Energy Supply Planning Research Articles

A rolling horizon optimization framework for the simultaneous energy supply and demand planning in microgrids

This work focuses on the development of optimization-based scheduling strategies for the coordination of microgrids. The main novelty of this work is the simultaneous management of energy production and energy demand within a reactive scheduling approach to deal with the presence of uncertainty associated to production and consumption. Delays in the nominal energy demands are allowed under associated penalty costs to tackle flexible and fluctuating demand profiles. In this study, the basic microgrid structure consists of renewable energy systems (photovoltaic panels, wind turbines) and energy storage units. Consequently, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation is presented and used within a rolling horizon scheme that periodically updates input data information.

Energy supply and urban planning projects: Analysing tensions around district heating provision in a French eco-district

Through the analysis of energy supply choices, this article explores the way in which energy priorities and their climate-related features are incorporated into urban public policy. These choices must take account of different factors, as is the case with district heating, which is justified as a vehicle of renewable energy while subject to pressure in eco-districts because its techno-economic balances are destabilised by falls in demand. Our study focuses particularly on the city of Metz (France), which has chosen district heating as the primary source for provision for the municipal area and for its first eco-district. We analyse the tensions within these choices, with particular attention to the way in which they are negotiated inside municipal departments and with the local energy operator. This enables us to explore the tensions in defining the scale that governs decisions and the linkages between energy-related and urban priorities.

A multi-period mixed integer linear programming model for water and energy supply planning in Kuwait

The demand for water often necessitates desalination, particularly in arid coastal environments. Desalination is often integrated with electrical cogeneration. The demands for water and electricity change over time and are subject to uncertainty. A country-wide large-scale energy and water cogeneration planning model for Kuwait is formulated as a multi-period mixed integer linear programming problem and solved to minimize the net present value over the time period of 2013–2050. Five different plant technology options were considered for desalination and cogeneration including Oil & Multi Stage Flash, Natural Gas & Multi-Effect Distillation, Natural Gas & Reverse Osmosis, Solar Energy & Multi-Effect Distillation, and Solar Energy & Reverse Osmosis. Both water and energy usage in Kuwait and data from existing plants were utilized in providing the parameters and forecasts necessary for solution of the mathematical programming model. The model provides technology choice and associated capacity decisions for existing plants, new plants at green sites, and existing plant capacity expansions as well as their timing to meet the demands.

A proposal for a site location planning model of environmentally friendly urban energy supply plants using an environment and energy geographical information system (E-GIS) database (DB) and an artificial neural network (ANN)

This study proposes a site location potential model for urban energy supply plants and renewable energy availability using an environment and energy geographical information system (E-GIS) database (DB) and an artificial neural network (ANN). This model addresses the technical methodology of examining the potential for the suitability of urban energy supply plants and renewable energy latency in a region for support material for urban energy supply planning in the draft plan development stage. The applicability of this model is examined by applying it for a planned city in the Republic of Korea, where urban planning is in process. The results from this study are as follows:(1)The E-GIS DB was integrated with geography, climate, and energy-related information to construct an ANN model that can manage, in an integrated manner, the factors that affect the site location of the energy supply plants.(2)The input dataset included the topography, land cover classification, accessibility, water usability, and energy demand, and the target dataset included the system capacity of domestically installed energy supply plants.(3)The site location potential model of the ANN for the urban energy supply plants and renewable energy availability was deduced, and the Levenberg–Marquardt (trainlm) and scaled conjugate gradient (trainscg) algorithms were used. The potentiality class map was constructed for 10 types of energy supply systems and renewable energy resources.(4)The applicability of this energy model was tested in the Gwang-myung/Si-heung public housing district area, a domestic ‘planned city’ of the Republic of Korea. The most appropriate urban energy supply systems for the research area were considered to be the general hydraulic power and solar power based on the topographic conditions and profitable locations for solar resources in Korea. Wind power generation was found to be the least suitable.(5)In terms of the wind energy potential, the technical wind power generation by horizontal – axis wind turbines is unattainable even in the area that has the maximum wind speed, and at least a 10-kW rated power wind turbine should be installed for vertical – axis wind turbines in the research area of interest. In terms of the solar energy potential, the maximum electric power generation potential is 413, 186MJ/month·mesh, which is applied by mono-crystalline bulk PV.

