Energy Supply Facilities Research Articles

Comparison of Thermal Performance of Various Systems in Thermal Energy Supply Facilities for Small-scale Facilities

Comparison of Thermal Performance of Various Systems in Thermal Energy Supply Facilities for Small-scale Facilities

A dynamic input–output method for energy system modeling and analysis

This paper proposes a dynamic input–output model, in order to present the interaction mechanism between energy supply and demand, and provide optimal design for energy supply–consumption system. Combined with mixed integer programming, the model is able to provide optimal technology development route for the energy supply–consumption system. In this model, the generational change and replacement of energy supply facilities are considered. Based on the model, a case study of China is employed. Three scenarios are designed to compare the different outcome of the model. The optimal objectives of Scenario 1 are Pareto Optimality of minimum total energy consumption and minimum total CO2 emission. The optimal objective of Scenario 2 is minimum CO2 emission. The optimal objective of Scenario 3 is minimum energy consumption. Scenario 1 leads to a balancing design of multiple objectives, and the results indicate that energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction targets can be achieved simultaneously. Compared with the optimal design with single objective of Scenarios 2 and 3, the balancing design with multiple objectives performs better in avoiding over-capacity problems during the modeling period. With well-designed development route, energy intensity can be reduced by about 58%–60%, and CO2 emission intensity can be reduced by about 34%–36% from 2012 to 2040. The optimal objectives of the model also influence the development of energy demand structure. The modeling results of transport sector are presented as an example in this paper. To achieve the targets of energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction, both the development routes for energy supply and demand should be well-designed.

Improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of alternative sources of electricity at the territorial level

The article considers the features of the structure and functioning of energy supply facilities for housing and communal services of municipalities with the identification and analysis of problems, substantiates the main directions of improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of alternative sources of electricity supply, taking into account modern innovative energy-efficient technologies. The choice of a rational option for electricity supply to settlements and the region is considered on the basis of an analysis of geographical, climatic and socio-economic conditions, as well as engineering and financial opportunities, the availability of trunk, interregional and other networks, the total installed capacity of regional power plants and a set of other technical and economic Characteristics inherent in the region and its municipalities.

A comparative analysis of two thermoeconomic diagnosis methodologies in a building heating and DHW facility

Concerning the building environment HVAC facilities, even if a great effort has been made in developing components and systems with high nominal efficiencies, less attention has been paid to the problem of system maintenance.The main objective of the thermoeconomic diagnosis is to detect possible anomalies and their location inside a component of the energy system. The second objective, and indeed the one to be achieved in this paper, is indicated as inverse problem. It is associated with the quantification of the effects of anomalies in terms of thermoeconomic quantities. Its rigorous application in building thermal installations has some difficulties relating to the strong interrelation between the different components and the fact that energy supply facilities are continuously changing with time.The way to deal with dynamic circumstances is thoroughly explored in this article. Likewise, this paper’s main goal is to demonstrate an application of two thermoeconomic diagnosis methodologies in the building sector, one based on the malfunction and dysfunction analysis and the other one based on the characteristic curves of the components. The results obtained allow us to point out the advantages and limitations of both methodologies as well as to combine them and then develop a more reliable diagnosis.

Public attitudes toward the construction of new power plants in South Korea

South Korea is facing difficulties securing sufficient generating capacity to meet its rapidly growing electricity demand because of public opposition to new power plants. Therefore, considering public attitudes toward energy supply facilities is crucial to implement a national energy plan. In this study, we empirically analyze South Korean attitudes, perceptions, and ideology factors related to building new fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy power plants. We find that fossil fuel and nuclear power generation could incur additional social costs owing to the strength of public opposition and NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome despite their cheaper generation cost than renewables. Further, while the public generally agrees to expand renewable energy nationally, it could oppose such proposals locally. Finally, an increase in the public’s knowledge about renewables and nuclear fuel could help improve attitudes toward these energy sources, whereas an increase in environmentalism may improve attitudes toward renewables only.

