Enforcement Of Rules Research Articles

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) implementation in West Mamprusi Municipal Assembly in Ghana. What do communities think eleven years on?

ObjectiveAccess to improved sanitation is a fundamental human right and an important aspect of Public Health. However, an estimated thousands of people in Ghana especially, the West Mamprusi Municipal Assembly (WMMA) still have no access to adequate toilet facilities. This has brought untold health repercussions to the inhabitants, the community, and the environment at large. To address this menace, the community-led total sanitation (CLTS) was implemented. This study aimed to assess communities’ perspectives on the implementation of CLTS and to understand the factors influencing its success and failures. MethodsA mixed-method approach involving sequential qualitative and quantitative methods was employed in this study. Participants for the quantitative study were randomly selected and surveyed using questionnaires. The qualitative study employed focus group discussion involving purposively sampled participants including assembly members, opinion leaders, and assembly staff. ResultsThe CLTS program in WMMA realized an apparent use of construction and proper use of household latrines leading to a reduction of open defecation free (ODF) and two communities achieving sanitized status in the history of the study area, enabling the training of latrine artisans and natural leaders to facilitate the CLTS expansion and sustainability, improved sanitation and hygiene, strengthened the enforcement of community rules and regulations and many others. ConclusionThe CLTS program has received more widespread acceptance in the study area than the previous government policy of constructing public toilets, which was greeted with massive failures due to poor implementation. To ensure that gains achieved through CLTS implementation are sustained longer, it is recommended that chiefs and opinion leaders should be involved in the CLTS programs to ensure checks and enforcement. The entrenchment of bylaws and more education to address enduring myths and misconceptions will sustain the program. Subsidies in the form of sanitation loans for latrine construction materials by the government and supporting non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will be paramount in sustaining ODF.

Protection and Enforcement of Law Against Insider Trading Crimes in The Indonesian Capital Market

Criminal practices in the capital market are commonly known by the terminology insider trading, a long-standing crime that is not well-known to the public. Insider trading constitutes a legal violation as well as an ethical breach that can pose serious risks to market integrity and harm investors who do not have specific information access. This journal will explore the legal protection and enforcement framework that explains the Indonesian legal framework governing transactions in the capital market in an effort to protect the public from insider trading. Legal protection includes the enforcement of provisions found in laws, regulations, and supervisory mechanisms applied by financial authorities, which is essential to create a fair and efficient market. Therefore, understanding the effectiveness of existing laws and enforcement of rules is crucial to protecting the public from insider trading crimes. This journal is expected to provide knowledge to enhance and develop legal science, particularly related to the analysis of insider trading law enforcement in the capital market in Indonesia. This journal is hoped to provide input and recommendations for authorities and stakeholders involved in providing legal protection to the public for the enforcement of laws in accordance with the provisions of the Indonesian Capital Market Law.

Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Berdasarkan Rasio Likuiditas dan Solvabilitas Pada PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk

Financial performance is an analysis that is carried out to see to what extent a company has implemented and applied the rules of financial enforcement properly and correctly. By measuring financial performance, it can be seen the prospects of growth and development of the company. A company is said to be successful when it has achieved a certain set performance. The purpose of this research is to find out the financial performance based on the ratio of liquidity and solvency in the PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk period 2018-2022. This type of research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study is the annual financial report of Bank Muamalat for the period 2018-2022. Data collection techniques are documentation and library with data analysis using miscrosof exel software. The research results show the financial performance of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia based on the liquidity ratio for the 2018-2022 period is in the unhealthy category. This can be seen from the quick ratio indicator in 2018-2020 in the unhealthy category but in 2021 and 2022 the healthy category, the cash ratio value in the unhealthy category, the loan to deposit ratio in the unhealthy category, the assets to loan ratio in the healthy category in accordance with Bank regulations Indonesia. Financial performance of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia based on its solvency ratio for the 2018-2022 period is in the healthy category. This can be seen from the Primary Ratio indicator in the healthy category. The secondary risk ratio indicator is in the unhealthy category. The capital ratio indicator is in the healthy category in accordance with Bank Indonesia regulations

The prison-based Therapeutic Community: Resident recommendations for program improvement