Conceptual framework for integrated strategic planning and development of electrical energy supply and delivery system

This paper provides a conceptual integrated strategic energy planning and development framework for host countries with the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable and climate-friendly energy systems. The conceptual planning framework links up energy planning goals, inputs/outputs and resources, economic/regulatory/technological strategic initiatives, and energy system value chains. The paper examines linkages and interactions between the aforementioned planning modules and proposes implementation process and planning directions for different stages of a country's development. The paper ends with an empirical study on Hong Kong electricity supply industry that deems compatible with the conceptual framework.

Energy supply planning and supply chain optimization under uncertainty

In energy supply planning and supply chain design, the coupling between long-term planning decisions like capital investment and short-term operation decisions like dispatching present a challenge, waiting to be tackled by systems and control engineers. The coupling is further complicated by uncertainties, which may arise from several sources including the market, politics, and technology. This paper addresses the coupling in the context of energy supply planning and supply chain design. We first discuss a simple two-stage stochastic program formulation that addresses optimization of an energy supply chain in the presence of uncertainties. The two-stage formulation can handle problems in which all design decisions are made up front and operating parameters act as ‘recourse’ decisions that can be varied from one time period to next based on realized values of uncertain parameters. The design of a biodiesel production network in the Southeastern region of the United States is used as an illustrative example. The discussion then moves on to a more complex multi-stage, multi-scale stochastic decision problem in which periodic investment/policy decisions are made on a time scale orders of magnitude slower than that of operating decisions. The problem of energy capacity planning is introduced as an example. In the particular problem we examine, annual acquisition of energy generation capacities of various types are coupled with hourly energy production and dispatch decisions. The increasing role of renewable sources like wind and solar necessitates the use of a fine-grained time scale for accurate assessment of their values. Use of storage intended to overcome the limitations of intermittent sources puts further demand on the modeling and optimization. Numerical challenges that arise from the multi-scale nature and uncertainties are reviewed and some possible modeling and numerical solution approaches are discussed.

Total Site Heat Integration with Seasonal Energy Availability

Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) approach has been extended to the Locally Integrated Energy Sectors (LIES) that include small scale industrial plants, renewable energy sources with variable supplies, and residential as well as commercial buildings as energy consumers with fluctuating demands. TS targeting methodology with Time Slices, which is comparable to Heat Integration for batch processes, have been introduced for a short-term, day-to-day analysis. Energy storage facility is integrated in the TS to address the problem of energy supply variation. However, previous studies have mostly dealt with the daily or short term variations. This work introduces an extended methodology for TS integration for the long-term energy supply and demand planning. The work is important in solving cases with a considerable temporal fluctuation of heat sources/sinks, in order to obtain more energy saving opportunities within a longer period of time (i.e., in the scale of weeks or even months). The energy fluctuation in processing plants may be caused by seasonal climate variations, long-term customer demands or even economic down-turn. Some other possibilities include operability issues and raw material availability. The methodology can also be implemented for district heating and cooling systems in countries with four seasons, assuming energy excess during the summer can be stored for use in other seasons e.g. during the winter. This methodology is demonstrated by a case study which involves integration of batch processing plants and space heating system together with cooling system which only operates during certain periods of time. Several scenarios which affect the long-term energy supply and demand have been assumed.

The role of Russian gas in China’s energy supply strategy

China’s gas industry has witnessed a massive expansion and Chinese energy planners envisage a huge development of natural gas in China until 2030. This growth requires large-scale imports of gas in the coming two decades. This article discusses the role of Russian gas exports in China’s gas expansion. It analyses China’s natural gas growth in the coming decades, based on the projections of China’s domestic production capacity and the consequent necessity of large-scale pipeline gas imports from Russia, the Central Asian Republics, and Myanmar. Included in the projections are LNG imports from Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, North America, and East Africa. The article explains how Russia is trying to avoid depending exclusively on the China market by using the options of gas exports to Korea and Japan. However, it concludes that Russia’s pipeline gas exports to China will play an important role in China’s energy supply plan in the coming decades.

EXTRACTION OF BUILIDNG SHAPE FROM TANDEM-X DATA

Abstract. Large scale mapping and modeling of urban areas is requested in many fields, especially in planning of energy supply and for change detection. For this purpose, SAR systems are highly attractive due to their independency of daytime and weather. The new satellite configuration of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X provides single-pass 3D mapping of the earth with unprecedented geometric resolution, allowing for improved detection and extraction of building positions and shapes. In this paper, single-pass interferograms of the TanDEM-X mission are utilized to automatically reconstruct buildings. To this purpose, first an interferogram is calculated from a TanDEM pair. Then, a new detector is applied that analyses phase ramps in the interferogram. Phase ramps being a pattern typically observable in layover areas of buildings, the detector is able to indicate building locations. Afterwards, the detected building areas are analyzed in more detail to extract width, length, and height of the buildings. Last, an edge detector is applied to deduce the building shapes. The reconstruction results are compared with reference data.

