Energy Storage Methods Research Articles

In Situ Molecular Reconfiguration of Pyrene Redox-Active Molecules for High-Performance Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries.

Aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs) hold great potential for large-scale energy storage, however, scalable, green, and economical synthetic methods for stable organic redox-active molecules (ORAMs) are still required for their practical applications. Herein, pyrene-based ORAMs are obtained via an in situ organic electrolysis strategy in a flow cell. It is revealed that the water attacking pyrenes restructured molecules to produce a variety of isomers and dimers during the electrolysis, which can be modulated by regulating the local electron cloud density and steric hindrance of pyrene precursors. As a result, the molecularly reconfigured pyrene-based catholytes, even without any further purification, achieved a high electrolyte utilization of ≈96% and volumetric capacity above 50AhL-1. Inspiringly, remarkable cell stability with almost no capacity decay for ≈70 days is achieved, benefiting from the robust aromatic structure of the pyrene cores. The insights into the in situ electrosynthesis of pyrene-based ORAMs provided in the work will provide guidance for designing ultra-stable ORAMs for AOFB applications.

Progress and prospect of flexible MXene‐based energy storage

AbstractThe growing need for flexible and wearable electronics, such as smartwatches and foldable displays, highlights the shortcomings of traditional energy storage methods. In response, scientists are developing compact, flexible, and foldable energy devices to overcome these challenges. MXenes—a family of two‐dimensional nanomaterials—are a promising solution because of their unique properties, including a large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, numerous functional groups, and distinctive layered structures. These attributes make MXenes attractive options for flexible energy storage. This paper reviews recent advances in using flexible MXene‐based materials for flexible Li−S batteries, metal‐ion batteries (Zn and Na), and supercapacitors. The development of MXene‐based composites is explored, with a detailed electrochemical performance analysis of various flexible devices. The review addresses significant challenges and outlines strategic objectives for advancing robust and flexible MXene‐based energy storage devices.

Two-Layer Optimal Scheduling and Economic Analysis of Composite Energy Storage with Thermal Power Deep Regulation Considering Uncertainty of Source and Load

A two-layer scheduling method of energy storage that considers the uncertainty of both source and load is proposed to coordinate thermal power with composite energy storage to participate in the peak regulation of power systems. Firstly, considering the characteristics of thermal power deep peak regulation, a cost model of thermal power deep peak regulation is constructed and fuzzy parameters are used to manage the uncertainty of wind, photovoltaics, and load. Secondly, based on the peaking characteristics and operating costs of composite energy storage, a two-layer optimal scheduling model of energy storage is constructed. The upper layer takes pumped storage as the optimization goal to improve net load fluctuation and the optimal peak load benefit; the lower layer takes the system’s total peak load cost as the optimization goal and obtains a day-before scheduling plan for the energy storage system, using an improved gray wolf algorithm to process it. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on an IEEE 39-node system.

Simulation-Based Hybrid Energy Storage Composite-Target Planning with Power Quality Improvements for Integrated Energy Systems in Large-Building Microgrids

In this paper, we present an optimization planning method for enhancing power quality in integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids by adjusting the sizing and deployment of hybrid energy storage systems. These integrated energy systems incorporate wind and solar power, natural gas supply, and interactions with electric vehicles and the main power grid. In the optimization planning method developed, the objectives of cost-effective and low-carbon operation, the lifecycle cost of hybrid energy storage, power quality improvements, and renewable energy utilization are targeted and coordinated by using utility fusion theory. Our planning method addresses multiple energy forms—cooling, heating, electricity, natural gas, and renewable energies—which are integrated through a combined cooling, heating, and power system and a natural gas turbine. The hybrid energy storage system incorporates batteries and compressed-air energy storage systems to handle fast and slow variations in power demand, respectively. A sensitivity matrix between the output power of the energy sources and the voltage is modeled by using the power flow method in DistFlow, reflecting the improvements in power quality and the respective constraints. The method proposed is validated by simulating various typical scenarios on the modified IEEE 13-node distribution network topology. The novelty of this paper lies in its focus on the application of integrated energy systems within large buildings and its approach to hybrid energy storage system planning in multiple dimensions, including making co-location and capacity sizing decisions. Other innovative aspects include the coordination of hybrid energy storage combinations, simultaneous siting and sizing decisions, lifecycle cost calculations, and optimization for power quality enhancement. As part of these design considerations, microgrid-related technologies are integrated with cutting-edge nearly zero-energy building designs, representing a pioneering attempt within this field. Our results indicate that this multi-objective, multi-dimensional, utility fusion-based optimization method for hybrid energy storage significantly enhances the economic efficiency and quality of the operation of integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids in building-level energy distribution planning.

