Economic analysis based on saline water treatment using renewable energy system and microgrid architecture

Microgrids (MG) have become an essential part of smart grids that also contain advanced technologies for storing energy, load control strategies, and dispersed renewable energy sources (RESs). For an intelligent dc microgrid, the intermittent nature of RESs presents a variety of difficulties, including reliability, power source, and to provide balance. So, predicting RES energy production is increasingly crucial for achieving the most significant possible usage RESs and the practical and continuous operation of the power grid. Energy demand projections are included in intelligent microgrids to aid in planning power output and power exchanges with the utility grid. DL-based algorithms are promising for predicting customer requirements and energy output from RESs. This article presents a unique hybrid threshold-adaptive Harris Hawks optimized deep convolutional long short-term memory (HTHHO- DCLSTM) to forecast the renewable energy in microgrids. First, we use the min-max normalization method to pre-process the gathered raw RES data. In this instance, the HTHHO approach identifies the essential features from the processed data set. After learning these properties, the suggested DCLSTM approach is used to generate an overall prediction of energy production. Several metrics are used to evaluate the efficacy of the recommended strategy, and a comparison between the proposed and existing approaches is also given. Our suggested method outperforms the current practices in forecasting the RE in microgrids, according to the findings of our study.

RES Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources sets an overall binding target of supplying 20% of European Union (EU)’s final energy consumption from renewable energy sources by 2020 with binding national targets for each Member State. Details of how these targets will be achieved in each Member State are described in National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). High RES scenario presented in Energy Roadmap 2050 by European Commission (EC) foresees that 75% of the gross final energy can be supplied from renewable energy sources by 2050. This challenging target calls for a major effort to increase the number of qualified workers in the market able to cover the demand for high quality RES installations in the upcoming years. The substantial need for training and qualification is acknowledged in the RES Directive, Article 14(3), which includes an obligation on the Member States to make provision for the training and certification of installers of RES. This effort is also supported by actions such as the EC initiative Build Up Skills, launched by the Commission in 2011, which aims to unite forces to increase the number of qualified workforce by promoting training and qualification in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy in the building sector in Europe. The Install+RES training courses are fully in line with this line of action and aim at providing a pool of highly qualified trainers and installers (electricians, plumbers, roofers and technicians for heating systems) of small-scale renewable energy systems (biomass, solar, photovoltaic systems and heat pumps) for buildings in several European countries, namely Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Poland and Slovenia, by establishing training courses. 33 courses have been implemented, 78 trainers and 516 installers have been qualified during the Install+RES project in the field of renewable energy systems installations. The Install+RES project started in May 2010 and ended in April 2013. The Install+RES project was co-financed by the European Commission in the framework of the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) Program. The Install+RES training courses material was developed in line with the requirements mentioned in Directive 2009/28/EC (Article 14, Annex IV). The Install+RES training courses were completed with an exam leading to a certification or qualification according to the requirements of the Directive 2009/28/EC. The high quality of the courses offered within the Install+RES project was ensured by the “train the trainers” courses. During the “train the trainers” courses, the trainers, who will implement the training courses for installers, acquired practical and theoretical knowledge to properly implement the training courses for installers of small-scale renewable energy systems in their countries. During the “train the trainer” courses, the trainers obtained the pedagogical and technical skills to implement the “Install+RES” courses for installers in their respective countries (Italy, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Greece and Poland). The innovative aspects of the Install+RES “train the trainer” courses such as the “hand on learning” concept, “tandem teaching” approach and the “multiplier effect” are highlighted in the following explanatory pages. The Install+RES “train the trainer” courses was established in Munich, Germany, in German and English languages. The participants of the training courses were the Install+RES training providers and also third party organisations interested in establishing training courses in their own countries. The content and the methodology of the training courses have been adapted to each target country (Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Greece) according to the potential installers’ and markets’ needs resulting from the NREAPs in line with the RES Directive. The adapted material has been translated into the National languages of each target country. One pilot course and two training courses for installers have been offered in Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Poland and Slovenia in the National languages. The Install+RES training courses are meant to be an investment for sustainability by evolutionary processes, which will lead to the establishment of a high quality of skills and as consequence to the maximization of Renewable Energy Systems (RES) s efficiency, reliability, lifetime and safety. The training material and training concept developed during the Install+RES project has given a strong contribution to ensure the achievement of the targets stated in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans and in the High RES scenario of the Energy Roadmap 2050 as well as to the roadmaps to 2020 developed within the BUILD UP SKILLS Initiative.

