Enforcement Actions Research Articles

Structural and Content Analysis of Notifications and Orders Issued by the Government of the Punjab, Pakistan

This research study analyzes the formatting and language used in notifications and orders issued by the Government of Punjab in Pakistan. It examines how these legal documents are arranged and structured, the terminology utilized, and how these impact formal communications and public access to information. A range of notifications and orders were inspected, such as those relating to public health initiatives and law enforcement activities. The evaluation reveals that a consistent structure is applied with distinct sections like headings, introductions, primary content sections, and conclusions. Appropriate legal citations are incorporated to affirm precision and standing. This formal register highlights the necessity of adhering to pertinent rules and regulations. However, a persisting challenge remains that the complex legal terminology employed in these documents renders the legislation obscure for most citizens. Only individuals with specialized training can fully comprehend the communications. The paper proposes adopting innovative methods for alternative government divisions to develop informational content employing straightforward terminology comprehensible to all. It also recommends improving digital access to these legal notices and adapting outreach methods for varied audiences. The overarching goal is to strike the equilibrium between preserving legal accuracy while also guaranteeing the general public can easily grasp messages from governing bodies, which is essential for cultivating trust and good governance.

Merging textual and numerical databases: a steppingstone for statistical analyses of illegal events

Abstract This paper aims to define a methodological path—merging judgments and official statistical data—to organize complete, objective, and reliable data in a database, thus simplifying the analysis of illegal social phenomena. Judiciary judgments are a new data source: they deal with illegal events that describe social phenomena—even if they are only the "illegal" ones—and contain objective and reliable data and information. Judiciary judgments are also texts, so the first step is a statistical textual analysis and text mining techniques to discover information and organize it in a statistical database. The final database is obtained by integrating numerical data from other information sources. It therefore has statistical properties such as reliability, completeness and updating. Subsequent statistical analyses or modelling are then possible based on the entire set or subsets of data adequately extracted from the implemented statistical database. We present some results obtained from judgments about corruption in order to demonstrate the advantages of linking textual databases (textual analyses on judgments) and numerical databases (from ISTAT). The proposed methodology can benefit different stakeholders, such as researchers, policymakers, and other enforcement actors. It is independent of the specific software used and remains valid when applied to other illegal activities (e.g., organized crime, tax crime, and money laundering). Furthemore, the results may be even more effective if the institutional actors involved have access to judgments at all levels, thus overcoming potential privacy concerns. The methodology could also be used to support evidence-based policy in the fight against crime and illegal activities.

The unlikely marriage of counterterrorism and Women, Peace and Security Agenda in Indonesia

ABSTRACT This article examines Indonesia’s strategic shift from a “hard” counterterrorism approach to a gender-sensitive, community-based strategy for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) between 2016 and 2021. It analyses Indonesia’s shift from traditional security-centric responses, which emphasised law enforcement and military actions, to community engagement and human rights-based approaches influenced by women-led civil society organisations (CSOs). This shift underscores inclusion and gender in prevention strategies. Drawing on feminist mobilisation and norm localisation theories, particularly the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda, this research explores the institutionalisation of gender-responsive approaches. While acknowledging the importance of religious moderation as a counternarrative to extremist ideologies – a prominent discourse in Indonesian foreign policy since 2004— this article critiques the securitisation of gender within counterterrorism frameworks. It underscores how this “Moderate Islamic” ideology shapes both domestic and international P/CVE strategies. This study demonstrates how Indonesia’s approach is a potential model for broader application within the Global South through a literature review, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and process tracing. Ultimately, it offers valuable lessons for integrating the WPS Agenda into P/CVE efforts while addressing challenges related to policy sustainability, effectiveness, and balancing domestic norms with global counterterrorism expectations.