Influence of Spatially Varying Costs on Structure and Operation of Energy Storage and Supply Facilities in a Local Energy System

Thermal and Electrical Energy Storage (TES and EES) systems can balance the fluctuating energy supply of renewable energy sources for satisfying the energy demands. The extension of central TES systems is an appropriate measure for buffering surplus heat which can be produced by Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) or Heat Pumps (HP) for acting optimally on the electricity market. In addition, EES systems installed in combination with roof-top photovoltaic (PV) power plants can increase the self-consumption in buildings and reduce surplus electricity in the distribution grids. This research applies a spatially resolved techno-economical optimization method at a residential area for studying the future development of total costs, CO2 emissions, energy exchange and stored amounts of energy for TES and EES systems in various scenarios. By the implementation of cost penalties in the model, the behavior of various operators for PV-battery systems is emulated. An increasing self-consumption and decreasing overall electricity exchange is stimulated by creating incentives for trading electricity within the studied local area.

Development of a System Dynamics Model for Evaluation of the Impact of Integration of Renewable Energy Sources on the Operational Efficiency of Energy Supply Facilities: Theoretical Background

Abstract Nowadays, energy companies operate in a highly competitive environment. To maintain the leader position, as a reaction to various changes energy companies must take appropriate steps in a timely manner. Correct assessment of the situation ensures implementation of adequate measures. The situation can be assessed correctly by using a complex approach and/or analysing it according to the specific circumstances. The complex approach also envisages designing of an appropriate model, which studies the impact of changes on the research object, while dealing with the object within a system and as part of the system. The article gives a theoretical background of the system dynamics model in order to evaluate the impact of integration of renewable energy sources (RES) on the operational efficiency of energy supply facilities (power and heat supply) on the national and regional levels, as well as provides the first modelling results.

Analysis of Energy Supply Status based on Operating Performance of Integrated Energy Business in Korea

Electricity demand is surging every year in Korea owing to economic growth and a subsequent increase in energy demand. In particular, heavy cooling load during summer and high heating load during winter to fight heat wave and cold wave, respectively, which are allegedly caused by the unpredictable climate change, trigger electricity peak and unstable energy supply as a result. Integrated Energy Business (IEB), which is known as regional heating overseas, draws attention as a distributed energy that can address such structural issues as blackout in the central supply system. Yet, electricity charge lower than production cost, realistic challenges in direct sales of energy production facilities and energy loss incurred from transporting energy from supply facilities to receiving ends keep it from rooting down in Korea. This study compared number of households, number of buildings to which electricity is supplied, capacity of supply facilities, amount of fuel and production and sales volume of energy in order to determine appropriate supply capacity of heat and electricity in regional cooling/heating areas and industrial complexes based on Korea's IEB operation. Also, the study grouped IEB systems according to sizes of energy supply facilities and compared them so as to suggest an appropriate size of IEB and an effective supply system that can be considered for new housing site projects or re-developed regions.

지역난방 사용자 구성비에 따른 열소비 패턴 분석

본 연구에서는 서로 다른 위도의 도시 유형별로 주택과 건물 구성비를 가진 3지역을 선정하여 대상 지역별로 2008년 1년간(1.1~12.31)의 실제 운전실적을 이용하여 지역난방 사용자의 일일 및 연간 열소비 패턴을 분석하고, 지역별 상호 차이점을 파악하기 위하여 주택과 건물의 열소비 패턴을 비교 분석하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 실제 주택 및 건물 지역난방 사용자가 사용한 열소비 패턴을 매시간대별로 파악하고, 연결 열부하(난방면적 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 단위열부하 : 시설용량과 지역난방 배관망의 설계기준이 되는 열부하로 난방면적에 용도별 단위열부하를 곱하여 산출[Gcal/h])와의 관계를 분석하여 일일, 연간 및 최대 부하율 결과값을 도출함으로써 주택 및 건물 지역난방 사용자 비율에 따른 최적의 열원시설 용량산정이 가능케 하고 수요개발(해당 시설용량으로 열공급이 가능한 지역난방 사용자의 범위로 각 사용자기계실의 연결열부하 합과 같음.)단계에서의 정확한 방향을 제시할 수 있는 근거를 도출하였다. To run an optimal operation of Integrated energy supply facilities, we need to analyze heat consumption patterns of District heating users and derive optimum and maximum load ratio of heat production facilities unit. This study selects three District heat production facilities. It also classifies District heating users into residential apartment buildings and eight non-residential buildings and analyzes heat consumption results for an year. Finally it carries out the analysis of how the ratio change of each type affects maximum load ratio, facility utilization ratio, heat supply range. According to this study, three different District heat facilities of residential apartment building show similar daily and annual heat consumption patterns. Annual average load ratio, maximum load ratio and annual heat demand increase as outdoor temperatures decrease. Non-residential buildings in urban District focused on apartment buildings display similar by the daily and annual heat consumption patterns. Yet their daily and annual maximum load ratio differ according to outdoor temperature, District, building types and their composition ratio. In the case of urban District focused on apartment buildings reach optimum and maximum load ratio when apartment buildings reaches 60-70% of the total. At that point heat supply range becomes maximized and the most economic efficiency is obtained.

