Crime Enforcement Research Articles

PENEGAKAN HUKUM DAN PEMBUKTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PEMBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DI DESA BUKIT KERIKIL BENGKALIS RIAU

RAMLI SURYONO, NIM: 1410245821, Law Enforcement and Legal Proof of Crime of Forest and Land Burning in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau , supervised by Firdaus and Erdianto. There are findings that become problems in the law enforcement of forest and land fires in Bukit Kerikil Village, Bukit Batu Sub-district, Bengkalis Regency, among others are people's awareness of lack of land clearance, arrears of Police Report mostly is about forest and land fire not exist witnesses who saw the burning so that the case was difficult to advance, the people caught were only those who were at the wrong place and time, as well as proof of forest and land fires cost a lot to ask for expert information. Before the proof is implemented, it takes a lot of money to do water bombing. The type of this research is sociological law research. Judging from its nature, this research is descriptive, that is describe clearly and detail about law enforcement and legal proof of crime of forest and land burning in Bukit Kerikil Village of Bengkalis Riau. Law enforcement on the crime of forest and land burning in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau has not been implemented properly although the legal proof of the crime is not essentially difficult. This is influenced by the difficulty of determining the status of land ownership on fire, the difficulties in the absence of witnesses, enormous enforcement costs, the distance to the location of land burned very far and the difficulty of access by land. There are no obstacles in law enforcement on the crime of forest and land burning in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau in terms of legislation and law enforcement apparatus. Factors that affect or become obstacles in law enforcement are facilities or facilities that support law enforcement, community factors and cultural factors. While the main obstacle in legal proof of the crime of burning forest and land in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau is the minimal cost to conduct investigation and investigation, especially in requesting expert information. The solution to overcome obstacles in law enforcement and legal proof of forest and land burning crimes in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau is the enhancement of facilities or facilities that support law enforcement, increase public awareness of law and eliminate cultures that harm the environment. The main solution in legal proof of the crime of forest and land burning in Bukit Kerikil Village Bengkalis Riau is the increase of investigation and investigation costs, especially in the case of requesting expert information.

(Dis)order in the Court: Examining Neighborhood Disorder Prosecutions in Miami-Dade County

This study examines race, space, perceptions of disorder, and nuisance crime prosecution in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Research has examined nuisance policing, yet little attention has been devoted to nuisance crime prosecutions, especially at the neighborhood level. Aggregating data on defendants arrested for nuisance offenses from 2012 to 2015 up to the neighborhood level, we estimate count models for pretrial detention, case acceptance, conviction, and sentencing outcomes in neighborhoods. We find two patterns of nuisance crime prosecution. Drug disorder prosecutions are concentrated in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods with large Black defendant populations, suggesting a more suppressive treatment of these “marginalized” spaces. In contrast, greater enforcement of homelessness and alcohol nuisance crimes in White non-Hispanic neighborhoods suggests disorder prosecutions are also used to impose order and containment in more economically “prime” spaces. These countervailing patterns highlight the spatial contingency of nuisance enforcement, whereby prosecutors differentially enforce nuisance crimes in prime and marginalized spaces.

FinCEN issues long-awaited guidance on the customer due diligence rule

PurposeTo highlight pertinent points in the frequently-asked questions (FAQs) issued on April 3, 2018 by the US Treasury Department Financial Crimes Enforcement Network concerning its Customer Due Diligence Requirements for Financial Institutions (“CDD Rule”), which were published on May 11, 2016 and became effective on May 11, 2018.Design/methodology/approachDiscusses clarification and guidance in the FAQs concerning beneficial ownership requirements for administrative and internal accounts, claims for exclusion from the definition of legal entity customer, information requirements for pooled investment vehicles, the requirement for beneficial ownership information from foreign publicly-traded companies, information requirements for existing customers, certification of beneficial ownership information when existing accounts are renewed, requirements for refreshing existing beneficial ownership information, retention of beneficial ownership records, aggregation for currency transaction reporting, and requirements to understand the nature and purpose of a customer relationship.FindingsCovered financial institutions and industry associations have sought clarification and guidance on a range of topics, several of which have been addressed in the FAQs.Originality/valueExpert guidance from lawyers focused on regulatory, compliance and transactional issues for financial institutions.