IntroductionThe prison-based Therapeutic Community (TC) is widely used within correctional institutions to address substance use disorders (SUDs). While most evaluations of the prison-based TC find the program to be effective, recent mixed evidence and the continued surge of the opioid crisis call for deeper investigation into program operations, barriers to engagement, and sources of treatment effect heterogeneity. Notably lacking from prior evaluations, and critical to our understanding of variable program engagement, is first-hand experiences and perceptions from program participants. MethodsTo assess prison-based TC resident perceptions of the program and their recommendations for improvement, we utilize data from the Therapeutic Community Prison Inmate Network Study (TC-PINS), a longitudinal data collection effort conducted in one prison-based TC unit within a Pennsylvania state prison. Specifically, we assess resident responses to the open-ended item “What can the TC do better?” Analyzing 470 responses to this question by 177 residents, two independent coders identified seven substantive categories of recommended changes or improvements to their TC program. ResultsResidents provided tangible recommendations for improvement of their prison-based TC program based on their experiences and perceptions. Importantly, a number of their recommendations directly counter the intended model of the TC, which highlights imperative issues underlying the translation of the TC model within the prison environment. Resident suggestions include enhanced structure, increased individualization, expanded curriculum, stricter enforcement of rules, and improved or more experienced staff. Additionally, many question the coercive nature of TC program participation within this prison system. ConclusionsResident recommendations for program improvement unveil important sources of treatment effect heterogeneity and highlight tangible program changes that can be implemented to reduce barriers to treatment engagement. We provide suggested changes to this prison-based TC based on resident perceptions and discuss both the importance and relative ease of eliciting this critical participant feedback.

Carrots rather than sticks: Governance of voluntary sustainability standards and farmer welfare in Peru

AbstractAligned with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have gained prominence as market‐based tools for sustainability governance. However, whether VSS improve economic sustainability remains subject to vigorous debate. A major limitation of the evidence base is that it does not systematically examine which VSS design attributes affect their impact. In this study, we develop a conceptual framework disentangling three main governance mechanisms through which VSS may affect farmer welfare, which we operationalize using secondary data from a nationally representative farm household survey in Peru. Our results underscore the dominant role of market‐based incentives, followed by capacity‐building, while rule enforcement with good agricultural practices has no effect on farm revenue. Additionally, organizational membership is found to amplify the revenue effects of VSS through market‐based incentives. Our findings advocate VSS organizations to strengthen market‐based incentives and capacity‐building, while improving standard setting and enforcement to effectively improve economic sustainability.

Kurangnya Kesadaran Mahasiswa dalam Membuang Sampah Pada Tempatnya di Lingkungan Kampus

The aim of this research is to determine students' awareness of the importance of disposing of rubbish in the right place, which is an important part of maintaining a clean campus environment. However, this lack of awareness often becomes a detrimental problem, reflecting a lack of understanding of the negative impacts of this behavior. Several factors that may influence this lack of awareness include a lack of environmental education, ignorance of environmental impacts, and a lack of enforcement of regulations related to waste management. The importance of improving student awareness in this regard cannot be overstated, considering their important role in maintaining the cleanliness and sustainability of the campus environment. Therefore, coordinated efforts are needed between educational institutions, local governments and the community to increase students' awareness of the importance of disposing of waste in the right place through education, social campaigns and consistent enforcement of rules. In this way, it is hoped that a clean, healthy and sustainable campus environment can be created for the entire academic community.

Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia jako sprawca szkody antymonopolowej

Both in the European Union law and in the Polish national order, there is a comprehensive model of competition protection law enforcement, which includes: public and private competition rules enforcement. Private enforcement is carried out individually by entities aggrieved by the unlawful conduct of other entities by submitting a lawsuit under the Act on Claims for Compensation for Damage Caused by Violation of Competition Law. In compensation proceedings, it is necessary to identify the perpetrator of the antitrust damage. The concept of the perpetrator of antimonopoly damage also covers entities that organize or provide services of general interest without carrying out economic activity. The content of the publication, on the basis of legal regulations, available literature and judicates, is an attempt to answer the questions whether the National Health Fund, as a public entity not oriented towards making a profit, may be qualified as an entrepreneur who is the perpetrator of anti-monopoly damage and is obliged to repair it, and whether a civil court in the compensation proceedings may not qualify the National Health Fund as an entrepreneur that may be the perpetrator of antitrust damage?