Introduction: To date, a variety of studies have been published on the topic of long term energy system transition. Most studies on future energy systems, however, have a shorter time frame or adopt a supranational focus (e.g. the Energy Roadmap, 2011 or the World Energy Outlook, 2015). It then constitutes a sincere challenge to perform a national energy system transition study with as time horizon 2050 and covering a far-reaching transformation of the energy system. VITO, together with the FPB (Federal Planning Bureau) and ICEDD, performed a study to scrutinise the transition of the Belgian national energy system towards a future mix entirely based on renewable energy sources. The focus on renewable energy sources and on building a national energy system completely running on renewable energy can be traced back to three main concerns: – Climate change: Renewable energy sources (RES) are a major instrument in the fight against climate change as RES do not release (net) greenhouse gas emissions. – Security...

The electricity market for Renewable Energy (RE) Sources (RES) has to be transformed into a market that is more competitive and decentralized than the current one, given the failure of subsidy policies, like the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) policy, and the increase in the number of small producers but also in the number of power utilities. Clearly, each utility must follow regulation rules regarding the proportion of RES units it must have in its energy mix, in order to avoid emission penalties. Following a decentralized market scheme, we address the problem of allocating a total amount of RE demanded by a set of utilities in a local market to individual RES microgrids (MGs) that can cover the demands, considering two supply policies. In the first policy, a RES producer is assumed to be able to split its production into smaller parts so that it can supply multiple utilities, and a simple allocation algorithm is presented. In the second policy, a RES producer, due to market or technical constraints, cannot split its production and share it among utilities. In this case, we provide an algorithm that solves the problem effectively by viewing it as a knapsack problem. If the cost functions of MGs are independent of the utilities to which they sell (e.g., negligible transportation costs), the results show that the non-divisible policy slightly benefits the MGs. However, in a decentralized market, it is natural to assume that the cost functions of the producers depend on the location of the utilities. To account for this, we provide two more allocation algorithms under both examined supply policies. In this case, the non-divisible policy is much more profitable for MGs and, moreover, the entrance of new utilities in the market clearly benefits them over the divisible case.

Microgrids (MGs) give solutions for energy management in power systems. It is an important part of the energy system to have a local generation of power from renewable energy sources to meet power demands with high efficiency and minimum operating cost. Optimization architecture of MG for optimal dispatch is established in this paper considering thermal diesel generating units (DGs), wind power generation, and solar photovoltaic units (PVs) as renewable sources of energy and energy storage system (ESS). Considering the islanded operating mode of MG, the system modeling is done in IEEE modified 33-bus system. Injection of renewable energy and localized power generation allows grid operators to meet their energy needs without having to purchase power from the grid. The purpose of this paper is to optimize power allocation of the given system to reduce the cost of operation and have an efficient dispatch of power in MG taking into account renewable power generation and energy storage technology. AC/DC power flow network constraints with renewable and non-renewable energy systems are discussed for each case. A 24-hour time duration analysis is performed on the system, and the results are compared for both AC and DC optimal power flows.

