Law Enforcement Research Articles

Surfactant-assisted electrochemical sensor for phytocannabinoids

The Cannabis sativa plant is known to be a complex source of phytocannabinoids with diverse applications across medicinal, recreational, and industrial domains. However, the proliferation of cannabidiol (CBD)-based or low- Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) content products has posed challenges for law enforcement agencies due to the complexity of distinguishing lawful from illicit usage. As legislation around cannabis evolves, precise and reliable analytical methods are urgently needed. Traditional techniques, while accurate, are time-consuming and resource intensive. Portable field tests lack specificity and often need follow-up confirmatory tests. Herein, an innovative electrochemical sensor for accurate and efficient identification of phytocannabinoids is presented. The study focuses on the detection of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), Δ9-THC, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), CBD, cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabinol (CBN), employing unmodified carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) as the platform. Additionally, the integration of a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), is investigated to enhance the sensitivity. This electrochemical sensor demonstrates successful qualitative and semi-quantitative identification of the main phytocannabinoids in seizures. Ultimately, our sensor benefits harm and supply reduction agencies by facilitating quality control and addressing the complexities of varied cannabis products.

Bridging the gap: An environmental scan of post-overdose program features and evaluation measures.

Prior overdose incident is a predictor of future non-fatal and fatal overdoses. Therefore, the period immediately following a non-fatal overdose is critical for engaging with survivors; however, they often do not access or receive services immediately after experiencing an overdose. To efficiently reach this high-risk population and provide survivors with services, novel interventions including post-overdose outreach programs have been developed. Using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted an environmental scan of the academic and gray literature on post-overdose programs to identify key features and measures used to evaluate post-overdose programs. Using the Donabedian quality framework we then analyzed the frequency of measures by type of initiating stakeholder. Of the 36 studies included for final extraction, 14 were descriptive studies, ten were evaluation studies, eight studies identified facilitators and barriers, and four were program design toolkits. Initiator entity types included emergency departments (EDs; n = 10), public health agencies (n = 5), community-based organizations (n = 4), emergency medical services (EMS) (n = 4), law enforcement agencies (n = 4), and some combination or unknown (n = 9). We identified six key features of post-overdose programs across the literature: program theory, team composition, identifying and contacting clients, service provision, public private partnerships, and referrals. We extracted 223 operationalized measures, of which we analyzed 173 and categorized them as client experience (n = 2), structural (n = 12), process (n = 69), and outcome measures (n = 90). Public health agency-initiated programs reported all the experience-related measures (n = 2) and the most outcome measures (n = 23). Programs initiated by EDs reported the most process measures (n = 20), whereas community-based agencies reported the most structural measures (n = 12). Only two of the 223 measures related to stigma. There are six common features across all post-overdose programs and different initiating organization types had differing foci for their evaluation measures. The key features and evaluation measure clusters identified in this environmental scan can help inform future post-overdose programs assess the comprehensiveness of their evaluations, inform funding agencies on the range of existing measures (and gaps) to consider, and support evaluators in study design.

The existence of modern stores and legal protection for traders in the people's market in Badung regency, Bali

The influx of investment in the trade sector has given rise to large-scale economic power that can not only increase and encourage economic growth, but also cause negative impacts such as unhealthy business competition between traditional markets and modern stores. If this competition is left unchecked, it will result in the displacement of the existence of traditional markets as weaker economic actors. Therefore, the arrangement and guidance carried out through policies taken by the government must be seen from a synergistic perspective for both business actors. Based on the background of the problems that have been described above, several problems can be formulated as follows: 1) How is the implementation Badung Regency Regulation, Bali Number 3 of 2017 on business competition between modern shops and traditional markets? 2) How is the role of the Badung Regency government, Bali in providing legal protection for traditional markets from the rampant existence of modern shops? The type of research in writing this scientific paper is an empirical legal research type, which is used because there is a gap between what is regulated in the Law and its practice. The implementation of Badung Regency Regulation, Bali Number 3 of 2017 has not been effective because of the non-compliance of modern shops in fulfilling the completeness of the permits and not heeding the rules that have been set as well as the indecisiveness of law enforcement officers in providing a deterrent effect. Legal protection carried out by the Badung Regency Government, Bali is felt to be less than optimal because it is more directed at preventive legal protection, namely only in the form of prevention before violations occur, by providing guidance and socialization to traditional market and modern shop business actors.