The energy output equilibrium scheme with intermediate energy storage for tokamak fusion power plant

Different from the design of nuclear fission power plant, the design of fusion power plant needs to consider the problem of discontinuous fusion energy output from nuclear island. This paper proposed an energy output equilibrium scheme for fusion power plant. Based on analysis and comparison, thermal energy storage method was adopted, and two system operation schemes for fusion power plant were further proposed. Finally, system thermal storage calculation and analysis were conducted under WCCB blanket and HCCB blanket respectively, and conclusions were drawn on the applicable system operation scheme under different blankets. This study provides research foundation and engineering reference for the design and construction of future fusion power plants.

Инновационные магнитные наноматериалы для улучшения хранения энергии

Background: Finding effective energy storage technologies is crucial for transitioning to sustainable energy systems. Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as options due to their distinctive magnetic characteristics, which can considerably improve the performance of energy storage systems. Objective: This research aims to investigate innovative magnetic nanoparticles and assess to increase the efficiency and capacity of energy storage systems. The emphasis is on developing materials with optimal magnetic characteristics and incorporating them into current energy storage methods. Methods: Co-precipitation and thermal breakdown were used to create a range of new magnetic nanomaterials. Vibrational sample magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry were used to determine these materials' magnetic characteristics, structural integrity, and electrochemical performance. Subsequent integration into supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries was carried out to evaluate energy storage capacity. Results: The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles showed improved magnetic saturation and charge-discharge characteristics compared to standard materials. When used in supercapacitors, they increased capacitance by 20% and improved cycle stability by 25%. Similarly, these nanomaterials improved the energy density of lithium-ion batteries by 15% and increased their longevity by 30%. Conclusion: The unique magnetic nanoparticles created in this work significantly improve the performance of energy storage devices. The increased capacitance, energy density, and operational stability indicate that these materials for future energy storage applications. Further study is required to optimize these materials for commercial application and investigate their scalability and environmental effects.

Plasma-assisted surface modification of MXene/carbon nanofiber electrodes for electrochemical energy storage

Inferior ion diffusion and relatively low electrochemically active sites of MXene-based electrodes make them becoming a major challenge to develop advanced electrode. Surface modification of electrodes using non-thermal plasma is a great way to suppress these challenges through providing more space for energy storage and facilitating the diffusion of electrolyte ions. Herein, the effect of nitrogen and oxygen plasma treatments on MXene/carbon nanofiber electrode is reported to enhance the electrochemical performance. In this work, Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNF composites were fabricated using a hybrid needleless electrospinning/plasma method for the electrochemical energy storage. Surface modification of the composites was performed by a DBD plasma reactor under N2 and O2 gases at low-pressure glow discharge as a two-step plasma treatment process. The results revealed that total pore volume and the surface area of the plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite increased considerably due to the N2 and O2 plasma treatments. It was found that the electrochemical active surface area of the N2/O2-plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF electrode enhanced by approximately two times compared to the non-treated one, leading to the specific capacitance of 162 F/g at 1 A g−1 in a 2 M KOH electrolyte. The increase in electrochemical activity arises from separate doping of N2 and O2 plasma, which not only improves the pore structure and wettability, but also modifies the electrical conductivity and capacitance of the electrode. The N2/O2-plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF electrode achieved excellent cycling stability with 124 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles, while the capacitance retention of the pure N2 and O2-plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF electrodes as well as the non-treated one were 111 %, 105 % and 98 %, respectively. Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor N2/O2-plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF//AC based on the N2/O2-plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx/CNF as a positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode was successfully constructed, which demonstrated an energy density of 26.3 Wh kg−1 with a power density of 750 W kg−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1 with excellent capacitance retention (102 %) after 5000 cycles. This work provides a highly efficient method for the surface modification of MXene-based electrodes through non-thermal plasma treatment.

Heat release efficiency Betterment inside a novel-designed latent heat exchanger featuring arc-shaped fins and a rotational mechanism via numerical model and artificial neural network

Thermal energy storage (TES) units featuring phase change materials (PCMs) have a crucial impact on efficient energy management. Since energy demands keep changing, and the world increasingly relies on sustainable energy sources, innovation is continuously required. New technologies, materials, and methods for energy storage must be developed to meet these shifting needs effectively. In this study, a triplex-tube heat exchanger (TTHE) was employed as a TES medium, utilizing PCM within the middle tube. Because of its high thermal energy storage capacity, RT50 was selected as the PCM. Four innovative arc-shaped fins were strategically integrated within the PCM space to accelerate heat release. The system was subjected to rotational speeds of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 rpm. The investigation was carried out in two stages: initially, the impact of varying rotational speeds on the discharging process of the PCM in a finless TTHE was explored; subsequently, the influence of the same speeds on the solidification behavior of the finned TTHE was analyzed. Natural convection and PCM’s solidification process were examined through the enthalpy-porosity method. The findings represented that in the absence of fins, the device’s rotation had a more noticeable impact on the solidification behavior; however, incorporating fins was much more influential. Up to 2850 s, all the finned systems had solidified entirely in the presence or absence of the rotational mechanism, while in the finless system with a rotational speed of 1.5, 30.52 % of the material was still unsolidified until this time. Finally, the influence of three key structural parameters of the fins: α (outer fins arc angle), β (inner fins arc angle), and S (space between fins) on the discharging time of the PCM was analyzed using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The study offered critical insights for optimizing fin configuration by systematically varying these parameters within defined ranges. An ANN predictive model was also proposed to assist TES system manufacturers and developers in future design and optimization efforts. The results demonstrated that the optimal setting of the TTHE (with the parameters of α = 60°, β = 60°, S = 10 mm) achieved the liquid fraction of 0.1, 80.33 % faster than the finless system.