Integrated hydrogen production options based on renewable and nuclear energy sources

Microgrids (MGs) play a vital role in the era of deregulated power systems. The number of MGs connected to the power grid increases the complexity of energy management among the main grid and MGs. A multi-microgrid (MMG) system utilizes all available energy sources (renewable and non-renewable) and energy storage systems to manage power exchange efficiently within the MGs and the main grid, enhancing system reliability, stability, and efficiency. With the integration of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, the system can adapt to different energy availability scenarios. This paper presents an optimized energy management scheme for MMG, implemented using multiple integer nonlinear programming in GAMS software. The objective is to minimize the overall operational cost of MMG and reduce emission costs. The dynamic nature of renewable energy sources, the fluctuating demand patterns, and the operational constraints of both the MGs and the main grid. The proposed approach is applied to an MMG system interconnected with the main grid, incorporating both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented energy management strategy in lowering system costs for two operating case-I and case-II. The impact of integrating energy storage systems has also been evaluated on the overall cost of the system, revealing their potential to enhance the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the energy management system (EMS). The results show that overall operational cost has been reduced from $1163 in case-I to $1096 in case-II and MMG becomes more independent in case-II as power demand from the main grid is reduced from 10259 kW(case-I) to 9171kW (case-II).

With rapid urbanization, the need for energy usage has become more dominant than any other demand in modern society. With rapidly depleting fossil fuel sources, seconded by the need for environmental protection, the search for new and renewable energy (RE) sources has gained immense importance as sustainable alternatives. However, because of the intermittent and unpredictable nature of many of these RE sources, it has become imperative that their greatest benefit can only be harnessed when they are integrated into existing electric power networks. In this context, the greatest impetus toward comprehending a sustainable future is evolution of technology for integration of RE sources in electric power network and its control. There are various issues to be addressed while integrating RE sources to the power grid, including technical, economic, societal, and other challenges. This chapter begins by introducing the opportunities of integrating RES into the power grid, followed by their scopes and benefits. The various challenges faced while integrating RE into the power grid are further explained with specific case studies. Possible solutions to these issues are discussed in the next sections. Progress in the area of development of mathematical models of RE systems for studies related to grid integration is highlighted. Simulation tools that are being used by the research community for RE integration and control applications are introduced. Finally, some recent research works on RE integration-related activities are presented. This book chapter thus aims to enrich the knowledge base in green energy systems and opens up new horizons for simulation and experimental studies to address the crucial need of power industry in exploring power electronics, control technology, information and communication technology (ICT), and smart grid technology for supporting RE integration to grid.

Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey

The various needs of human domiciled in the isolated rural areas can be fulfilled using locally available renewable energy (RE) sources especially when a grid extension becomes economically unviable. The off-grid rural electrification using single RE source may not be economical and reliable due to the intermittent operating characteristics of the major RE sources. The integrated system designed using two or more indigenous RE sources along with the energy storage device can overcome the demerits of single RE source-based system. This paper aims to present a review on implementation methodology of the integrated renewable energy system (IRES) modeling for off-grid rural electrification. In this context, a review on the earlier studies conducted on the IRES for off-grid rural electrification has been carried out, and the discussion on the various configurations, design approach, and the steps involved in modeling methodology of the off-grid IRES has been presented, which can be useful for planning the off-grid IRES to electrify the remote rural areas. This study will be useful to the researchers working on RE sources based stand-alone power generation for remote rural areas.

Microgrids (MGs) are gaining popularity due to their ability to provide reliable and resilient power supply, especially when integrated with renewable energy sources (RESs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Reliability is a critical factor for MG owners and policy makers. However, existing reliability indices such as loss of load expectation (LOLE) and expected energy not supplied (EENS) may not offer a comprehensive understanding of MG reliability and resiliency. To address this gap, this paper proposes three new indices for MGs to provide supplementary information on the performance of RESs: the Microgrid Resiliency Index (MRI), the Microgrid Renewable Energy Availability Index (MREAI), and the Microgrid Renewable Energy Energy Index (MREEI). The MRI assesses the MG’s ability to recover from interruptions, providing insights into its resiliency. The MREAI and MREEI offer additional information beyond LOLE and EENS, specifically highlighting the contribution of RESs to the availability and energy losses in the MG. These indices enable a more comprehensive assessment of MG reliability. The formulation for calculation of the indices are provided and applied to a MG with integrated solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and BESS components. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed indices in providing supplementary information on resiliency and the contribution of RESs, various scenarios are examined. These scenarios include the impact of using BESS, changes in RES availability, and variations in RES output. The results demonstrate that the proposed indices effectively capture the contribution of RES to MG reliability and offer valuable insights for decision-making related to RES installation. Also, by integrating BESS, the contribution of RESs to outage hours and lost energy is effectively decreased from 89.41% and 87.41% to 32.69% and 28.94% respectively. Additionally, results highlight the substantial enhancement in the resiliency of the MG, which witnessed an impressive 68.43% improvement.

