very disgraceful, so that the enforcement of ethical or moral norms in general comes from the awareness of everyone, so that a systemic approach is needed to prevent, overcome, and eliminate violence through the means of criminal law.

Experimental Games and Social Decision Making.

Experimental games model situations in which the future outcomes of individuals and groups depend on their own choices and on those of other (groups of) individuals. Games are a powerful tool to identify the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying interpersonal and group cooperation and coordination. Here we discuss recent developments in how experimental games are used and adapted, with an increased focus on repeated interactions, partner control through sanctioning, and partner (de)selection for future interactions. Important advances have been made in uncovering the neurobiological underpinnings of key factors involved in cooperation and coordination, including social preferences, cooperative beliefs, (emotion) signaling, and, in particular, reputations and (in)direct reciprocity. Emerging trends at the cross-sections of psychology, economics, and the neurosciences include an increased focus on group heterogeneities, intergroup polarization and conflict, cross-cultural differences in cooperation and norm enforcement, and neurocomputational modeling of the formation and updating of social preferences and beliefs.

Voter Turnout with Peer Punishment

We introduce a model where social norms of voting participation are strategically chosen by competing political parties and determine voters’ turnout. Social norms must be enforced through costly peer monitoring and punishment. When the cost of enforcement of social norms is low, the larger party is always advantaged. Otherwise, in the spirit of Olson (1965), the smaller party may be advantaged. Our model shares features of the ethical voter model and it delivers novel and empirically relevant comparative statics results. (JEL D72, Z13)

RESILIENT: A robust statistical method for estimating multiple VOC sources from limited field measurements

Air pollution due to haphazard industrialization has become a major concern in developing countries. Yet, enforcement of related norms remains problematic because violators cannot easily be pinpointed among closely situated industrial units. Accordingly, it has become imperative to equip regulatory authorities with an economical yet accurate tool that quickly locates emission sources and estimates emission rates. Against this backdrop, we propose RESILIENT, a method for Robust Estimation of Source Information from LImited field measuremENTs, which exhibits significant statistical robustness and accuracy even when the data are collected using a low-cost error-prone sensor. In our field experiment, where ground truth was unavailable, the sources estimated to be inactive based on the complete set of measurements were found inactive (up to three decimal places of accuracy) at least 72% of the time even when estimated using just 54% of random measurements. In that setting, rate estimates of active sources were also found to be statistically robust. For direct validation of RESILIENT, we considered a separate public dataset involving 10 tracer experiments, and obtained a significant correlation coefficient of 0.89 between estimated and recorded emission rates, and that of 0.99 between predicted and measured concentration levels at sensor locations.

Resistance Heated Catalytic Converter (RHCC) with copper oxide catalyst for reducing HC/CO emission from automobile

Rigorous enforcement of emission norms requires a control over cold/cool start emissions on a present-day automobile with catalytic converter. After the car warms up, these converters are really capable in controlling HC and CO emissions. The catalyst isn’t efficient during warm-up or cool start period because of its low operating temperature. Emission reduction is actually possible by heating the catalyst and changing the substrate of the catalyst used in car. In this work, with the help of band type resistance heaters are used to heat the metal oxide catalyst placed in Resistance Heated Catalytic Converter (RHCC) which will help the conventional converter. It is attempted to study the emission from multi-cylinder SI automotive engine, by developing better catalysts. Form the experimental investigation, it’s observed that RHCC with copper oxide catalyst when utilized with the conventional catalytic converter (CCC), the CO and HC emissions are significantly reduced. It can be seen that in twelve seconds after cool start the value of CO% by volume is 4.3 and significant reduction of 0.7% of CO at 180 s is observed for RHCC-PC configuration with 90 lpm air supply for duration of forty seconds. It can be seen that in 120 s after cool start the value of HC in ppm is 315 in contrast with baseline readings. The maximum reduction is actually achieved when the RHCC with copper oxide catalyst and 90 lpm of air supply for forty seconds duration from the cool start of the engine.

Nudging Enforcers: How Norm Perceptions and Motives for Lying Shape Sanctions

The enforcement of social norms is the fabric of a functioning society. Through the lens of two experiments, we examine how motives for lying and norm perceptions steer enforcement. Our contribution is to investigate the extent to which norm breaches are sanctioned, how norm-nudges affect the observed punishment behavior, and how the enforcement is linked to norm perceptions. Using a representative U.S. sample, Experiment 1 provides robust evidence that norm-enforcement is not only sensitive to the extent of the observed transgression (= size of the lie) but also to its consequences (= whether the lie remedies or creates payoff inequalities). We also find norm enforcers to be sensitive to different norm-nudges that convey social information about actual lying behavior or its social disapproval. To explain the punishment patterns, Experiment 2 examines how norms are perceived across different transgressions and how norm-nudges change these perceptions. We observe a malleability of social norm perceptions: norm nudges are most effective when pre-existing norms are vague. Importantly, we also find that punishment patterns in the first experiment closely follow these norm perceptions. Our findings suggest that norm enforcement can be successfully nudged and thus represent an expedient alternative to standard incentive-based interventions.