Islamic Family Law Reform in Indonesia: A Review of the Supreme Court's Decision on the Postponement of the Distribution of Joint Property

The settlement of joint property between husband and wife after divorce often ends up in the Religious Court, even reaching the level of cassation and judicial review (PK), such as in the Supreme Court Decision Number Register 159/K/AG/2018. In this case, especially related to disputes over joint property in marriages with minor children, the Supreme Court not only refers to the normative law contained in the law, but also considers a sense of justice and benefit. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with an empirical juridical approach. This approach is referred to as empirical legal research because it focuses on analyzing the implementation of normative legal provisions directly (in action) in certain legal events in society. Primary data was obtained from Supreme Court decision No 159 K/Ag/2018, No 618/Pdt.G/2012/PA.Bkt, No 38/Pdt.G/2013/PTA.Pdg, No 88K/Ag/2015, No 159/K/AG/2018, No 99/Pdt.G/2023/MS, as well as laws related to the research being discussed. Secondary data is obtained from books, scientific articles and previous research results related to joint property and those that have the same discussion. Data collection techniques using literature study and qualitative data analysis are used to explore certain phenomena and find out the causes. The results showed that the Supreme Court judge in deciding this case used the method of legal discovery through legal interpretation, especially systematic interpretation and sociological interpretation. In the case, the judge postponed the division of joint property until the children of the disputing parties reached the age of mumayyiz, thus showing attention to aspects of substantive justice. Systematic and sociological legal interpretations by judges show that in resolving post-divorce joint property disputes, especially those involving minors, judges must consider the social realities that live in society to actualize justice. This emphasizes the role of judges not only as law enforcers, but also as guardians of the public good. This research concludes that legal discovery by judges through interpretation based on systematic and sociological approaches can realize concrete justice in society, especially in divorce cases involving children.

A critical analysis on the use of force by law enforcement officials in a correctional setting—an expert witness account

AbstractPolice brutality has become a contentious topic in both printed and social media. This has been fuelled by incidents in the United States where police officers were accused of torturing civilians during arrests. The purpose of this study is to provide an expert witness account of the use of force by law enforcement officials in a correctional setting. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the force factor analysis (resistance vs. sequential levels) that is used internationally to measure the appropriate force allowed in each situation. It further measures the force factor analysis against the different regulatory frameworks that provide oversight of the use of force by law enforcement agencies. A hermeneutics strategy was used to construct a criminological view of the incident. An inductive conventional content analytical approach was used for the subjective interpretation of text data content through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns. The finding indicates that the Resistance Force Comparative Scale is only effective if consideration is given to other environmental dynamics that have an impact on the situation at hand. The effects of prisoner resistance on the severity of force used by correctional staff members are explored, along with implications and recommendations.

Navigating values: leadership behaviors for enhancing police organizational identity

PurposeThis study investigates the differential effectiveness of leadership styles within the German Federal Police Office, focusing on how these styles interact with employees' personal values to influence organizational identification (OI). Thus, we investigate the augmentation hypothesis and explore the moderating effects of personal values on leadership effectiveness regarding OI.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing a quantitative cross-sectional design, the study analyzes responses from 1,816 police employees via the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Portraits Value Questionnaire. Hierarchical regressions are used to analyze the hypothesized associations.FindingsThe results indicate that transformational leadership significantly enhances OI more than transactional or laissez-faire leadership. Moderating effects of personal values reveal complex interactions: while transformational leadership consistently predicts higher OI, transactional leadership’s effectiveness varies according to the employees' values such as Conformity and Tradition enhancing OI, Universalism and Benevolence diminishing it. These findings suggest that leadership effectiveness in policing is contingent on aligning leadership style with the personal values of the employees.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the understanding of how personal values modulate the impact of leadership styles on organizational outcomes within police organizations. It underscores the necessity for police leaders to consider the value profiles of their employees to optimize OI and effectiveness. The study is among the first to systematically explore these dynamics within a law enforcement context, providing empirical evidence to inform targeted leadership development and policy-making in policing.