Director Departure and Noncompliance With Securities Laws

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThis study investigates director departures surrounding the actual commencement of noncompliance events when public perception of the wrongdoing is less likely to exist.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a manually constructed nonaccounting noncompliance dataset of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s enforcement actions and hand‐collected information on directors’ status and characteristics, this study finds that firms not complying with securities laws experienced significantly higher unexpected director departures than control firms during the period in which the noncompliance began. Outside directors, in particular, tend to leave in the pre‐noncompliance period but not in the post‐noncompliance phase. The findings are robust across propensity score–matched tests, conditional logistic regression, and when controlling for CEO turnover. Further exploration of the characteristics of departing directors provides insights into the dynamics of the internal governance mechanism. It shows that directors with a background in an area of specialized expertise tend to leave noncompliant firms. The evidence also suggests that power struggles between departing directors and managers in noncompliant firms might contribute to director departure.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study extends the literature aimed at unraveling internal governance mechanisms around firms’ negative events. Since there are several important points along the timeline of a negative event, providing evidence on director behavior around these points can offer deeper insights into internal governance mechanisms.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study provides unique evidence that there is an abnormal departure rate of directors before the commencement of firms’ wrongdoings. This departure is consistent with explanations that directors with an information advantage from a special background are likely to foresee that problems or power struggles between directors and managers are likely to induce the departure of a director who is in a relatively weak position. The findings offer insights for policy makers, suggesting that regulators may need to reflect upon the shortcomings of the current governance system and how to hold management accountable, rather than putting heavy emphasis on developing doctrines for directors’ duties.

The Impact of Cloud Technology and Integration Solutions on Public Sector Regulatory Systems

The integration of cloud technology and advanced digital solutions has revolutionized public sector regulatory systems, transforming traditional paper-based processes into efficient, automated operations. This transformation encompasses comprehensive frameworks for compliance monitoring, enforcement mechanisms, and public service delivery. The implementation of sophisticated API architectures and real-time monitoring capabilities has enhanced system interconnectivity while ensuring robust security protocols. The adoption of cloud-based platforms has significantly improved citizen engagement through intuitive interfaces and streamlined application processes. Integration challenges, including data sovereignty and legacy system compatibility, have been addressed through structured migration strategies and enhanced security frameworks. Looking ahead, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and Internet of Things are shaping the future of regulatory management, enabling predictive compliance monitoring and automated enforcement actions while maintaining transparency and accountability in public sector operations.

Randomness Exploration in Daily Detected Overloaded Trucks (An Experimental Study)

Since the overload detection program is a main concern for transport authorities to prevent road damage and enhance road safety, this paper investigates the randomness in the number of daily overloaded vehicles detected throughout the month. The concern is crucial where it is said that detected overloaded vehicle drops over the month. For this purpose, the randomness of daily detected overloaded vehicles has been tested by utilizing the familiar statistical method of “Runs Test”, in which the numbers of daily detected vehicles are considered observation. Data, for detecting trucks as overloading across the intercity roads in the West-Asian country of Iran, has been collected for a year followed by categorizing into thirty days to check the randomness pattern. The results revealed that, despite fluctuating stats, the number of detected overloaded vehicles follows a random pattern instead of a specific pattern in increasing or decreasing trends believed in the rumours. Since the number of daily overloaded vehicles exhibits randomness during a month and all types of trucks including trailers (detachable trucks), heavy trucks, and light trucks have been investigated, transport authorities are recommended to focus more on the methods of weighing enforcement to ensure that sufficient overloading enforcement activities are performed.

Sanctuary policies and type 2 diabetes medication prescription trends among community health center patients.

Immigrants in the United States are at increased risk of diabetes-related complications due to delayed diagnoses compared with US-born individuals. Immigration-related federal policies may support immigration enforcement activities and restrict some immigrants' access to health insurance and other publicly funded resources. Conversely, state and county-level sanctuary policies may reduce the fear of deportation and increase mobility in the community, improving the accessibility of essential pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes patients. This retrospective cohort study estimated the odds of receiving glucose-lowering medication prescriptions by the county's sanctuary policy environment for patients within a nationwide network of community health centers. We did not find statistically significant associations between sanctuary policies and annual prescription rates. The associations were not modified by nativity or race/ethnicity. Notably, compared to US-born patients, immigrants had higher odds of receiving prescriptions regardless of the sanctuary policy environment, emphasizing other potential influences on the receipt of anti-diabetes prescriptions for community health center patients.

Law enforcement activities of the National Guard under martial law

Law enforcement activities of the National Guard under martial law

О внедрении психотехнических достижений в правореализационную практику

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article is dedicated to examining psychotechnical advancements that are currently utilized or considered promising in modern law enforcement practices. Based on a historical-comparative analysis of scientific approaches and a content analysis of publications from the past five years in domestic journals with a core focus on "Legal Psychology" a classification of traditional and innovative psychotechnical tools has been developed into four specific groups: (1) interactive psychotechnics, (2) organizational-psychological techniques, (3) informational-technical methods and psychotechnics, and (4) analytical psychotechnics. The material of the article highlights the need for further scientific reflection on improving the forms and methods of implementing the achievements of legal psychology in law enforcement activities. The article also outlines prospects for the development of legal psychology in the creation and application of psychotechnical tools.</p>

