Energy System Architecture Research Articles

Day-ahead optimal dispatching for airport integrated energy system based on load-storage coordination

Airports are characterized by high energy consumption, with the cooling supply load being the primary contributor. Fully exploiting the optimization potential by utilizing the elastic characteristics of cooling supply load is the key to energy saving and decarbonization of airports. Firstly, this paper proposes to build a load-storage integrated energy system architecture by incorporating the ice storage system; secondly, a day-ahead optimal dispatching model with the goal of minimizing operating costs and carbon emissions is established; finally, taking an airport as an example, the NSGA-II algorithm is applied to solving the model, and various typical scenarios are compared and analysed. The daily photovoltaic consumption rate and indoor temperature range are used to evaluate the dispatching results. The system optimal dispatching model improves its performance greatly compared to the design condition, with a reduction of 33.3% for the operating cost and 31.9% for the carbon emissions. Five scenarios are included in the optimization project to characterize different environmental conditions, and the results demonstrate that the proposed optimization model can almost achieve full photovoltaic consumption while ensuring that the indoor temperature is in the passengers' comfort zone in the face of different degrees of photovoltaic output fluctuations and outdoor temperatures. Research outcomes in this paper provide a reference for improving the energy flexibility potential of airports.

Determining the Upper Economic Limit of Wind Fleets

Wind fleets have become significant energy sources within national grids. However, future expansion of wind fleet capacity may result in little incremental benefit due to the inability of present grid architectures to absorb high levels of excess generation. Determining the upper economic limit is a topical issue but its solution is complicated by variations in energy system architectures and local weather conditions, making energy models essential to system planning. This paper outlines a simplified methodology, referred to as the histogram model, to calculate the upper economic limit for wind fleets, based on annual data for energy generation, recorded at hourly intervals, and the system’s headroom, defined as the difference between base load and demand. The amount of ‘useful energy’ is derived from the wind energy frequency table, the total installed wind fleet capacity, and the headroom. The calculations lead to values for the incremental decarbonisation cost, which can be directly compared to the cost of decarbonisation for gas-based energy generation. The results indicate that the upper economic limit is a wind fleet capacity of 3 times the headroom, where 78% of the required energy is derived from wind and the wind fleet efficiency is 82% (18%of the available wind energy is shed). The development of the model has implications for energy planners, who can now more easily simulate the performance of energy systems as a function of various input parameters. Keywords: Economic Limit, Incremental Decarbonisation, Wind, Histogram Model

Multi energy complementary optimization scheduling method for wind solar energy storage and charging integrated energy system

Abstract IES (The Integrated Energy System), consisting of distributed wind and solar power generation and multiple types of loads for cooling, heating, and electrical systems, is an important application scenario in the current energy configuration. It is not possible to balance multiple objectives like economy, carbon emissions, and wind and solar energy curtailment. Furthermore, there are numerous equipment that have multiple energy flows, complex conversion processes, and multiple scheduling requirements. Therefore, multi-objective optimization and minute-level scheduling strategies are key technologies to improve the utilization efficiency of comprehensive energy systems. This article proposes a comprehensive method for optimizing and scheduling energy systems that is based on multi-objective optimization and multi-time scale decomposition. Firstly, a comprehensive energy system architecture for wind solar storage and charging was constructed, and its operational characteristics were analyzed. Then, a multi-objective optimization scheduling model was established, which comprehensively considered multiple objectives such as system operating cost, minimum carbon emissions, and minimum wind and solar curtailment rate. Through time scale decomposition, the optimization scheduling problem was transformed into multiple subproblems and solved separately. Finally, it was verified through a case study. The simulation results show that the constructed model reduces the total operating cost by 5%, the wind abandonment rate by 7%, and the carbon emissions by 5.6% compared to the system without energy storage and charging piles. This verifies the effectiveness of the constructed model, reduces the system operating cost, and reduces the impact on the environment; compared with the DA-P (Day Ahead Programming), the proposed optimization method reduced the system’s electricity purchase cost by 7.51%, increased renewable energy utilization by 11%, and reduced carbon emissions by 6.1%. This verifies the feasibility of the proposed method in reducing system operating costs, improving system environmental protection, and stabilizing the system.