Regional sanctions as peer review: The African Union against Egypt (2013) and Sudan (2019)

This article offers a novel argument about regional sanctions as in-group peer review, drawing on an analogy from the world of academic publishing. Through their leaning on community-derived authority, equality before the peer, and constructive criticism, regional sanctions have a previously overlooked legitimacy advantage over out-group sanctions used by external actors. The article probes the empirical bearing of this argument for African Union (AU) sanctions against Egypt (2013) and Sudan (2019). Even in these contentious democratic crises, perceptions of sanctions in African media broadly support the theoretical intuition of regional sanctions as a form of peer review. It is, however, far from obvious that peer review leads to successful enforcement of democratic norms beyond urgent crisis. Pragmatic and resolution-oriented, AU sanctions aim at avoiding anarchy rather than at achieving flawless democracy.

An evolutionary theory of moral injury with insight from Turkana warriors

Abstract Clinicians in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies are rethinking whether Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is caused solely by exposure to life-threatening experiences, or also by moral injury—witnessing or participating in acts that violate moral beliefs. However, while there are evolutionary hypotheses explaining PTSD as a response to physical danger, the evolutionary roots of moral injury lack an explanation. We posit that a subset of symptoms of combat-related PTSD is associated with moral injury and that these symptoms evolved in tandem with human's norm-psychology. We can examine this hypothesis by comparing societies with different moral beliefs about warfare, norm enforcement mechanisms, and spheres of moral concern. To illustrate the utility of this framework, we describe combat trauma, war norms, and norm enforcement among Turkana pastoralist warriors in Kenya who participate in highly lethal raids of neighboring ethnic groups. We previously showed that depressive PTSD symptoms in Turkana warriors are more strongly associated with experiencing moral violations in combat, and that Turkana warriors with comparably high overall PTSD symptom-severity experience lower rates of depressive symptoms than US combat veterans. Here we detail aspects of Turkana warfare, moral beliefs, and post-battle rituals that differ from WEIRD societies, and that may ameliorate the symptoms of moral injury in Turkana warriors. Our findings highlight how further studies of combat trauma outside of WEIRD militaries can help evaluate this theory and illustrate the importance of cross-cultural research for identifying the evolutionary roots of combat stress and best practices for prevention and recovery.

The anthropological dimension of international crimes and international criminal justice

As the chapter goes on to demonstrate, our understanding of a particular culture prior to the outbreak of hostilities or mass human rights violations serves numerous purposes which for the most part have been outside the radar of contemporary international criminal tribunals and their respective mandates. At a functional level, anthropology may tell us what the affected societies aspire to and what they think about international criminal justice, which in turn should shape – not necessarily dictate – the international community’s relevant transitional justice policies. This aside, culture paints a fairly accurate picture as regards hierarchies, membership and affiliation in clans and kinship mechanisms, which in turn helps determine complex liabilities, such as command responsibility and joint criminal enterprise JCE), among others. Moreover, anthropological observation helps us decipher the contextual meaning of concepts that verge between the social and the natural sciences, such as race, ethnicity and gender, by means of their social construction. This chapter paves the way for the realisation of the crucial function of anthropology in the investigation of mass crimes and the need for specialist research alongside legal developments.

Selling international law enforcement: Elite justifications and public values

International law enforcement is an understudied but indispensable factor for maintaining the international order. We study the effectiveness of elite justifications in building coalitions supporting the enforcement of violations of the law against territorial seizures. Using survey experiments fielded in the USA and Australia, we find that the effectiveness of two common justifications for enforcement—the illegality of a country’s actions, and the consequences of those actions for international order—increase support for enforcement and do so independently of two key public values: ideology and interpersonal norm enforcement. These results imply elites can build a broad coalition of support by using multiple justifications. Our results, however, highlight the tepidness of public support, suggesting limits to elite rhetoric. This study contributes to the scholarship on international law by showing how the public, typically considered a mechanism for generating compliance within states, can impede or facilitate third-party enforcement of the law between states.

Topical Issues of Improving Criminal Law Measures Against Kidnapping, Illegal Imprisonment, Human Trafficking and the Use of Slave Labor

This research is aimed at identifying the problems of the regulation and enforcement of current criminal law norms for counteracting such crimes against human freedom as kidnapping, illegal imprisonment, human trafficking and the use of slave labor, as well as at working out suggestions on solving these problems. The sphere of the research is public relations that emerge in connection with the development and enforcement of criminal law norms on liability for these infringements on personal freedom. The object of research is a number of problems in legislation, theory and practice whose analysis will make it possible to gain an integral and detailed understanding of historical and social prerequisites, trends and directions of the development of the institute of criminal liability for crimes against personal freedom. The authors analyze the clarifications of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation included in the decree «On Court Practice for Cases of Kidnapping, Illegal Imprisonment and Human Trafficking» of December 24, 2019 № 58, the published practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation on criminal cases of the above-mentioned crimes against personal freedom, as well as the official statistical information of the Court Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on convictions for such crimes. The methodological basis of this research comprises both general and special research methods, including the specific-sociological and comparative legal ones. The complex research of the problems of liability for crimes against personal freedom is used as a basis for formulating and validating specific suggestions on improving criminal law norms on liability for such infringements and the practice of their enforcement. Specifically, the article contains recommendations on determining the moment when crimes against freedom end, on their delineation, as well as on solving other complex problems of qualification for these crimes within the scope of one or several Articles of Chapter 17 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Ingroup bias does not influence inequity aversion in children.