Об общественной опасности массовых беспорядков: интернациональный аспект проблемы

Introduction: the article is on the issue related to counteraction to destructive phenomenon of riots. Materials and Methods: the author used dialectical method of cognition, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, case method, logical, comparative legal method. Results: the author considered and showed features of public danger, as well as other conceptual aspects and features of criminalization of riots through the prism of certain criminal protests, Russian criminal law, legislative positions of far and near countries. Discussion and Conclusions: the author presented their own definition of the destructed phenomenon reflecting necessary criminal features taken into account in law enforcement activities related to crowd control.

Криминальная виктимность пожилых лиц в Республике Беларусь и Российской Федерации

Introduction: the article presents a comprehensive study of the victimological aspect of gerontological crime in the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. It is situated within the framework of an analysis of the main criminological indicators, with the aim of developing theoretical and applied provisions of criminological characterisation of crime against older persons. Materials and Methods: the study was informed by a methodological approach that drew upon the dialectical-materialistic method of scientific cognition, universal scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, and comparison), and a range of specialized methods (including historical, logical, legal, and sociological). The criminal legislation of Belarus and Russia, as well as the legislation pertaining to law enforcement, were subjected to analysis. Additionally, statistical data pertaining to the number of elderly individuals and the prevalence of crime against the elderly, along with judicial practice and materials from criminal cases, were examined. Results contribute to the existing body of scientific knowledge about crime against older persons by offering new insights and recommendations. The objective of this study is to achieve and maintain the maximum degree of protection of the interests of the individual, society and the state from crime. The findings can be used to enhance law enforcement and law enforcement activities of various subjects engaged in crime prevention. Discussion and Conclusions: the victimological safety of elderly citizens is a necessary condition for ensuring constitutional legality and law and order in the state. Given their status as a link between the past, future and present, older people require special care, respect, a meaningful status, protection and assistance from society to enable them to enjoy positive and active longevity.

КРАЖИ С БАНКОВСКОГО СЧЕТА, А РАВНО В ОТНОШЕНИИ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ ДЕНЕЖНЫХ СРЕДСТВ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАСКРЫТИЯ

Introduction: the authors consider features of bank accounts fraud, as well as online banking fraud; crime detection methods taken by internal affairs bodies; recommendations to improve police action in this field. Materials and Methods: sociological method and interviewing law enforcement officers, as well as criminal cases study and regulatory acts regulating law enforcement activity of the Russian Federation were used when investigating bank accounts fraud, as well as online banking fraud. The authors used content-analysis of scientific articles and Results: the authors suggest proposals to improve the work of law enforcement in the area of combating bank accounts fraud and online banking fraud. Discussion and Conclusions: the authors suggest authorize the local internal affairs bodies at district level (they are the ones who face the challenge of solving of crime at the initial stage) to direct appeal to financial institutions and network operators in investigations and obtain information about the users in real-time. Nowadays it is important to create a single interdepartmental platform to obtain information about all transactions in “a single chart”. Such a platform can be implemented in the Financial Sector Computer Emergency Response Team of the Bank of Russia.

Enforcing the unenforceable: exploring police officer use of discretion in the enforcement of COVID-19 rules and regulations

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments relied on the police to enforce COVID-19 rules. However, little is known about police enforcement of these norms and use of discretion in this process. The current study draws on a sample of 3,866 police officers from 10 countries across the globe and examines officers’ use of discretion when encountering violations of COVID-19 rules. We assess the relative significance of factors such as the perceptions of community adherence to COVID-19 rules, assessments of the police agency’s support to deal with the pandemic, evaluations of COVID-19 seriousness, and psychological adjustments to the pandemic on police officers’ willingness to react when observing a COVID-19 violation. Our findings highlight the complexity of officer responses to violations of rules, which include not only enforcement actions such as giving advice and warning, issuing tickets, and making arrests, but also non-actions.

PELECEHAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP ANAK DI MEDIA SOSIAL

Children's use of technology has a significant impact on their physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. One of the technologies that children often use is social media. While social media can provide benefits, there are also negative impacts such as bullying and harassment. Therefore, supervision from parents, educators, and authorities is essential. Technology is not all good or all bad; what matters is how its use is managed to suit children's needs and development, while considering its positive and negative impacts. This research aims to find out and analyze various countermeasures that can be taken against children who experience sexual harassment on social media in accordance with the provisions in the Child Protection Law, as well as identify forms of legal protection provided to child victims of sexual harassment in cyberspace based on applicable regulations. This analysis includes measures for prevention, handling, and recovery of victims, as well as legal implementation to ensure that children's rights are optimally protected in the midst of rampant cases of harassment in the digital realm. Data collected from primary legal materials and secondary legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. Countermeasures against child sexual abuse on social media according to Law number 35 of 2014 and Law number 12 of 2022 involve integrated preventive and enforcement actions.

The state of the investigation of criminal liability for ecocide

The article provides a detailed analysis of research on criminal liability for ecocide, which is one of the most pressing problems of criminal law. The author investigated various approaches to the concept of "ecocide", analyzing its legal nature and considering current legislative initiatives aimed at integrating this concept into national and international legal systems. Particular attention is paid to issues related to the criminalization of ecocide in the context of military conflicts, which is complicated by the need to take into account both the right to conduct hostilities and international obligations to protect the environment. The article also analyzes modern discussions related to the effectiveness of international mechanisms for monitoring environmental safety and bringing to justice persons guilty of causing significant damage to ecosystems. The study is aimed at a deeper understanding of ecocide as a criminal offense and offers directions for improving the legal framework in order to ensure reliable protection of the natural environment at the international level. The research is aimed at identifying the main trends and gaps in the legislation, evaluating the effectiveness of the existing mechanisms of legal regulation, as well as forming recommendations for improving the legal framework to ensure adequate protection of ecosystems from mass destruction and damage. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the practice of bringing criminal responsibility for ecocide, the application of criminal responsibility for ecocide, the determination of problematic aspects and the effectiveness of law enforcement activities in this area. The study also considers the role of international organizations and agreements in the formation of generally accepted standards of environmental protection and the possibility of their implementation in national legal systems, taking into account modern environmental challenges and threats.

Desistance from criminal offending: exploring gender similarities and differences

Objective: to reveal the similarities and differences between female and male discrete offender groups (desisters, persisters, late onseters, and conformers). Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological. Results: while some researchers have concluded that psycho-social predictors of crime are similar across gender, other criminologists have argued that predictors of crime may vary between females and males. The results from this investigation reveal some similarities and differences in the risk factors between discrete offender groups by gender and the predictors of female and male desistance from crimes. Therefore, researchers studying desistance cannot assume the generality of effects of variables across gender; rather, they must also consider the possibility of specific effects of predictors on female and male desistance. Scientific novelty: Over the past several decades, researchers have more fervently examined female offending. The criminal career research paradigm put forth by Blumstein and colleagues in 1986 offers an opportunity for researchers to examine offending, including female offending, from multiple perspectives including onset, persistence, and desistance from a multitude of theoretical traditions. Using data from the National Youth Survey, this investigation examined the similarities and/or differences between female and male discrete offender groups (desisters, persisters, late onseters, and conformers) and theoretical predictors of desistance and persistence from less serious crimes. Results of the research revealed significant gender differences between the discrete offender groups as well as similarities and differences between the genders in predictors of desistance and persistence for less serious crimes. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to preventing and eliminating crimes.

Dual panic theory: new Insight into moral panics

Objective: to comprehensively analyze the moral panic concept, developed in the works by S. Cohen, and to elaborate, on its basis, a new concept – the dual panic theory. Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, sociological. Results: Moral panics have been broadly discussed in the public discourse since S. Cohen’s (1972) seminal text on the topic. Despite copious research, we believe that the theory is in need of expansion due to the increased complexity of societal interactions. Through the lens of an increasingly polarizing American culture, we believe the original concept of moralpanics is overly simplified and no longer encompasses the intricacies of American society. Using the story of the McCloskey family’s 2020 interactions with Black Lives Matter protestors and Goode and Ben-Yehuda’s (1994) definitional criteria, we propose a new, expanded theory of moral panics – Dual Panic Theory. Scientific novelty: based on the analysis of the existing approaches to the moral panic concept, the paper offers and elaborates a new concept – the dual panic theory. It suggests that an event can happen that causes a competing panic by two opposing sides of an issue. Different from a culture war, dual panics are genuine panics about an action rather than a reaction to oppositional outrage from a competing interest group. Goode and Ben-Yehuda argue that researching moral panic cannot be complete without an examination of all societal levels, from elites to grassroots, and the full spectrum from ideology and morality at one end to crass status and material interests at the other. As society has evolved, so too must the theoretical explanations of societal reactions, moral panic or otherwise. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the moral panic concept.