Co-simulation platform for the assessment of transactive energy systems

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into smart grids provides great flexibility in terms of ancillary services like the restoration of power supply, regulation of voltage levels, and reactive power support, among others. In this context, this work introduces a simulation model applied in the conception of a transactive energy system (TES) architecture. The proposed approach allows for the integration of distinct domains associated with smart grids considering the joint use of simulation tools that constitute a multidomain system, thus enabling the assessment of control actions, optimization algorithms, load flow, and communication infrastructure. The Simulation Model for Transactive Energy Systems (SIMTES) framework relies on a multiagent system (MAS) and consists of two main stages: operation scheduling and real-time operation. The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of SIMTES, showing that the use of DERs associated with the grid and prosumers clearly influences energy pricing in electricity markets.

Economic analysis based on saline water treatment using renewable energy system and microgrid architecture

Abstract Reverse osmosis desalination facilities operating on microgrids (MGs) powered by renewable energy are becoming more significant. A leader-follower structured optimization method underlies the suggested algorithm. The desalination plant is divided into components, each of which can be operated separately as needed. MGs are becoming an important part of smart grids, which incorporate distributed renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage devices, and load control strategies. This research proposes novel techniques in economic saline water treatment based on MG architecture integrated with a renewable energy systems. This study offers an optimization framework to simultaneously optimize saline as well as freshwater water sources, decentralized renewable and conventional energy sources to operate water-energy systems economically and efficiently. The radial Boltzmann basis machine is used to analyse the salinity of water. Data on water salinity were used to conduct the experimental analysis, which was evaluated for accuracy, precision, recall, and specificity as well as computational cost and kappa coefficient. The proposed method achieved 88% accuracy, 65% precision, 59% recall, 65% specificity, 59% computational cost, and 51% kappa coefficient.

Application prospect and key technologies of digital twin technology in the integrated port energy system

Introduction: The structure of green and low-carbon ports is complex, and an integrated port energy system with complex characteristics such as multi-energy flow coupling and information physical fusion has been formed.Methods: Digital twin technology provides a new solution for the perception, analysis, and optimization of integrated port energy system. The paper explores the digital twin of integrated port energy system. Based on the development trend and function of integrated port energy system, the digital twin of integrated port energy system architecture is proposed to explore its potential application services. Specifically, considering the functions and structural characteristics of the port, the digital space of integrated port energy system is established, which describes the pan electrification, multi energy flow fusion, the “physics-information-value” coupling, and the characteristics of system operation under uncertain scenarios of integrated port energy system from the physical and data dimensions. The hybrid driving method based on data and mechanism is used to explore digital twin of integrated port energy system and find potential better applications.Results and discussion: Finally, combined with the current development needs of integrated port energy system, this paper analyzes the key problems and technologies that need to be broken through in the specific implementation of digital twin of integrated port energy system, with a view to providing some thoughts and references for the low-carbon development of ports and the future application of digital twin technology under the goal of “double carbon”.

Research on fuzzy control strategy of PMSM electric braking considering state constraints

The PMSM drive system is widely used in new energy vehicles, and the rational design of the electric braking control strategy can maximize the recovery of energy during the braking process of the vehicle and improve the energy utilization rate of the vehicle. This paper firstly analyzes the energy system architecture of PMSM driving electric vehicle. Then the braking range, braking intensity and vehicle speed are classified and the braking intention is accurately identified based on the fuzzy control strategy. And, the braking strategy is modified by considering the braking constraints of the PMSM and the state constraints of the power battery. Finally, a test platform is built to verify the designed control strategy under six typical braking conditions.

The Architecture Optimization and Energy Management Technology of Aircraft Power Systems: A Review and Future Trends