Contract and Tort Choice of Cause of Action by Persons from the Standpoint of Justice: Pro et Contra

The paper deals with the issues of choice of cause of action as to contract and tort in Russian and foreign law, as well as contract and tort competition between persons. The problem of choice between contractual and non-contractual liability has an artificial character for Russian scientific and judicial doctrine. The choice of cause of action relates to the alternative in claims, but not to the alternative as to debtors. It is concluded that modern scientific and judicial doctrine based on a multifunctional interpretation of civil liability can substantiate and justify not only the phenomenon of compensatory aspect of choice of cause of action by persons, but also the possibility of circumventing the limited liability established by law (contra legem) if it meets the goals of fair liability. These include deterrence of harmful behavior and stimulation of potential to ensure the proper performance of their duties to ensure the safety of their activities. Russian law enforcement practice indicates an increasing trend towards the socialization of civil liability, its focus on preventing harm to an indefinite circle of people, social harm (harm to society).

Deep Learning Approach for Suspicious Activity Detection from Surveillance Video

The present generation seeks ways to live their lives free of fear. This often prompts the need for enhanced law enforcement and security systems. Suspicion activity recognition in surveillance footage has become an essential component in modern security systems, focused around the problem of recognizing inappropriate behaviors without too much human time. The advent of deep learning has made an impact in computer vision tasks within such a way the real-time detection by the evaluation of large amounts of video footage becomes realistic. In this context the paper presents a model in which deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are utilized for the behavioral pattern recognition from security footage. In addition, it also improves the efficacy of detection and reduces the shortcomings associated with these systems where only the post-event analysis is performed manually or automatically. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel IP model that analyzes live video and performs normal-suspicious–threat triage in real-time. Results indicate the validity of the method in different environmental and illumination conditions. An important objective that this system is designed for is to change the way security is practiced and delivered in today’s intelligent systems providing actionable intelligence and the ability to prevent threats rather than just respond to them making this a high growth opportunity for marketing high-risk and sensitive areas.

Legal Measures to Support the Process of Asset Recovery in the State-Owned Enterprises Banking Sector Post-Corruption Cases

This study aims to identify obstacles and formulate strategic measures to optimize asset recovery in the State-Owned Enterprises Banking sector post-corruption cases. This research employs a normative legal research method with a comparative approach, where the collected legal materials are analyzed qualitatively to describe the problems and answer the research objectives. The results show that asset recovery faces multidimensional challenges, including weaknesses in the legal framework, limitations in the capacity and integrity of law enforcement officers, lack of facilities and infrastructure, and efforts by the accused to avoid asset recovery. Optimizing asset recovery requires a comprehensive strategy encompassing the enactment of the Bill on Criminal Asset Forfeiture, strengthening the legal and institutional framework, enhancing the capacity and integrity of law enforcement, improving facilities and infrastructure, optimizing the civil route, and strengthening international cooperation. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government, Directors of State-Owned Enterprises Banking, the Asset Recovery Center, and law enforcement agencies undertake various optimization efforts, such as accelerating the enactment of the Bill on Criminal Asset Forfeiture, increasing the budget, strengthening corruption prevention systems, enhancing the competence of law enforcement officers, and strengthening international cooperation. Furthermore, the Public Prosecutor is expected to maximize the use of Article 18 of Law Number 31 of 1999 in indictments, enabling judges to issue optimal rulings for asset recovery in the State-Owned Enterprises Banking sector post-corruption cases.