Conceptual principles of defining tasks and functions of law enforcement bodies in the system of state power: theoretical and legal dimension

The article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the tasks and functions of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine through the prism of doctrinal research. Scientific approaches to defining the system of tasks of law enforcement agencies and their functional purpose in the state mechanism are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the problem of the lack of a single normative definition of the term «law enforcement agencies» and clear criteria for assigning state agencies to the category of law enforcement agencies. Various scientific classifications of the tasks of law enforcement agencies were studied, in particular the approaches of V. Belousa, V. Dyachenko, O. Muzychuka, I. Marochkina and V. Afanasyev. Based on their analysis, it was determined that the main tasks of law enforcement agencies are: protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, protection of the constitutional order, combating crime, protection of the economic interests of the state and improvement of law enforcement activities. The expediency of differentiating the tasks of law enforcement bodies into primary ones that need to be performed exclusively by professional workers, and secondary ones that can be delegated to public formations is substantiated. The article analyzes the specifics of the relationship between law enforcement and judicial activities, particularly in the historical context. Attention is focused on the need for a clear distinction between the functions of justice and law enforcement in a modern legal state. It has been established that the formation of the tasks of law enforcement agencies is determined by a number of objective factors, in particular, the needs of the population, the level of development of society, the economic capabilities of the state, and the professional level of civil servants. It was determined that the main tasks of the law enforcement system of the state are fundamental goals in the organization and activities of law enforcement agencies, aimed at ensuring the security and protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, protecting the legitimate interests of the state and society, preserving state sovereignty and territorial integrity, creating effective mechanisms for restoring violated rights and freedoms.

Analisis Kriminologis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang

Human trafficking is a serious crime that continues to evolve at both national and international levels. In Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, human trafficking has become a major issue, particularly concerning the illegal trafficking of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs). This research employs a juridical-empirical approach, using interviews and document studies as data collection techniques. The findings of this study reveal that: (1) The factors contributing to human trafficking in Belu Regency can be categorized into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the perpetrators' motivation to gain quick financial benefits without considering the consequences and the victims' poor economic conditions and lack of awareness of their rights. External factors encompass poverty, low levels of education, limited job opportunities, and weak law enforcement, which creates opportunities for the perpetrators. (2) The modus operandi of the perpetrators involves deception, such as promising high-paying jobs with good working conditions, which ultimately leads to the exploitation of victims. (3) Efforts to combat human trafficking involve preemptive, preventive, and repressive measures. Preemptive efforts include public awareness campaigns, preventive measures focus on monitoring illegal recruitment activities, and repressive measures involve law enforcement actions against the perpetrators.

Moral and ethical aspects in the professional activity of a judge

The article is devoted to the understanding of moral and ethical aspects in the professional activity of a judge, which are formed on the basis of the principles of integrity, impartiality, conscientious performance of professional duties and are the standards that form the basis of public trust in the judiciary and confidence in the proper protection of human rights and freedoms and a citizen. It is emphasized that the judge’s observance of moral and ethical standards in judging and everyday personal life is a guarantee of the formation of the authority of the judiciary, the trust of citizens in the judiciary, as well as faith in a fair court, which is an important component in the process of the establishment and development of a rule of law and a democratic society. It is noted that Ukraine continues to implement reforms of the judicial system, initiated before the full-scale invasion of Russia, focusing on the principles of respect for human dignity, integrity, impartiality, honesty, honor, dignity and professionalism of judges. Also, this approach will contribute to Ukraine’s full and comprehensive fulfillment of the requirements for European integration processes. Attention is focused on the importance of compliance with a number of normative legal acts: the Bangalore principles of the conduct of judges, the Model Code of Professional Conduct, the Code of Judicial Ethics, which confirm that the scope of moral and ethical norms covers the social and legal space, being specified through basic norms and principles in various aspects law enforcement and law enforcement activities. It is noted that when administering justice on behalf of Ukraine, the judge must first of all be aware that his violation of moral and ethical norms negatively affects not only his authority as a judge, but also forms a negative perception of the judiciary in the state, and therefore, raises doubts about the extent to which the state meets international requirements for the administration of justice, as far as it is legal, etc. It is emphasized that ensuring the right of every person to judicial protection based on the establishment of the principle of the rule of law, as well as the administration of justice on behalf of the state of Ukraine on the basis of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine set high requirements for the moral qualities of a judge.