With the development of More/All-Electric Aircraft, especially the progress of hybrid electrical propulsion or electrical propulsion aircraft, the problem of optimizing the energy system design and operation of the aircraft must be solved regarding the increasing electrical power demand-limited thermal sink capability. The paper overviews the state of the art in architecture optimization and an energy management system for the aircraft power system. The basic design method for power system architecture optimization in aircraft is reviewed from the multi-energy form in this paper. Renewable energy, such as the photo-voltaic battery and the fuel cell, is integrated into the electrical power system onboard which can also make the problem of optimal energy distribution in the aircraft complex because of the uncertainty and power response speed. The basic idea and research progress for the optimization, evaluation technology, and dynamic management control methods of the aircraft power system are analyzed and presented in this paper. The trend in optimization methods of engineering design for the energy system architecture in aircraft was summarized and derived from the multiple objective optimizations within the constraint conditions, such as weight, reliability, safety, efficiency, and characteristics of renewable energy. The cost function, based on the energy efficiency and power quality, was commented on and discussed according to different power flow relationships in the aircraft. The dynamic control strategies of different microgrid architectures in aircraft are compared with other methods in the review paper. Some integrated energy management optimization strategies or methods for electrical propulsion aircraft and more electric aircraft were reviewed. The mathematical consideration and expression of the energy optimization technologies of aircraft were analyzed and compared with some features and solution methods. The thermal and electric energy coupling relationship research field is discussed with the power quality and stability of the aircraft power system with some reference papers. Finally, the future energy interaction optimization problem between the airport microgrid and electric propulsion aircraft power system was also discussed and predicted in this review paper. Based on the state of the art technology development for EMS and architecture optimization, this paper intends to present the industry’s common sense and future trends on aircraft power system electrification and proposes an EMS+TMS+PHM to follow in the electrified aircraft propulsion system architecture selection

Integrated Energy Resource Planning within a Modern Society

There is a wide range of tools that are used to manage the energy sector, and the number of these tools is constantly growing. These tools include integrated energy planning. A tool of great importance for the energy system operation at the level of increased performance, integrated planning of energy resources can contribute to the acceleration of this sector’s evolution strategy, to changes in the behaviour of operational management, to choosing and imposing an energy system architecture, which could functionally overlap with the national energy system. Through the present research, the authors have set themselves the objective to identify viable solutions regarding the development of the country’s energy sector, using the integrated planning tool of energy resources, as an optimal way to make the energy sector more efficient.

Energy Management for Internet of Things via Distributed Systems

The distributed energy system (DES) architecture is subject to confusion about renewable energy limits, primary energy supply and energy carriers' costs. For the grid to use unreliable electricity sources, the end-user's on-demand presence in the intelligent energy management context is essential. The participation of end-users could influence the management of the system and the volatility of energy prices. By delivering auxiliary services using demand side-resource to increase system reliability, robust planning, constraint control and scheduling, consumers may support grid operators. The optimized approach to managing energy resources enhances demand response to renewable energy sources integrally, controls the demand curve with load versatility as the system requires it. The opportunity to adjust/regulate the charging profile by choosing a particular device. This article discusses a literature and policy analysis that looks at the role of energy management system aggregators and the end-users participating in subsidiary systems within Smart Grid programmers and technologies. In the implementation of aggregators for energy management systems, the objective is to understand the patterns, threats, obstacles and potential obstacles.

Lost generation: Reflections on resilience and flexibility from an energy system architecture perspective

Whole energy system modelling is a valuable tool to support the development of policy to decarbonise energy systems, and has been used extensively in the UK for this purpose. However, quantitative insights produced by such models necessarily omit potentially important features of physical and engineering reality. The authors argue that important socio-technical insights can be gained by studying critical events such as the loss of 2.1 GW generation from the electricity system of Great Britain on 9th August 2019, in conjunction with literature on the behaviour of complex systems. Among these insights is the idea that models of the operation and evolution of energy systems can never be complete. Both system behaviour (operation) and the emergence and evolution of structure in such systems are formally uncomputable. This provides a starting point for a discussion of the need for additional tools, drawn from the System Architecture literature, to support the design and realisation of future, fully-decarbonised systems with high penetrations of renewable energy. Desirable properties of System Architectures, including current and future Energy System Architectures, are discussed. These include resilience and flexibility, for which there is an extensive literature. They also include the properties of comprehensibility, which helps to make complex systems easier to operate, and of evolvability, for which a working definition is offered.