Present situation and potential role of renewable energy in Turkey

Turkey has a rich potential of hydropower, wind and geothermal energy resources. The distribution of these renewable energy sources in operation are hydropower, wind and geothermal 14.802 MW 1002MW and 94 MW, respectively. Turkey possesses a huge hydroelectric resource which is one of the Turkey's major energy assets. Most of the important uses of water in power plants have been developed in the electricity generation. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/yr, which is equal to 13.8% of the total hydropower potential of European. Technically useable and economic potential are 216 TWh/yr and 140 TWh/yr, respectively. The total share of all energy for electricity power generation in 2010 are coal, natural gas, fuel oil and renewable energy, 104,040 GWh, 125,549 GWh, 18,215 GWh, and 86,120 GWh respectively. Among the renewable energy resources in Turkey, biomass and solar energy are also important because their share in total energy consumptions have increased. On the other hand, Turkey has not utilized nuclear energy yet. The current government plans to have a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1800MW at the Black Sea Port of Sinop. The main purpose of the energy policies is to answer the energy needs of increasing population and growing economy at minimum costs while making energy supply planning. Turkey's specific national energy strategy document and energy policy objectives are outlined in the institutional strategic plans. These strategic plans are energy supply security, regional and global influence in the area of energy and environment protection. The aim of energy policy including renewable are to develop existing energy sources and to avoid dependence on energy imports and to encourage private sector investment and to improve the reliability of electricity supply. The main aim this study will investigate at the present potential of energy resources and future contributions to the national energy consumption in Turkey. As result present energy situation, the renewable energy potential, and the energy politics of Turkey are investigated.

Inuit and the Canadian Arctic: Sovereignty Begins at Home

In 2008, Mary Simon, the national president of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Canada’s national Inuit organization, embarked on a cross-Canada speaking tour to explain to Canadians that Inuit in Canada’s Arctic find themselves at a point of convergence in their modern history. Inuit are at the forefront of sovereignty discussions and at the centre of energy supply plans; they are the “canary in the coalmine” for the global dialogue on climate change.

A205 世界の風力発電システムの現状と課題(風力エネルギー環境と今後の展開,OS2 自然エネルギー)

The Japanese wind power is now being watched with interest of the world, because the national target of wind energy is 3000MW that was proposed in the Primary Energy Supply Plan. It is possible to contribute environmental management, economic activation, employment measures and energy security. Therefore, we must give careful consideration to durability, safety and a pollution problem. This paper is introduced about remarkable wind technology (wind prediction, wind turbine system, operation control system, power generation system, soft tower, stable supply) in Japan.

Energy supply planning in Iran by using fuzzy linear programming approach (regarding uncertainties of investment costs)

For many years, energy models have been used in developed or developing countries to satisfy different needs in energy planning. One of major problems against energy planning and consequently energy models is uncertainty, spread in different economic, political and legal dimensions of energy planning. Confronting uncertainty, energy planners have often used two well-known strategies. The first strategy is stochastic programming, in which energy system planners define different scenarios and apply an explicit probability of occurrence to each scenario. The second strategy is Minimax Regret strategy that minimizes regrets of different decisions made in energy planning. Although these strategies have been used extensively, they could not flexibly and effectively deal with the uncertainties caused by fuzziness. “Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP)” is a strategy that can take fuzziness into account. This paper tries to demonstrate the method of application of FLP for optimization of supply energy system in Iran, as a case study. The used FLP model comprises fuzzy coefficients for investment costs. Following the mentioned purpose, it is realized that FLP is an easy and flexible approach that can be a serious competitor for other confronting uncertainties approaches, i.e. stochastic and Minimax Regret strategies.