Determinants of Road Traffic Crash Fatalities: A Case of Road Accidents in India, 2004–2018

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence deaths in road accidents in India. The study uses panel econometric methodologies such as the fixed effects model, random effects model, and Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable technique to achieve this goal. Unobserved heterogeneity between states/union territories (UTs) and time is accounted for by time-fixed and state-fixed effects. Based on the panel data set from Indian states/UTs for the period 2004–2018, the study confirms previous results that motorisation, population, urbanisation and income level are all potential contributors to road accidents and fatalities. It also shows that spending on health care and law enforcement appears to help the Indian states minimise mortality in road traffic accidents. On the one hand, spending on health care facilities can provide health-related assistance to persons who have been involved in traffic accidents; on the other hand, spending on police increases the enforcement of rules, resulting in a reduction in traffic accidents. Thus, to lessen the economic and financial cost of road accidents in the country, the government should focus on boosting both per capita health expenditure and per capita police expenditure. JEL Codes: C23, C26, H51, I18, L92, O18, R41, R42

Mobile phones and moral order: Children’s appropriation of and accounting for digital media rules in schools

This study explores children’s appropriation of media rules in a group of boys (10 years) in Sweden. The analysis is based on focus-group interviews where rules regulating children’s use of mobile phones in school was discussed. Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, the focus is on how rules are made sense of and appropriated, and how this contributes to establishing, negotiating, and sustaining a moral order for digital media use. The findings show that the children justify rules by discussing them in relation to their school context, through criticism of the enforcement of rules, and through navigating different rule systems.

Enforcement of Multilateral Trade Regulation by Non-State Actors – Desirable and Feasible?

Abstract Since its inception, the inter-state dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organisation has generally been praised for effectively protecting the rule of law in international trade relations. While the relatively recent dismantling of this system does not necessarily mean the end of the WTO nor of the binding nature of its rules, the current crisis may be a good opportunity to reconsider the role of the rule of law in international trade relations and the ways in which it could further be accommodated. One suggestion, occasionally raised in the past, would be strengthening the enforcement of WTO rules by opening it to private action, either before national courts or through international adjudication. After all, the latter has been widely available to foreign investors covered by thousands of international investment agreements in force for decades. This contribution recalls the reasons behind the current lack of private enforcement of WTO law and argues that developments in international trade relations and experiences with investor-state dispute settlement are likely to work against rather than in favor of its introduction in the foreseeable future. Increased transparency and institutionalisation of non-state actors’ role in trade enforcement is therefore recommended instead.

Self-Governance in Condominium Housing in Tanzania

Despite the ever-growing preference of self-governance in a set of diverse, multi-unit buildings being built in cities around the world, scholarly discussion of how this form of housing is governed and potential inefficiencies with the self-governing since at least the 2010s in the context of countries of the global South is both limited and presented in anecdote. Reflecting on Ostrom’s (1990) common pool resources principles, the study aimed to highlight patterns of interaction; and to see whether commonly held views about self-governance are borne out in practice. A case study approach that involved surveys of condominium homeowners, and interviews with house management committee chairs or members, along with document review was applied. Findings showed underlying forces that preclude functional and sustainable self-governing communities are unsatisfactory participation and weak enforcement of house rules, which are in turn driven by conflicting interests among homeowners, the lack of adequate information, discrepancies in the legal mechanism, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. These issues can give rise to serious damage to building fabrics and social cohesion, hence the emphasis on implementing plausible dispute resolution mechanisms, preparing guidelines and standards on how condominiums can be effectively governed and ensuring individual cooperate and free-riding issues are avoided. Understanding the behavior of individuals within a space for interaction is also crucial for self-governing institutions to function successfully

Особенности регистрации прав супругов на недвижимое имущество на основании брачного договора: проблемы теории и практики

In this article, the author examines the problems of theory and practice caused by the need to determine the moment of emergence of the right of separate ownership of spouses in relation to real estate in the event of their concluding a marriage contract. The influence of the latter on the emergence of mutual rights and obligations of spouses is determined, the specifics of real estate as an object of their separate property are identified, the difficulties of law enforcement of rules on registration in the unified register of spouses’ rights to such property, determined by the influence of such a special basis as a marriage contract, are determined.

Psychological Flexibility Training for Community Corrections Staff: A Pilot Project Examining Impact on Burnout

ABSTRACT Corrections staff experience high levels of stress due to large caseloads and difficulty managing the challenges of being both a rule enforcer and agent of behavior change. These factors can contribute to myriad professional and personal challenges including burnout. Very few existing interventions have been examined to improve burnout in community corrections staff. The current study examined the impact of a brief psychological flexibility training (PFT) program for burnout among community-based corrections staff. This novel program was based on principles of acceptance and mindfulness and delivered via 3 virtual sessions over 8 weeks. This pilot test of PFT was conducted with a sample of corrections staff (N = 99) by collecting pre-intervention and follow-up data on self-reported psychological flexibility and burnout. Results indicated that burnout decreased from pre-treatment to follow-up, and psychological flexibility increased. Levels of psychological flexibility at follow-up predicted decreased burnout. This small exploratory pilot indicates that PFT has potential for improving psychological flexibility and burnout in corrections staff.