The enforcement of crime and virtue: Predictors of police and Mutaween encounters in a Saudi Arabian sample of youth

Saudi Arabia has two types of police forces: general police and religious police, also known as the Mutaween. While the general police are tasked with investigating criminal matters and providing national security, the Mutaween specialize in enforcing the strict religious customs of Sharia law. This study explores the factors that predict both Mutaween and general police stops, as well as general police arrests among juveniles. Additionally, we examine whether the factors that influence Mutaween stops differ from those that affect general police stops. We find that respondents reporting higher levels of delinquency are more likely to be stopped by both forces and to be arrested. Comparatively, the factors that influence police decision-making in Saudi Arabia are analogous to those found in the Western world. There appears to be little difference in the proximal effects of police action, even in a nation that affords greater potential influence to authority, prejudice, and extralegal criteria. Moreover, the factors that influence Mutaween stops are not significantly different overall from those that result in general police stops. In a nation where religious laws are legal laws, both enforcement agencies appear to share similar objectives.

Anti money laundering compliance and the new standards on beneficial ownership

This paper discusses the new Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) rule on beneficial ownership and the general due diligence challenges currently facing financial institutions. Covered financial institutions must comply with these rules by 11th May, 2018, and should consider the most effective means to take immediate steps to modify their anti money laundering (AML) compliance programmes to accommodate this latest expansion of the AML regulatory regime (specifically the USA’s BSA, AML and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CTF) regulations and associated guidance). Although narrated from a US jurisdictional perspective, non-US financial institutions and regulatory regimes (eg, European Union [EU] under the purview of the European Union’s Anti-Money Laundering Directive) are considered within the scope of discussion. It is acknowledged that non-US financial institutions may be required to adapt their compliance programmes to account for the new US beneficial ownership standards. Therefore, possible approaches toward development of universal operational solutions will be presented and assessed. Finally, this paper observes that the misuse of limited liability companies (LLCs) and offshore financial centres (OFCs) can serve as a harbinger of criminal activity and seeks to encourage further the discussion of due diligence governance and controls within the AML compliance community.

Is your anti-money laundering program ready for FinCEN’s Customer Due Diligence Rule?

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to bring broker-dealers’ attention to the upcoming deadline for compliance with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network’s (FinCEN’s) final rule on Customer Due Diligence Requirements for Financial Institutions (the CDD Rule). Design/methodology/approach The paper explores the origins of the anti-money laundering (AML) requirements and then explores the new CDD Rule requirements as outlined by FINRA Regulatory Notice 17-40. Findings Firms are likely largely already in compliance with most aspects of the CDD Rule. Practical implications Most firms likely will not need to make any significant changes to their AML polices. However, for some they will need to evaluate and modify their AML policies and procedures. Originality/value Practical guidance is obtained from experienced broker-dealer, investment adviser, securities litigation and compliance lawyers.

Is tackling Trade Based Money Laundering (TBML) through stricter reporting regulation the most effective response?

PurposeThis paper (written in August 2015) aims to discuss the regulatory approach to detecting and preventing trade-based money laundering (TBML) by using the example of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and its use of geographic targeting orders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses both theoretical and empirical reports on TBML to explore whether increased regulation will ultimately achieve the ends it claims to offer.FindingsThe main findings from the analysis are that increased regulation has been found to have a negative impact on improving TBML detection. There is evidence that it causes an over-defensive response from banks that leads to a decrease in useful information to financial intelligence units.Research limitations/implicationsThe research topic is very new and an emerging topic; therefore, analysis papers and other academic writing on this topic are limited.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for both the regulatory and the banking/financial service sectors.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is the deeper analysis of a specific TBML case, and the focus is on both the theoretical and empirical implications of the approach being used.