Analysis of energy efficiency in PCB manufacturing process

Recently, development of renewable energy and improvement of energy efficiency become important issues due to high oil price and global warming. The improvement of energy efficiency restrains the growth rate of energy demand to result in delaying or reducing the expansion of energy supply facilities. As most of energy consumption occurs in industries, it is natural that various methods are sought for energy savings through an efficient management of energy resources consumed in shop floors of industries. In this paper the Energy Resource Management (ERM) system is proposed efficiently to manage and analyze energy consumption and CO2 emission in industries. Data of energy consumption are measured in real time by means of electric power meters and stored in the ERM system by using Machine-to-Machine (M2M) devices. Energy efficiency of a manufacturing process is analyzed based on the data. In this paper the system is implemented in the inner scrubbing process and drilling process for manufacturing PCB and the reflow soldering process for surface mounting of chips or devices on PCB. The results obtained from the implementation are analyzed and reviewed to check usefulness and reliability of the ERM system. The ERM system proposed in this paper mainly for monitoring and analysis of energy consumption can be utilized as the guidelines to manage and improve the energy efficiency in manufacturing processes.

Improvement of Local Capability Under Lifeline Disruptions by Construction of Distributed Self-Sustaining Zone – Based on Research of Disaster Base Hospitals in Tokyo Capital Area

Measures must be taken to prepare against lifeline disruptions caused by earthquakes in the Tokyo capital area. In this study, a survey was conducted targeting important hospitals in the capital area of Japan to understand the situation of water and energy supply facilities of buildings and the disaster preparedness. It is clear that disaster base hospitals tend to have highperformance energy facilities to support the continuity of operations during a disaster. This paper presents the concept of a distributed self-sustaining district to improve the local capability to overcome lifeline disruptions. The suitability of implementing this concept in the hospitals in a given district is also assessed in this study.

Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition. Edited by DONALD N. ZILLMAN, CATHERINE REDGWELL, YINKA O. OMOROGBE and LILA K. BARRERA-HERNANDEZ

The balance of established economies will be very substantially decarbonised within the lifetime of most readers of this journal. The UK's electricity generation sector for example, in order to meet the Climate Change Act's emission reduction targets, will almost fully have to decarbonise by 2030. Simultaneously, reliance on power generation will increase as transport and heat producing activities shift from hydrocarbon fuels to electricity. As the largest CO 2 emitting sector in the UK (at 28% of the total, of which fossil fuels account for over 75%), this is a vast challenge to be replicated across almost all other industry sectors. Similar reductions are being contemplated elsewhere, and not only in the developed world. The drivers of this unprecedented energy transition include not only climate change, but also security of energy supply, forecasts of ever growing global-energy demand, difficulties in maintaining and increasing investment levels in energy supply facilities and energy deprivation. Quite sensibly, ‘peak oil’ arguments do not figure in this volume and the policy consequences of the crystallising consensus on anthropogenic climate change are weightiest among the arguments.