MARKET MECHANISM FORMATION FOR STIMULATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY ACCUMULATION SYSTEMS IN UKRAINE

development of energy storage systems. The current state of energy storage systems in Ukraine is studied. The capacity of the segment of energy storage systems in the energy market, due to the need to meet the requirements of the European Energy Community on the flexibility of the integrated energy system, renewable energy sources and the objective need to use such systems as system service providers. The sufficiency of market and state incentives for the broad application and development of energy storage technologies in the conditions of quasi-competitive and full-scale electricity market of Ukraine is determined, taking into account the perspective tendencies of energy development. The cost and benefit analysis of investment projects for installation and operation of energy storage systems for three most common and prospective types of applications for the Ukrainian electricity market: participation in the market of ancillary system services, participation in the balancing market and system constraints reduction (renewables) is conducted. The sensitivity of project indicators of these types of applications is analyzed depending on the number of parameters: variations in specific capital expenditures, green tariff rates, market prices "day ahead" and market conditions of system services. It is substantiated that in Ukraine the energy storage systems are the most promising as the providers of system services for primary regulation of frequency and power, a sufficient reserve of which is one of the conditions for integration of the Ukrainian power system into the European energy system ENTSO-E, ancillary services through auctions for the provision of primary regulation services with a long-term time horizon. Regarding the prospects for the development of decentralized energy system, it is proved that the development of decentralized storage systems consisting of industrial facilities, substations and other low-capacity energy facilities has great potential with reformatting the energy system architecture to "smart grid" standards to form fundamentally new economic incentives for the development of energy storage systems.

Research on Smart Energy System Technology Based on Cloud Computing Platform

Based on the social and economic development, environmental protection needs, industrial policies and other smart energy systems have brought a new round of great changes compared with the traditional energy structure. Now the development of information technology provides a strong technical support for the transformation and upgrading of traditional energy to smart energy. This paper combines cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other emerging technologies to enable the traditional energy system, a smart energy system architecture based on cloud computing platform is proposed, which connects the bottom layer to the top layer of the energy system, and realizes the comprehensive integration of physical energy flow, information flow and value flow of smart energy.

Heat Decarbonisation Modelling Approaches in the UK: An Energy System Architecture Perspective

Energy models have been widely applied to the analysis of energy system decarbonisation to assess the options and costs of a transition to a low carbon supply. However, questions persist as to whether they are able to effectively represent and assess heat decarbonisation pathways for the buildings sector. A range of limitations have been identified, including a poor spatio-temporal resolution, limited representation of behaviour, and restricted representation of the full technical option set. This paper undertakes a review of existing energy models for heat decarbonisation in the UK, applying the novel perspective of energy system architecture (ESA). A set of ESA-related features are identified (including evolvability, flexibility, robustness, and feasibility), and models are reviewed against these features. The review finds that a range of models exist that have strengths across different features of ESA, suggesting that multiple modelling approaches are needed in order to adequately address the heat decarbonisation challenge. However, opportunities to improve existing models and develop new approaches also exist, and a research agenda is therefore proposed.

A Comprehensive Survey of RAN Architectures Toward 5G Mobile Communication System

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication system aims to deliver a ubiquitous mobile service with enhanced quality of service (QoS). It is also expected to enable new use-cases for various vertical industrial applications-such as automobiles, public transportation, medical care, energy, public safety, agriculture, entertainment, manufacturing, and so on. Rapid increases are predicted to occur in user density, traffic volume, and data rate. This calls for novel solutions to the requirements of both mobile users and vertical industries in the next decade. Among various available options, one that appears attractive is to redesign the network architecture-more specifically, to reconstruct the radio access network (RAN). In this paper, we present an inclusive and comprehensive survey on various RAN architectures toward 5G, namely cloud-RAN, heterogeneous cloud-RAN, virtualized cloud-RAN, and fog-RAN. We compare them from various perspectives, such as energy consumption, operations expenditure, resource allocation, spectrum efficiency, system architecture, and network performance. Moreover, we review the key enabling technologies for 5G systems, such as multi-access edge computing, network function virtualization, software-defined networking, and network slicing; and some crucial radio access technologies (RATs), such as millimeter wave, massive multi-input multi-output, device-to-device communication, and massive machine-type communication. Last but not least, we discuss the major research challenges in 5G RAN and 5G RATs and identify several possible directions of future research.

Opportunities of power-to-gas technology in different energy systems architectures

This paper presents an overview of power-to-gas opportunities. Power-to-gas technology is gaining more and more popularity. It can provide large and long-term storage for increasing share of renewable sources in the energy system. In this paper, we would like to review the role of the power-to-gas system in different energy system architectures. Authors have analyzed the literature in the context of the problems, which could be solved by power-to-gas technology. Additionally, different assessment such as techno-economic, Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-criteria decision analysis for power-to-gas were revised.