The stability of global economies relies heavily on power systems (PS) that have sufficient operating reserves. When these reserves are insufficient, power systems become vulnerable to issues such as load shedding or complete blackouts. Maintaining grid stability becomes even more challenging with a high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). However, RES, connected through power electronic devices, offer significant potential as ancillary service (AS) sources. Renewable energy-based microgrids (MG), which aggregate various RES resources and have substantial load control potential, further enhance the capability of AS provision from RES. The presence of diverse AS resources raises the question of how to dispatch ancillary service signals optimally to all resources. Most of the previous research work related to AS allocation relied on single-bus MG models. This paper proposes a detailed MG model for the optimal dispatching of ASs among the resources using Virtual Load, along with an optimization procedure to achieve the best results. The model incorporates voltage profiles and power losses for AS dispatching, and a comparative analysis is conducted to quantify the significance of grid modeling. The model and proposed procedure are tested using the CIGRE microgrid benchmark model. The results indicate that detailed modeling of MG can impact the results by 11%, compared to single-bus modeling, which qualifies detailed MG modeling for all future research work and shows the impact that modeling can have on technical and economic indicators of MG operation.

Green Electric Energy Park at Curtin University will be a state of the art renewable energy systems integration laboratory. It is designed such that the characteristics of each renewable energy source such as solar photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, micro-hydro turbines and fuel cell stacks can be measured digitally, displayed and analysed on workstation computers and central displays when they are supplying power to isolated dc or ac loads, charging batteries, connected to the main grid or operating as an isolated micro-grid. Weather conditions and all system variables such as voltage and current at all the nodes of the electrical network are measured and made available through the local area network and over the internet for students to analyze at the laboratory classes and also to display graphically in lecture theatres. All the feeds from renewable energy sources and network operating conditions are also made available to research stations where new ways of combining, controlling and converting renewable energy sources will be experimented. This paper briefly describes the need of the facility, the concept of design, laboratory classes made possible and the challenges faced in implementing the project.

Benefiting from renewable energy (RE) sources is an economic and environmental necessity, given that the use of traditional energy sources is one of the most important factors affecting the economy and the environment. This paper aims to provide a review of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) in terms of principles, types, sources, hybridization methods, cost of unit energy produced, and applications. The works were reviewed for HRESs with and without energy storage. The results can be summarized as follows: It is noted from the studies that Greenius, SAM, HOMER, and TRNSYS were often used in simulating, designing, evaluating, and optimizing these systems. There is often a difference in the economic and environmental indicators between different projects due to the type, fraction, price of energy and components, and efficiency of RE sources. All the studies showed that there are environmental benefits from hybrid systems, not only compared with conventional energy systems but also with RE systems with a single source. All of the related studies showed that hybridization between biomass and concentrated solar energy (biomass-CSP) presents a promising option for producing thermal energy and electricity, and this option also provides a solution for environmental problems related to waste biomass, such as municipal solid waste and wastewater and many industrial wastes, and provides high-quality fertilizers for agriculture. In addition, the multi-use of HRESs increases the economic and environmental benefits, which makes these systems more sustainable. There are various options available for hybridizing RE sources, particularly in the context of energy source integration. The selection of the appropriate options depends on several factors: system type, size of the system, type of energy needed, availability and prices of RE sources, technical knowledge, and experience in operation and maintenance. Several parameters play a crucial role in evaluating HRESs: system makeup and capacity, the fractions of RE in the overall energy produced, efficiency, investment, and energy costs, technical knowledge requirements, and environmental effects.

A review on the methods for biomass to energy conversion systems design