Bitcoin, Virtual Currencies, and the Struggle of Law and Regulation to Keep Pace

At less than a decade old, Bitcoin and other virtual currencies have had a major societal impact, and proven to be a unique payment systems challenge for law enforcement, financial regulatory authorities worldwide, and the investment community. Rapid introduction and diffusion of technological changes throughout society, such as the blockchain that serves as Bitcoin’s crypto-foundation, continue to outpace the ability of law and regulation to keep pace. During 2017 alone, the market price of Bitcoin rose 1,735 percent, from about $970 to $14,292, causing an investor feeding frenzy. As of March 31, 2, a total of 1,595 cryptocurrencies are reported, having an approximate market capitalization of $266.97 billion at that date. A brief history of the fast moving adoption of blockchain-based technology is provided, along with a look at the efforts of regulators to keep up with the staggering worldwide growth in the usage of virtual currencies. In the United States, enforcement actions for violations of law involving virtual currencies are brought primarily by: The Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC); The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and The Department of The Treasury through the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). This Article contributes to the literature and our understanding of the constant struggle of law and regulation to keep pace with rapid technological developments.

County-Level Environmental Crime Enforcement: A Case Study of Environmental/Green Crimes in Fulton County, Georgia, 1998–2014

ABSTRACTMuch of what is known about the responses to and the sentencing of environmental or green offenders comes from a limited number of studies that primarily draw on federal data maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Little, however, is known about how states respond to environmental/green offenses and offenders and even less in known about how counties treat environmental offenders. The present study uses data from Fulton County, Georgia, from 1998 to 2014 to explore the kinds of crimes and responses to those crimes at the county level. This study examines the distribution of environmental crimes in Fulton County across 14 enforced offense categories and the changes in the enforcement of environmental crimes in Fulton County over time. Analyses also explore the kinds of punishments environmental offenders receive in Fulton County, the prevalence of recidivism among offenders, and the kinds of environmental offenses state agencies in Fulton County commit. Because the results from Fulton County may not be representative of how other counties in Georgia or the US respond to environmental offending, additional studies are needed to further assess this issue because there are many local environmental crimes. As studies are absent at this level of analysis, a great deal of information about green crimes and their enforcement is missing from the literature.

Cryptocurrency: A Challenge to Legal System

Virtual Currency (VC) is an electronic currency that is neither government-funded nor backed by central bank. VC offers potential benefits over traditional currencies, including lower transaction fees and faster transfer of funds for services provided. In 2013, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), defined virtual currency as “a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency. In particular, virtual currency does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction”. Some virtual currencies are used as a currency in online games or a digital world, however, there is no equivalent value in fiat currency for them, so named non-convertible. In the other side, a virtual currency that can be bought with and sold back for legal tender is called a convertible currency. One of the most popular type of convertible VCs is cryptocurrencies. They use security mechanisms such as cryptography for creating units of the currency and controlling the transactions. Cryptocurrency works based on Blockchain technology. Its main property is to provide anonymity for the transactions. Bitcoin, as an instance, is a cryptocurrency that has gained much attention in the market since 2009 when it was initially introduced. Since the focus of this paper is on cryptocurrency, which is a convertible virtual currency, we will use the term cryptocurrency and virtual currency or VC interchangeably with the cryptocurrency meaning. Unlike earlier digital currencies, like e-gold, that had centralized architecture, the newer virtual currency networks are completely decentralized, with all parts of transactions performed by the users of the system. So usually cryptocurrencies use peer-to-peer technologies and no traditional financial institutions involved in transactions. This unique property provides different levels of anonymity for the users. The emergence of virtual currencies presents challenges to federal agencies responsible for financial regulation, law enforcement, consumer and investor protection. These challenges stem partly from certain characteristics of virtual currencies, such as the higher degree of anonymity they provide and the ease with which they can be sent across borders. VC also has raised concerns that they might be used to finance terrorism and to engage in other criminal activities such as money laundering and tax evasion. In this paper, we present our research on the legal issues of the cryptocurrency by analyzing the current regulations and discuss about possible solutions for the future of cryptocurrency.