Computational approach to enhance performance of photovoltaic system inverters interfaced to utility grids

Switch-model power electronic inverters are heavily deployed as the main technology in enabling flow of variable DC power into the AC grid. Various distributed energy system (DES) architectures have been designed depending on many attributes including size and application of the installed system. The reliability of the power electronic interfaces (PEI), i.e. inverters is critical in all these architectures. Recent studies demonstrate enhanced operation of a PEI can be reached by optimum adjustment of its controller parameters. While conventional tuning methods are mostly based on trial and error, their optimum performance can be achieved for primarily first-order systems. For systems with increasing number of PEIs or more complexity, application of these tuning methods becomes challenging and expensive. Thus, considering the operational performance of DES, a controller self-tuning methodology has been presented for PEIs with particle swarm optimisation capability. The optimal parameters for both kW-scale and multi-megawatt PV systems' inverters are determined via a time-domain performance objective function. Typical PV system performances are presented for step changes and dynamic weather conditions. Effectiveness of the controller self-tuning methodology has been demonstrated via the reduction of transient energy, when the system is subjected to dynamic changes and disturbances.

Future energy and electric power systems and smart technologies

In this paper, we describe, first, the present status and the tasks toward the future of energy systems in Japan from the viewpoint of 3E+S. 3E+S means energy security, environmental conservation, economic efficiency, and safety. Second, we describe the future energy society in 2030 and 2050, respectively. We introduce a large picture of the total energy system considering the energy resources, conversion, transportation, storage, consumption, control, and system architecture. For the image of 2030, the Japanese government has already announced the middle‐term (2030) energy demand and supply on July 16, 2015. For 2050, we assume three cases regarding the renewable energy installations: the status quo of 2030 covering 22–24% of the total consumption, and 50 and 100% of the total consumption. In the last section, we describe smart technologies to support the envisioned society in 2030 and 2050. We also introduce the reference architecture model. To achieve 80% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in 2050, the innovations at the consumer side, such as the large‐scale renewable energy resources and storage installations, utilization of electrified vehicles, distributed energy management systems including virtual power plants, and system integration, will become very important in addition to innovations at the supply side. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A Study on Preliminary Architectural Orientation Design Methodologies for Sustainability

The objective of this study is to present and to analyze preliminary orientation design factors in the design stage of sustainable architecture in the viewpoint of technocentrism. Typically people interpret solar energy system architecture as simply being part of a mechanical system. Yet, even before considering energy-consuming physical systems in buildings, it is very important to consider the outer parameters of sustainable design factors and the design process itself for the effective and suitable energy-saving design methodology. By analyzing the evolving phases and history of technocentrism and solar energy systems in sustainable architecture through examples and case studies, this paper focuses on and proposes preliminary orientation design factors that should be considered when starting the architectural design process in the viewpoint of technocentrism.

Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Systems: Energy-Efficient Radios for the Internet of Things

An ultra-low-power wireless system is one which has to operate for an extended period of time with only a limited power source available, and is typically constrained to a limited size (if size is not a limitation then a larger battery could be used). Clearly the term ?ultra-low-power wireless? covers a broad range of applications which may have different key drivers as illustrated in Figure 1. For a fitness device such as a heart rate monitor, the number one driver is often cost as these are basic consumer products. For a bio-implant such as a smart pacemaker, battery life is critical as battery replacement typically requires surgery. For a smart home system such as automatic climate control, cost and battery life are important but the system also needs to support a relatively large number of devices and the communication range should be large?throughout the whole building. Finally for a gaming application such as a wireless headset, high data rate and very low latency are key, so as not to ruin the high-speed gaming experience. To minimize operating power and achieve maximum battery lifetime, the implementation of an ultra-lowpower wireless system requires an integrated design approach that considers many requirements including battery source, active and sleep mode energy requirements, system architectures, and circuit implementations. In practice, these issues lead to trade-offs, which may require numerous iterations to arrive at an optimal solution for the desired application. With the recent explosion of interest in ultra-low-power wireless systems for the Internet of Things and wearable devices, the current rate of innovation in the development of ultra-low-power wireless systems is sure to continue.