Assessing groundwater quality dynamics in Madhya Pradesh: Chemical contaminants and their temporal patterns

Groundwater is essential for maintaining ecosystem health and overall well-being as a pivotal resource for plants and animals. The increasing public consciousness of the deterioration of groundwater quality has emphasized the significance of undertaking extended evaluations of groundwater water quality, particularly in regions undergoing substantial hydrological alterations. This study primarily aims to investigate the spatio-temporal variations in groundwater quality and evaluate its suitability for potable purposes in the region of Madhya Pradesh. The study combines the Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen's Slope (SS) to analyze the changes in groundwater quality of all 51 districts of Madhya Pradesh, India, utilizing 12 water quality indices using MATLAB. Data was sourced from the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in India from the year 2001–2021. The data was then tested for homogeneity at all 1154 sampling stations using the software XLSTAT. Piper plot clustering characterized the state's groundwater as bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium (HCO3−-Ca2+-Mg2+) type. The study found that the groundwater in the area is heavily impacted by high levels of nitrate and hardness, which is caused by an increase in multivalent cations. The water was classified as ranging from hard to extremely hard, and approximately 25.49% of the state's groundwater has nitrate levels that exceed the acceptable limits. The MK test showed a significant increasing correlation in trends for parameters such as nitrate, sulfate, fluoride, chloride, bicarbonate, total hardness, and electrical conductivity. It also showed a significant decreasing correlation for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. These results were observed at a confidence level of 95%. The analysis of trends has shown that human-related factors have a considerable effect on the characteristics of groundwater quality. It is therefore recommended that such human-related factors be taken into consideration when developing policies for managing groundwater resources. Consequently, these policies should emphasize the strict enforcement of rules and standards that limit the overuse of fertilizers, ensure the appropriate disposal of municipal solid and liquid wastes, and regulate industrial pollutants.

사회복지사업법 시행규칙 개정 이후 사회복지 현장실습 운영현황과 개선방안

The social welfare field practicum is a fundamental part of the social welfare discipline, representing its identity as an applied social science. In August 2019, the Enforcement Rule of Social Welfare Services Act was revised to address the issues of over-issuing social worker certificates and to strengthen field practicum requirements in order to promote professionalism. As a result of this revision, significant changes have been made to the field practicum since 2020. The purpose of this study is to identify the experiences of each practicum subject, including universities, educational institutions, students, and placement agencies, in field practicum after the revision. Additionally, this study aims to propose ways to improve social welfare education in Korea. The survey was conducted from July to August 2021 and included 95 universities and educational institutions, 318 students, and 2,051 placement agencies. The analysis results indicate that there are differences in the management of field practicum instructors, seminars, and orientation, as well as in the payment of practicum fees and institutional support, depending on the type of educational institution. Overall, students evaluated their practicum experience positively, but also reported unsatisfactory and unfair experiences. The study revealed varying perspectives on the revision of the Enforcement Rules depending on the type of educational institution. Based on these findings, the study proposes the initiation of a social welfare field practicum certification system for social welfare educational institutions. It also suggests the establishment of a consultative board that includes all educational institutions and stakeholders. Additionally, the study recommends improving the management of practicum fees, highlighting the need for standardized education plans and teaching for field practicum, and preparing fundamental ways to improve the field practicum system.

감염관리담당인력을 위한 감염관리교육프로그램 운영실태 및 교육요구에 관한 연구

This study was the basic data necessary to develop a training program for infection control personnel by understanding the present status and needs of infection control training programs. This is a mixed-method research using a mixture of descriptive surveys and focus interviews. A descriptive study was conducted in 9 institutions that satisfied the criteria as a training institution for those working in infection control office under the Enforcement Rules of the Medical Service Act. For the study, a survey was conducted from October 31 to November 7, 2022. Focus group interviews were conducted separately with six doctors and six nurses. Survey results showed that 31 training programs on infection control were conducted in 2022 at the nine institutions, with 5,179 participants and an average duration of 9.32 hours. About 64.5% of the cases were participants of the training program involved in two or more occupations, and there was no separate training program for other participants recognized by the heads of medical institutions. As for the training methods, face-to-face and online schemes showed similar results in the survey, but the subjects preferred face-to-face education. In this study, there was a lack of specialized training programs tailored to various types of medical institutions and training programs targeting some occupations. Therefore, cooperative efforts by each organization are needed to establish governance to set up a step-by-step infection control education system that can meet education demans and provide systematic education, such as integrating or developing new programs.