Adequacy of law enforcement and prosecution of economic crimes in South Africa

PurposeEconomic crime is a serious challenge to business leaders, government officials and private individuals in South Africa. Given the important role of law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing in deterring economic crimes, the purpose of this paper is to determine if law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices are deemed to be adequate in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data from Web-based and manual questionnaires were used to empirically analyse the perceptions of sentenced economic crime offenders and role-players regarding the statement that law enforcement and prosecution practices of economic crimes relating to fraud, corruption or tax evasion in South Africa are not adequate. The final realised sample included a total of 345 from the various populations of key role-players and a total of 82 economic crime offenders from a Gauteng-based correctional institution. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to test for significant differences between the views of role-players and economic crime offenders.FindingsThe majority of both groups of respondents is of the opinion that law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices in South Africa are not adequate with regard to economic crime offences, although statistically significant differences exist in the degree of agreement. The challenge is therefore to prosecute more economic crime offenders by improving law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices. The study also revealed that people have a reluctance to speak out about fraud, corruption or tax evasion or to report such offences for various reasons.Originality/valueThe research assisted in identifying the challenges economic crime presents and the shortcomings in current law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices in South Africa.

Police Incentives, Policy Spillovers, and the Enforcement of Drug Crimes

AbstractWe consider the impact of a low priority initiative adopted in specific jurisdictions within Los Angeles (LA) County on police behavior. Low priority initiatives instruct police to make the enforcement of low level marijuana possession offenses their “lowest priority.” Using detailed data from the LA County Sheriff’s Department, a difference-in-differences strategy suggests that the mandate resulted in fewer arrests for misdemeanor marijuana possession in adopting areas relative to non-adopting. However, the lower relative reduction in marijuana arrests appears to be driven by an increase in misdemeanor marijuana arrests in nearby areas not affected by the mandate rather than a reduction in adopting areas. We interpret this result as suggestive evidence of policy spillovers from the low priority initiative.

Drugs, Violence and Trauma in the Colombian Context: A Health Care Point of View of a Human Rights Challenge.

The impact of violence due to illicit drugs markets varies tremendously in magnitude and characteristics depending on several factors. In Colombia, drugs and trauma are related in multiple ways. From interpersonal violence at the street level to the criminal actions of various armed groups whose violent campaigns are financed through the vast profits associated with the illicit drug market. The objective of this review is to analyze the association of the illicit drugs trade and its impact on violence in Colombia from the viewpoint of healthcare providers who care for trauma patients. Injuries related to drug traffic violence are high in Colombia, and only a small reduction was obtained after severe crime enforcement policies. The societal cost of the war on drugs policy is high on trauma deaths and related disabilities according to several reports from non-government agencies and the Colombian National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. A health care initiative in order to understand the drug phenomena as a health care problem shifting the actual criminal-justice based on the approach can minimize the human rights crisis that is evolving being faced every day at health care facilities in Colombia. This new approach in the actual post-conflict environment deserves to be analyzed.

Challenges in implementing the ‘Fifth Pillar’

Since the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) published the customer due diligence (CDD) ‘Fifth Pillar’ rule on 11th May, 2016, there have been a number of articles that have summarised the primary requirements and some have even listed key interpretive challenges and issues. There are many nuances with both design and implementation that are easy to overlook, however. This paper, written from the perspective of the person responsible for writing the business requirements and supporting processes, outlines several key interpretation issues and design/implementation challenges; it also highlights new governance standards and processes that should be constructed to identify ‘triggering events’ and ensure proper due diligence following such an event. At a minimum, this paper may serve as a high-level checklist to help ensure that a covered institution has identified and addressed the key issues driven by the new CDD rule well in advance of the 11th May, 2018 deadline.