From equipment to infrastructure: community energy management and greenhouse gas emission reduction

Community energy management (CEM) (also called community energy planning) combines planning concepts - neo-traditional design, complete communities, green cities - with energy management concepts - energy cascading, demand-side management, integrated resource planning. It can be applied at the level of neighborhoods, cities and even small regions in order to exploit the synergies between urban design objectives for livable cities and energy management objectives of minimizing energy use and its associated environmental effects for a given standard of living. CEM encompasses (i) land use planning, (ii) transportation management, (iii) site design, and (iv) local energy supply and delivery planning. While traditional energy management focuses on energy using equipment and buildings, CEM also considers the urban land use and infrastructure level. This study applies CEM to four representative communities in British Columbia, Canada, over the period 1995 to 2010, and compares the results to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. The aggregate effect is a decrease in energy service costs and energy consumption of 15–30%, and in air emissions (CO 2 and NOx) of 30–45%. The methodology and results, with respect to one aspect of CEM - land use planning - are extrapolated to the provincial level in order to estimate total CO 2 emission reduction portential. CO 2 emissions are reduced by 17% from BAU. Additional approximate calculations (restricted to land use planning) suggest that on a global scale CEM can be an important element in the greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy, especially given the dramatic urban growth anticipated in developing countries in the coming decades. Implementation of CEM requires an array of policy initiatives from governments at all levels, as the following examples illustrate. National and provincial (state) governments can (i) change the legislation governing regional and muncipal land use planning, (ii) tie infrastructure grants to CEM type municipal investments, and (iii) provide information support and fiscal incentives for developers. Regional and municipal governments can (i) change zoning objectives, (ii) encourage specific types of developments through development charges and tax incentives to developers, and (iii) work with energy and other utilities to encourage particular energy forms and delivery systems.

Mathematical model of least cost planning of regional energy supply

A number of simple mathematical models for least cost planning of energy supply are considered. Optimum plans have been found and ranking of energy sources is suggested.

Joint Optimal Planning of Industrial Cogeneration and Conventional Electricity Systems

This study presents a model that integrates the supply planning of potential cogenerating industries with that of the host electric utility suppliers. It provides a tool for electric utilities and potential cogenerators to analyze the effect of cogeneration on their energy supply plans. The model can analyze how much the potential benefits of cogeneration might be and how the benefits might be distributed among the participating industries.

Hierarchical Decision Making in Large-Scale Multistage Systems with Applications to Strategic Planning in the Energy Supply of Regions

An algorithm developed as a decision aid for the following typical problem situation in large-scale systems is presented: The system to be studied is a priori decomposed into subsystems interconnected by a global resource constraint. For each of these subsystems a multistage graph model describing the dynamic development exists in addition to the objective and constraint functions. The control aim is to optimize the dynamic behaviour of the whole system while global resource constraints have to be satisfied in each stage. Optimization problems involved are generally multicriterial.For solving this task an hierarchical decision making system has been developed with a superordinate strategic layer optimizing the multistage development problem and a subordinate two-level control system optimizing the allocation of the globally available resources to the subsystems in each stage.The background for developing the decision making approach are experience and generalized requirements in the long-term planning of regional energy supply. Thus, the application will be demonstrated using a numerical example from this area.

中国のエネルギー事情

According to the recently published papers, the energy situation in China is presented. The following points must be noticed.1) Most of the sectoral energy intensities based on physical output in China are lower than those in India. However, the low commodity prices in China and ex-change rate make GDP smaller. This is one of the reasons why the energy in-tensity based on GDP in China is relatively high.2) The energy conservation in China during the 80's was remarkable: more than 20% of energy was saved. Moreover, the general recognition of the significance of energy conservation and the establishment of an administrative network for it are important.3) In the long-term energy supply plan, the role of energy conservation is signifi-cant: energy intensity per GDP must be cut to one-fifth its present value to meet the explosively increasing energy demands in the next few decades.

An Advanced Integrated System for Electric Energy Supply Planning

Tohoku Electric Power Company has embarked on a company-wide long-range program for the introduction of a totally integrated computerized system for planning, operations and management with the objective of further sophisticated and enhanced business operations in the 21st Century. Research and development of the "Energy Supply Planning and Offical Intelligent Report System (ESPOIR)," which is the key to the realization of this broad vision, was started in 1983. The components of ESPOIR have been applied to the company's daily routine work as they were developed. As the result of this evolutionary development process, all fundamental subsystems were completed by 1988, and these subsystems have been integrated to realize a comprehensive electric energy supply planning system, namely, ESPOIR. The system has been successfully applied to power system planning and operations studies at the company. This paper describes the most advanced electric energy supply planning system of Tohoku Electric Power Company.

Energy planning in developing countries

The sharp increases in international oil prices during the past decade have had a major impact on growth prospects and balance of payments in developing countries. This has led to an increasing awareness that energy is a crucial factor in the development process. This paper describes the planning context in developing countries and summarizes their needs. Within an overall analytical framework for analysis and planning, a number of specific approaches and examples are given in the areas of energy demand and supply planning. One of the major conclusions is that the energy planning process can be effective only as an integral part of development planning.