Ingroup favoritism influences third-party norm enforcement: Third-party punishers are more lenient when an ingroup member has been unfair. By contrast, in 2-party contexts, where punishers are the victims of unfairness, group bias effects are absent or inconsistent. Thus, group bias appears to be particularly influential when enforcing fairness among others, but less so when protecting oneself from unfairness. This would have implications for theories of how cooperation and intergroup cognition interact, but a more direct empirical test is lacking. To this end, developmental data are particularly useful as they can tell us whether and if so how group bias and fairness norm enforcement are related from their first emergence. Using a minimal groups manipulation, we induced ingroup bias in 6- to 9-year-olds and tested their willingness to reject disadvantageous (more for you) and advantageous (more for me) resource allocations when paired with in- and outgroup members. Group bias did not affect children's rejections of unfair allocations, although they reported that it was worse when an outgroup member had more. Our findings suggest that ingroup bias does not influence children's costly endorsement of equality, indicating that children perceive the equality norm to be indiscriminate and enforceable across group boundaries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

PERAN AGEN PERUBAHAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL YANG BERKELANJUTAN

This article discusses the importance of social capital as a key indicator of people's ability to engage in sustainable development, because social capital can have a deterring and facilitating effect. Change agents are expected to enable individuals or groups to increase access to other forms of critical capital to overcome obstacles and solve problems. Bonded social capital consists of strong network ties as negative in excess of numbers because it can lead to the enforcement of social norms that inhibit innovative change, and connecting social capital consisting of weak network ties as a benefit that allows actors to make social changes that are critical. Society achieves change through a dynamic mix of bonding and connecting bonds.

Developing judgments about peers' obligation to intervene

In some contexts, punishment is seen as an obligation limited to authority figures. In others, it is also a responsibility of ordinary citizens. In two studies with 4- to 7-year-olds (n = 232) and adults (n = 76), we examined developing judgments about whether certain individuals, either authority figures or peers, are obligated to intervene (Study 1) or to punish (Study 2) after witnessing an antisocial action. In both studies, children and adults judged authority figures as obligated to act, but only younger children judged ordinary individuals as also obligated to do so. Taken together, the present findings suggest that younger children, at least in the United States, start off viewing norm enforcement as a universal responsibility, entrusting even ordinary citizens with a duty to intervene in response to antisocial individuals. Older children and adults, though, see obligations as role-dependent—only authority figures are obligated to intervene.

ДОТРИМАННЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ СТАНДАРТІВ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ ПРАЦІВНИКАМИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

У статті розглядається вплив міжнародних стандартів у сфері захисту прав людини на діяльність Національної поліції України. Розкрито сутність «Десяти основних стандартів прав людини для правоохоронних органів», якими повинні керуватися у своїх діяльності працівники Національної поліції України, а також звернено увагу на найбільш поширені порушення прав людини з боку окремих працівників Національної поліції. Згідно з результатами дослідження Національна поліція України повинна неухильно дотримуватися стандартів у сфері захисту прав людини під час реалізації своїх функцій. Саме значне зростання рівня транснаціональної організованої злочинності, стрімка міграція населення у світі, відмінності у підготовці поліцейських кадрів у різних країнах призвели до необхідності впровадження єдиних міжнародних стандартів у діяльність Національної поліції України. Визначено, що у грудня 1998 року у Лондоні «Міжнародною Амністією» спільно з посадовими особами поліції та експертами з різних країн було розроблено «10 основних стандартів прав людини для правоохоронних органів».Дані 10 стандартів були розроблені для використання їх органами поліції як вихідної точки для розробки детальних положень щодо навчальних тренувань та моніторингу поведінки працівників поліції. Встановлено, що, непоодинокими є випадки перевищення працівниками Національної поліції України своїх повноважень, що призводить до порушення прав і свобод людини і громадянина.Імовірними причинами порушень є відсутність ефективного механізму контролю за дотриманням працівниками Національної поліції міжнародних стандартів прав людини, неефективність застосування норм права щодо притягнення працівників поліції до кримінальної відповідальності за порушення прав людини, що вимагає розроблення пропозицій, щодо удосконалення механізму контролю за дотриманням працівниками національної поліції України міжнародних стандартів прав людини.