Food Safety in Developing Countries: Common Foodborne and Waterborne Illnesses, Regulations, Organizational Structure, and Challenges of Food Safety in the Context of Nepal

ABSTRACTFood safety presents a global challenge, contributing to 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420,000 fatalities annually worldwide. In developing countries, such as Nepal, addressing food safety is particularly intricate and arduous because of the prevalent issues of food insecurity, poverty, illiteracy, and regulatory hurdles. The objectives of this comprehensive review are to evaluate the prevalent foodborne and waterborne illnesses, examine the existing regulations and institutional frameworks, and identify the challenges associated with food safety in Nepal. Additionally, this review aims to propose strategies to enhance food safety measures in the country. An electronic search was conducted using relevant keywords to include articles and literature pertinent to the topic. Common foodborne illnesses in Nepal include cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, worm infections, and poisoning from mushrooms, heavy metals, and pesticides. While existing rules, regulations, and government infrastructure exist, they often face limitations in effectively addressing these multifaceted challenges. Food safety in developing countries, such as Nepal, faces several challenges, including inadequate regulatory frameworks, limited surveillance and monitoring, rural–urban disparities, and high incidences of foodborne illness. Additional issues stem from weak law enforcement, poor food safety practices, limited infrastructure, informal sector challenges, cross‐border trade, limited access to clean water, and the impacts of climate change. A multisectoral One Health approach involving collaboration among government agencies, food industry stakeholders, consumers, and civil society organizations is imperative to enhance food safety in developing countries such as Nepal.

Pertanggungjawaban Pidana dan Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Pencabulan terhadap anak

Introduction: This study discusses the legal regulation of the crime of molestation of children and the criminal liability of the perpetrators of the crime of molestation against children in the case.Purposes of the Research: To analyze and discuss legal regulations regarding criminal acts of molestation against children and explain criminal responsibility for perpetrators of criminal acts of molestation against children in Halong Baru, Baguala District, Ambon City.Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical research. This research uses three problem approaches, namely the statutory approach, the conceptual approach and the case approach. The data sources obtained are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique for collecting legal materials uses the literature study method. All data in this study were analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: The results of this research show that, criminal responsibility for perpetrators of criminal acts of sexual abuse against children is a further consequence that must be accepted or borne by the defendant. During the trial process, the defendant was in good physical and mental health and no reason was found to erase the crime, in this case either a justifying reason or a forgiving reason, so that the defendant was able to take responsibility for the actions he committed. The efforts made to overcome acts of sexual abuse against children are carried out with preventive and repressive efforts by law enforcement and other institutions.

Adaptation of Islamic Criminal Law in Facing Digital Economic Crime in the Era of Technological Disruption

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly impacted various aspects of life, including the economy, but it has also given rise to complex digital economic crimes. This research examines the adaptation of Islamic criminal law in facing the challenges of digital economic crimes, such as online fraud, money laundering, and skimming. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on literature and official documents. The research findings indicate that Islamic criminal law needs to update its definitions and classifications of crimes to include actions in the digital space and apply principles of justice, prevention, rehabilitation, legal certainty, and limitations on punishment. In addition, using technology in law enforcement and international cooperation is crucial in addressing transnational crime. With a comprehensive approach, Islamic criminal law can serve as an effective tool in creating a safer and more just society in the era of technological disruption.

Advancements in Fingerprint Recognition Through Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Novel Algorithms

Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the application of deep learning technology in fingerprint recognition, focusing on the development and impact of several novel algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed to address challenges in key sub-fields such as pose estimation, direction field estimation, minutiae extraction, and minutiae matching. By integrating deep learning techniques, these new approaches significantly enhance the accuracy, stability, and efficiency of fingerprint recognition systems. The study demonstrates that these algorithms surpass traditional methods in several critical areas, offering improved precision in recognizing fingerprints, particularly in high-noise environments. Furthermore, the fully differentiable nature of these models contributes to their robustness, enabling more consistent and reliable performance across diverse scenarios. The results underscore the potential for these deep learning-based algorithms to set new benchmarks in the field, with broad implications for their application in security, law enforcement, and other areas requiring reliable biometric authentication. The use of these cutting-edge methods is anticipated to be vital in influencing the direction of fingerprint recognition technology as it develops further, guaranteeing increased security and precision.