FORECASTING IN COMBATING CRIME AND IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ON THE APPLICATION OF MEASURES OF CRIMINAL AND LEGAL IMPACT ON CRIME WITH THE CRITERIA OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

The article discusses the possibility of prediction in combating crime in envisioning ways to improve the efficiency of law enforcement to impact crime through criminal law and other measures. Underline the fact that specified in the scope of this article aspects of domestic criminal law theory has not worked out common approaches, as evidenced by ongoing discussions on this issue. In particular, there is no common understanding of the logical-linguistic phenomena, among them the basic concept: "measures of criminal and legal impact", in connection with which the article is their original definition. For criminal law science, as with other legal Sciences remain difficult surveys to develop criteria for an effective impact on crime and forecasting. The paper presents the concept of "work" and management practices of law enforcement agencies on the effective application of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime and, primarily, on the basis of one of the main objectives of the criminal law - the prevention of crimes. The structure of this scheme consists of four groups that must be included in the development of forecasts in the sphere of fight against crime and its control and management. Is this: criminally-legal measures of crime prevention are in the educational effect on volatile and other persons and do not involve criminal responsibility; criminal-legal measures of crime prevention with the prevention of harmful consequences of the criminal act, deprivation of an offender to continue criminal activities, etc. achieved in the PU, the application of the perpetrators of legitimate violence (necessary defence, detention of the criminal) and criminal-law enforcement (criminal prosecution for preparation or attempted crime or completed less severe, compared to warned a crime); criminal - legal measures of implementation of criminal responsibility; other measures of impact on crime in furtherance of the purposes of criminal liability, beyond the considered groups, although having a number of their characteristics, as the application of the procedural measures of restraint in respect of suspects and accused persons, the application of compulsory measures of a medical nature to condemn alcoholics and drug addicts, all that is subordinated to the goal of preventing recurrence of crimes. Considering the issues of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime in connection with the prediction of the whole sphere of combating crime and related law enforcement the article notes the broad approach to the application of measures of criminal and legal impact on crime from the point of view of direct use of such measures in law enforcement for the prevention, suppression of crimes and the implementation of criminal responsibility is gained, sitela, which are based on criminal and other laws regulating the fight against crime. From the point of view of assessing practice effectiveness of the application of the criminal law as observationsas measures, the paper proposes to evaluate it according to formal parameters: the number of publications and broadcasts on television and radio, lectures, etc., and the effectiveness of these measures, as individual preventive measures is proposed to determine two parameters: the rate of detection of potential offenders (by retrospective analysis of the criminal cases of intentional crimes); the level of the positive impact of advocacy on identified potential offenders (by definition of the dynamics of the share of those who have committed crimes).

Criminal Responsibility Of Corporate Crime Towards The Criminal Act Of Illegal Fishing (Study of Verdict No. 31/Pid.Sus/2013/PTR)

Investigating the aspects or arresting the intellectual perpetrators of corporate crimes has not been typically done by the public prosecutor in the trial concerning the responsibility of corporate crime in criminal act of illegal fishing. Even though it has been stated clearly in law of state, the corporate crime of illegal fishing is not strictly enforced. Moreover, the criminal act of illegal fishing is considered as general crimes instead of special crimes. In this case, illegal fishing is supposed to be considered as special crimes that should be solved distinctively. This article particularly discusses the improper enforcement of corporate crime in illegal fishing conducted by law enforcement agents. Terribly, this concern would not bring deterrent effects for the perpetrators, particularly the intellectual perpetrators and their corporate.

Comparing Discourse to Officer Perceptions: The Problems of War and Militarization in Wildlife Crime Enforcement

‘War’ has become a common model and metaphor for biodiversity conservation in Africa. By discussing the specific challenges of wildlife crime enforcement in Uganda, this article challenges the ‘war on wildlife crime’ discourse. It concludes that in the context of Uganda, the discourse is profoundly unhelpful because of a lack of alignment between the problems highlighted by Ugandan law enforcement officers interviewed and the solutions typically favoured in the ‘wars on crime’. Most wildlife crimes are subsistence-driven and interviewees’ requests are for basic equipment and conventional capacity building. Findings demonstrate that the language of war, militarization and securitization should be used with caution as it risks constructing an image of wildlife crime that is misleading—and one that prevents responses that are effective in the long term.