Earthquake Damage to Industrial Facilities and Development of Seismic and Vibration Control Technology – Based on Experience from the 1995 Kobe (Hanshin-Awaji) Earthquake –

This paper reviews the situations and features of earthquake damage to industrial facilities, manufacturing companies, energy supply facilities, and mechanical structures and installations in Japan, and traces trends of countermeasure technology developed focusing on earthquake resistance and vibration control. In Japan, with the 1964 Niigata earthquake as the turning point, earthquake damage to industrial facilities became a social problem. With power stations being constructed in the 1960s, it also became an important technological policy to establish seismic design method for nonbuilding structures such as equipment and piping systems related to nuclear power. The Kobe earthquake in 1995 damaged production companies including leading manufacturers so extensively that it brought a new focus to seismic considerations. We studied the damage to typical equipment and installations and, based on this experience, investigated the features of damage modes to industrial facilities and machinery and considered corresponding technical measures. We present some examples and discuss progressive trends in seismic and vibration control technology following the Kobe earthquake. In particular, we focus on the new seismic design code for high-pressure gas facilities and the development of seismic and vibration control dampers and their applications.

Case for Hybrid Gas/Electric Chiller plants: Options for The 21st Century

In 1992, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued its Order 636. This order changed the natural gas industry from the traditional producer-pipeline-distribution company structure to a new less defined, more competitive arena. Then on April 24, 1996, the FERC issued Orders 888 and 889. These orders instructed the nation`s electric utilities to open their transmission lines to competitors. These three historic decisions have forever changed the way energy is sold. The restructuring of the utility industry adds significant complexity and uncertainty to the HVAC design issue. HVAC systems will need to maximize the load factor on building energy supply facilities as well as maintain flexible operating schedules to take advantage of pricing opportunities in a changing market. It`s very likely that within a few years, HVAC system energy selection will be determined by a computer-run system employing as its point of reference an algorithm of the building and its operations. It is most probable that this system will base its fuel selection on an hourly or daily cost of energy. If natural gas prices drop by one or two percent for the day, and if electric prices remain stable at a higher rate for that day, then when the buildingmore » occupants arrive for work the next day, their HVAC system will be running primarily on natural gas for its base load. And the system that are designed--in addition to being designed for maximum cost efficiency--must also be designed for comfort.« less

都市代謝基盤の環境調和性の評価に関する研究

Human activities are consuming great quantities of energy and also wasting lots of resources. It is not sufficient to evaluate only the energy flow in environmentally sound urban infrastructure, and there is a necessity to consider the Life-Cycle Energy Assessment. This research also attempt to evaluate the Land-use planning and Resources Utilization Planning based on the urban infrastructure as the core of urban area.Energy Analysis of construction materials, the water supply industries and energy supply facilities etc. have been progressing in several streams / trends. Energy Analysis method has been proposed. The Urban-centred Life-Cycle Energy of regional air-conditioning facility has been assessed. The research has also shown the relationship between the Land-use Planning & Resources Utilization Plannig and the urban's environmental loading. The controversy of centred or well-spread urban's facilities has been further discussed.

Energy: why planners must be involved

It seems probable that planners will increasingly be involved with all aspects of the energy system. This paper attempts to outline some of the fundamental issues with which they will be concerned. It considers, first, the physical and socio‐economic impacts of energy supply facilities and then discusses the ability of the planning system to respond to energy development pressures. It then turns to the less tangible problems of energy efficiency in the built environment and considers the potential for improvement together with some of the many constraints involved.

Energy analysis of electricity supply and energy conservation options

A methodology is developed to compute the total energy requirements for electricity-generating systems using an input-output model that explicitly accounts for the physical flow of energy. The capital and operating requirements of 16 separate energy supply facilities are used to evaluate the total energy required by 9 alternative means of producing and delivering electricity. Evaluated electricity-generating systems rely on either fossil or nuclear energy as their fuel source. Energy payback periods are computed based on an equivalent electricity basis. These results are compared to a number of alternative capital investments to reduce energy demand. In general, the conservation options return their energy requirements sooner than the supply alternatives.