Near-Time Digital Mapping for Geoforensic Searches

Inadequate base maps with poor scale or low resolution demonstrate the need for contemporary topographic maps when conducting geological mapping. In neotectonic regimes and areas of dynamic geomorphology, archival or large-scale maps require time-consuming, on-site manual updating while mapping bedrock and superficial geology. In contrast, stable ground conditions may have suitable legacy maps in some locations but not in others, such as where surveying is absent, incomplete or subject to legal restrictions. The geologist tasked with mapping may have to do this on short notice at their first site visit with no time to search for or create digital or physical copies of background maps on a suitable scale. The field mapper may encounter any of the above scenarios, especially the Geoforensic specialist tasked with Search and Rescue, hazard assessment or preparation and desktop study for subsequent search teams or law enforcement. Drone-derived orthoimagery and digital surface modelling can be conducted on-site in near real time to provide high resolution georeferenced maps for direct input of geological information, thus bypassing either non-existent or unsuitable base maps.

Understanding of Tax Directorate General Employees on Taxpayer Compliance Behavior

Revenue from the taxation sector is the main pillar of state revenue in the State Budget (APBN). However, the Tax ratio, tax capacity, tax effort and tax bouyancy are still very low in Indonesia, indicating that taxpayer compliance behavior in Indonesia is also still very low. Policy is a challenge in efforts to optimize state revenue, especially tax revenue to improve compliance. By understanding the factors that influence compliance behavior, policy makers can develop stronger and more effective ways of dealing with compliance risks. Based on the problems studied, the study uses a qualitative research type. The qualitative approach concentrates more on interpretation and understanding. In terms of data collection and analysis, this approach is sensitive to the context that aims to holistically understand the problems being studied. Qualitative research aims to obtain and understand the meaning of a context in its natural setting and does not prioritize generalization. The results of the analysis show that all informants agree and agree that taxpayers have non-compliant behavior in carrying out their tax obligations. Informants interpret that being compliant can only be obtained from the character of taxpayers, internal factors. Then followed by the influence of external factors in the form of economic factors and the environment of Taxpayers. According to informants, most taxpayers are not compliant due to ignorance, it is very important to ensure that the right tax information according to taxpayers' needs is conveyed clearly by the tax authorities. Supervision from the tax authorities and law enforcement efforts from the tax authorities can encourage taxpayers to behave compliantly. Taxpayers who are already compliant expect service and convenience. Meanwhile, taxpayers who decide not to comply require extra supervision according to tax regulations. Compliance or non-compliance with tax regulations is the result of ongoing interaction between the tax authorities and taxpayers.

COMBATANT IMMUNITY AND THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: REOPENING THE DEBATE ON A LONGSTANDING DOCTRINE

Background: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has resulted in the largest conflict in Europe since the Second World War, with estimates suggesting that hundreds of thousands of Russian soldiers are implementing the will of the aggressor state. It has long been believed that combatants are immune from criminal prosecution for their actions during hostilities, including the killing of military personnel defending the victim state unless they violate the laws of war. However, this immunity has naturally generated criticism in the Ukrainian legal community. In this article, the authors analyse the critical arguments made by opponents of combatant immunity and seek to clarify the legal and ethical grounds of the controversial doctrine. Furthermore, the well-known debate on the significance of citizenship (nationality) for recognising combatant or prisoner of war status and the liability of defectors is revisited from a new perspective. Methods: The article is based on an analysis of IHL sources, commentaries, state practices, precedents and scientific views on combatant immunity. Additionally, the article examines the practices of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine and the perspectives of Ukrainian criminal law scholars. General scientific methods of cognition (induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis), as well as historical, empirical and systemic-structural methods, are used. The article is structured into three parts. The initial section provides a comprehensive overview of the status of a combatant and their associated privileges within the context of international humanitarian law (IHL), with a particular focus on the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The second section delves into the debate surrounding Ukraine's obligation to respect the immunity of the combatant of the aggressor state and offers the authors' conclusions on this matter. The third section addresses the liability of defectors, focusing on the implications of citizenship (nationality) for combatants and prisoners of war (POW). Results and conclusions: Several Ukrainian scholars have expressed their unreserved disagreement with Ukraine's application of the doctrine of combatant immunity to Russian soldiers. In the absence of a direct reference to this exceptional privilege in international treaties to which Ukraine is a party and in light of the a priori unlawfulness of aggression, the critical arguments are not without merit. Nevertheless, we conclude that respect for the immunity of a combatant representing the aggressor state is part of Ukraine's international obligations and has a certain justification. Concurrently, the article acknowledges that the legal and ethical grounds for this are not entirely clear. The question of whether defectors should be recognised as combatants and/or prisoners of war is similarly unclear. Nevertheless, we are convinced that regardless of the answer to this question, the criminal prosecution of defectors for high treason cannot be considered a violation of the immunity of a combatant.