Beneficial Ownership Legislation and Geographic Targeting Orders

This paper is updated to include the Geographic Targeting Order issued by FinCEN in November 2018. Over the last twenty years or so, state and Federal legislators have proposed a variety of beneficial ownership laws, to target money laundering and other illegal activities. Commencing in 2016 and most recently in November 2019, that effort has expanded into the real estate transaction market. “Geographic Targeting Orders” sounds ominous and, depending on your political views, may be especially so when coupled with the federal Department of Treasury agency – the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”). What is the government doing now, and who is it targeting? This paper discusses proposed (but not yet enacted) beneficial ownership legislation in the United States and looks at foreign issues, such as the International Financial Action Task Force and its anti-money laundering requirements. This paper then discusses geographic targeting orders instituted in the United States by FinCEN, most recently in November 2019, which attempt to identify money laundering transactions in real estate in certain (but definitely not all) regions of the United States. The areas targeted include major metropolitan areas in California, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Nevada, New York, Texas, and the state of Washington. The transactions focused on are non-bank financed real estate transactions exceeding certain thresholds which are completed without bank financing through cash or check transactions, or where funds are transferred by wire. FinCEN advises that of the reports received in the first 18 months, 30 percent have involved persons who previously had suspicious activity reports lodged against them.

Bitcoin Financial Regulation: Securities, Derivatives, Prediction Markets, & Gambling

The next major wave of Bitcoin regulation will likely be aimed at financial instruments, including securities and derivatives, as well as prediction markets and even gambling. While there are many easily regulated intermediaries when it comes to traditional securities and derivatives, emerging bitcoin-denominated instruments rely much less on traditional intermediaries. Additionally, the block chain technology that Bitcoin introduced for the first time makes completely decentralized markets and exchanges possible, thus eliminating the need for intermediaries in complex financial transactions. In this article we survey the type of financial instruments and transactions that will most likely be of interest to regulators, including traditional securities and derivatives, new bitcoin-denominated instruments, and completely decentralized markets and exchanges. We find that Bitcoin derivatives would likely not be subject to the full scope of regulation under the Commodities and Exchange Act to the extent such derivatives involve physical delivery (as opposed to cash settlement) or are nonfungible and not independently traded. We also find that some laws, including those aimed at online gambling, do not contemplate a payment method like Bitcoin, thus placing many transactions in a legal gray area.Following the approach to virtual currencies taken by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, we argue that other financial regulators should consider exempting or excluding certain financial transactions denominated in Bitcoin from the full scope of their regulations, much like private securities offerings and forward contracts are treated. We also suggest that to the extent that regulation and enforcement becomes more costly than its benefits, policymakers should consider and pursue strategies consistent with that new reality, such as efforts to encourage resilience and adaptation.

UNSOLVED AND LATENT CRIME: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES

УДК 343 Purpose of the article is to study the specific legal and informational nature of the unsolved crime in comparison with the phenomenon of delinquency, special study and analysis to improve the efficiency of law enforcement. Methods of research are abstract-logical, systematic, statistical, study of documents. The main results of research. Unsolved crime has specific legal, statistical and informational na-ture as the crime phenomenon, which is expressed in cumulative statistical population of unsolved crimes. An array of unsolved crimes is the sum of the number of acts, things of which is suspended and not terminated. The fault of the perpetrator in these cases is not proven, they are not considered by the court, it is not a conviction. Unsolved crime must be registered. Latent crime has a different informational nature. The main symptom of latent crimes is the uncertainty for the subjects of law enforcement, which delegated functions of identification, registration and accounting. Latent crime is not recorded. At the same time, there is a "border" area between the latent and unsolved crimes, which includes covered from the account of the crime. In modern Russia the majority of crimes covered from accounting by passing the decision about refusal in excitation of criminal case. Unsolved crime on their criminogenic consequences represents a significant danger to the public is higher compared to latent crime. It is conducted in the article a special analysis of the differences and similarities in the unsolved latent crime for the first time in criminological literature. The analysis proves the need for radical changes in the current Russian assessment of the state of crime and law enforcement to solve crimes. The article argues that an unsolved crime is a separate and, in contrast to latent crime, poorly understood phenomenon. However unsolved latent crime and have common features and areas of interaction.