Safety measures in the workplace: a case study of Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) vehicle plate manufacturing plant, Ojodu – Lagos, Nigeria

Introduction: Hazards associated with vehicle number plate manufacturing processes in developing countries have not been well elucidated. There is a need to investigate hazards in the vehicle number plate manufacturing plant. The study aimed to identify self-reported hazards in the vehicle plate manufacturing factory, explore their effect on workers’ health and recommend mitigation strategies. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of workers in the vehicle plate manufacturing plant was done to identify hazards, protective measures and self-reported effects on workers’ health. Biochemical analysis of blood samples was also done and outliers were noted. ANOVA test was performed to determine differences in mean values of selected biochemical parameters. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Exposure to toxic chemicals 38(69%), excessive noise 36 (65%) and heat 28 (51%) were the major hazards in the factory. Major health problems were stress and fatigue 41 (71%), skin disorders 28 (51%), respiratory problems 18 (33%) and hearing loss 16 (29%). More than one quarter, 17 (30 %) of the workers admitted not using personal protective equipment (PPE) regularly. Periodic medical tests were not done for 13 (24%) of the workers. Potassium (3%), Urea (10%), Creatinine (7%), Aspartate transaminase (18%) and Alanine transaminase (8%) were elevated among the workers but no significant association could be established between elevated levels and work post. Conclusion: Workers in the plate number manufacturing plant were mostly exposed to toxic chemicals and noise. Elevated electrolyte levels cut across departments. There is a need for better enforcement of safety rules, and periodic medical examinations should be conducted more consistently.

The Institution of Special Court Rulings in Civil Procedure: Problems of Application

The institution of a special court ruling is one of the procedural tools that ensures that courts of general jurisdiction, when considering cases in civil proceedings, strengthen the rule of law and prevent offenses. Special court rulings have a long history of development: they have gone from a mandatory form of procedural reaction of the court to detected violations of the rule of law or the rules of the socialist community to a response measure of the court to cases of violations of the rule of law attributed to its discretionary powers. At the same time, with the adoption of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the importance and effectiveness of the institution of a special court ruling have significantly decreased. Judicial statistics indicate that there is a long-term and gradually developing trend towards a decrease in the number of private rulings issued by courts of general jurisdiction in civil cases. This situation is caused by fragmented and incomplete legal regulation, its ambiguous interpretation, diversely developing judicial practice and the lack of clarification of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the practice of applying the institute of a special court ruling. In addition, the procedure for monitoring the enforcement of special court rulings by authorized persons in terms of informing them to the court about the measures taken to eliminate and prevent further violations of the rule of law goes beyond the function of the court to administer justice and imposes on the court the duties inherent in control (supervisory) bodies. The above circumstances raise questions about the necessity and expediency of having the institution of special court rulings in civil proceedings in its current form, as well as about the prospects for its further improvement.

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

‶Don’t Say Neigh, Say Yay”

Firm Formalization Strategy: The Interaction of Entrepreneurs and Government Officials in the Enforcement of Regulation

This research investigates how entrepreneurs in an early-stage market economy decide their level of compliance with formal rules and finds the manner in which they interact with government officials to operate on a continuum of formality. Focusing on the nonmarket strategy approaches entrepreneurs employ to establish relationships with government officials, we build a model that shows how entrepreneurs adopt strategies aligned with their firm’s level of formality, spanning low to high formality practices. We draw on qualitative interview data from entrepreneurs who exhibit varying levels of compliance with state-provided rules and guidelines. We inductively theorize that deciding the firms’ level of formality involves strategic interaction approaches with government officials responsible for rule enforcement. Our findings highlight that the interaction strategies entrepreneurs use hinge on the political capital they possess, eliciting the desired response from government officials, and dissuading the officials from enforcing formal rules or imposing sanctions for informality. We offer theoretical and policy implications for future work on the nuances of firm formality and the interaction between entrepreneurs and government officials.