Allocating investigative resources within the Hungarian police force

The distribution of authority and competence is essential for all organizations, including law enforcement. The main focus is not just the existence of this distribution but its actual functionality, particularly from a professional and scientific standpoint regarding resource allocation. Distributing work tasks involves determining the general investigative authority's capacity to respond to crimes across different geographical areas. The aim is to deploy the appropriate forces and tools to different cases. Efficient distribution of resources is crucial as it impacts the quality of criminal investigation work, minimizes crime-related costs, and mitigates social effects. This study aims to evaluate how well the current regulations and practices match investigative resources with arising tasks and what principles guide the allocation of police forces and assets for law enforcement purposes. The focus is on whether the police's investigative activities are effective socially and scientifically rather than purely from a statistical viewpoint.

Understanding the Experience of Workplace Violence in Hospitals as Documented by Nursing Staff: Using the READ Approach.

Background: Workplace violence has a significant impact on patients, families, and staff safety. Workplace violence can produce traumatic results for those involved; the importance of preventive measures needs to be paramount in health service policy and process. Health care staff are required to document their experiences of violent incidents after every occasion, usually via an incident reporting system, which allows for a free text description of the event. There is a lack of understanding of how health care staff document reports of violence and how they explain the events. Methods: This study aims to determine the circumstances surrounding workplace violent events as documented by health care staff. The four-step Review, Extract, Analyze, and Document (READ) approach to document analysis was used to examine workplace violence incident reports over 12 months (September 2021-September 2022) in a tertiary referral hospital. Findings: Six categories of workplace violence were found: (a) "Escalation Dynamics"-patterns and progression of how violence incidents intensify; (b) "Warning Behaviors"-verbal or non-verbal signals that may foreshadow physical violence if not addressed; (c) "Authoritative Institutional Interventions"-how aggression correlates to protocols involving security personnel or law enforcement; (d) "Care Delivery Methods"-how certain treatment procedures and approaches might inadvertently elicit violence; (e) "Situational Stressors"-external circumstances or changes that act as triggers for violence; and (f) "Unprovoked triggers"-sudden and seemingly unprovoked violent outbursts. Conclusions and application to practice: Workplace violence in health care is a multifaceted interplay of events with the nurse involved in all aspects of the process. These findings can be used by occupational health nurses in education and policy development. The findings can be used to focus education on how violent incidents may escalate and provide more opportunities for de-escalation by health care staff.

Arrest practice and habeas corpus principle

The legal history of habeas corpus goes back to the period of the 'Golden Bull' issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. In the development of English law, the Magna Carta Libertatum marked the emergence of the principle before that. The essence of the principle is that deprivation of liberty may be pronounced by a person vested with judicial power and that the person concerned must be brought before a judge in order to be heard by the accused before an arrest can be ordered. The judicial order for arrest is also provided for in the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The principle raises a number of questions of law enforcement in domestic court practice, but also in the context of EU cooperation.

Examining the Persisting and Desisting Online Posting Behaviors of Violent and Non-Violent Right-Wing Extremists

ABSTRACT There is an ongoing need for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to identify and examine the online posting behaviors of violent extremists prior to their engagement in violence offline, but little is empirically known about their online presence generally or differences in their posting behaviors compared to their non-violent counterparts particularly. Even less is empirically known about their persisting and desisting posting patterns. This study drew from a unique sample of violent and non-violent right-wing extremists to examine online changes in posting patterns during the beginning, middle, and end of their observed posting activity. Here, we identified persister and desister posters to create four sample groups: non-violent persisters, non-violent desisters, violent persisters, and violent desisters. We then calculated the average number of posts for each sample group as well as quantified the existence of extremist ideologies and violent extremist mobilization efforts across each observed posting period. Overall, we identified several noteworthy posting patterns that may assist law enforcement and intelligence agencies in identifying credible threats online. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis, its limitations, and avenues for future research.