Performance of solid particles as thermal storage media in thermal power flexibility retrofits: Effects of charging and discharging flow rates on single piece stacking bed

An innovative, efficient, and cost-effective energy storage method was introduced for retrofitting thermal power plants, which can be connected in series to scale up quickly (like a battery) and aimed to replace expensive, hazardous molten salts. Charging/discharging processes among steam and solid particles were investigated using energy storage devices with capacities in the tens of kilowatts. Results of the study confirm the excellent performance of steel waste as a thermal energy storage medium. Key findings include that the time required for complete charging decreases from 75 to 300 kg/h, taking 173, 128, 106, and 105 min, respectively. The most efficient charging occurs when the bed temperature is most inhomogeneous, taking 68, 42, 34, and 28 min for 75–300 kg/h. The highest average charging power and heat transfer coefficient are 5 kW and 210 W/(m2·K) at 300 kg/h. In addition, 145 kg/h achieves optimal speed and quantity coupling, resulting in the highest charging efficiency of approximately 84 %. Time-optimized and efficiency-optimized charging flows are given. Real-time efficiency shows that the poorest temperature uniformity corresponds to the highest charging efficiency, with 145 kg/h exhibiting the strongest thermal inertia and 75 kg/h the weakest. Higher flow rates improve internal heat transfer and reduce stratification, facilitating multiple charge-discharge cycles. At discharge rates of 50, 75, and 100 kg/h, steam production is sustained at approximately 30, 40, and 50 kg/h for 11, 7, and 7 min, respectively. Discharge efficiency increases with flow rate, rising from 30 % to 95 %. Phase transition region migrates at approximately 10∼20 mm/s across different discharge rates, with 75 kg/h showing the fastest discharge state. As the discharge rate increases, the phase transition region's total area proportion rises, reaching about 70 % at 100 kg/h. Research demonstrates the potential of this new energy storage medium for efficient and safe retrofitting of thermal power plants.

Assessing the 3E performance of multiple energy supply scenarios based on photovoltaic, wind turbine, battery and hydrogen systems

Supplying buildings with cost-effective, eco-friendly and reliable energy by hybridizing sustainable renewable energy systems (RESs) and energy storage methods is becoming increasingly interesting. This study investigates the energy, environmental and economic (3E) effectiveness of three energy supply scenarios (ESSs) designed to meet the electricity and thermal needs of a typical residential building under the Mediterranean climate of Morocco. The first scenario aims to directly supply the energy produced by two RESs, namely photovoltaic and wind systems, to the building and inject the surplus electricity into the grid. In contrast, in the second scenario, the excess solar and wind energy is stored in batteries, while in the third one a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is used to produce hydrogen and store it for later use through fuel cells. To examine the performance of these scenarios, numerous software, such as EnergyPlus and PVsyst, as well as numerical models are used. The findings indicate that the second and third scenarios can achieve an energy coverage ratio of up to 100 %, whilst the first scenario reaches lower ratio of 52.56 %. Environmentally, the first scenario exhibits the best outcomes with a carbon payback period of one year and a reduction in carbon emissions of 18.21 tCO2e/year. On the other side, the carbon payback period and carbon emissions reduction are 1.66 years and 15.13 tCO2e/year for the second scenario, and 1.14 years and 14.82 tCO2e/year for the third scenario. Economically, the first scenario reveals the best economic findings, followed by the second one, while the third scenario is not economically feasible. The obtained simple payback period values for the first, second and third scenarios are 5.80, 7.89 and 16.30 years, whereas their levelized cost of energy shares are 0.05, 0.09 and 0.21 $/kWh, sequentially. The outcomes of this research significantly contribute to the field by providing crucial information for building owners and professionals to help them in discerning the most efficient ESSs in the 3E prospects, and hence improving their decision-making and implementation processes.

Feasibility study of geothermal assisted energy storage using hydraulic fracturing

Similar to wind and solar energy, geothermal energy, as a renewable energy source that is widely distributed, abundant, green, and low-carbon, has substantial potential. In this study, we introduce and validate the feasibility of a novel approach that employs hydraulic fracturing techniques to store electrical power in hydraulic fractures, while simultaneously extracting geothermal energy from the strata. The primary advantage of this methodology is its dual functionality (i.e., storing energy while harvesting heat). This approach outperforms conventional energy storage methods in terms of efficiency, in which the total energy storage efficiency is far greater than 1. Our study analyzed the factors influencing energy and efficiency, as well as the variations in energy and efficiency under long-term energy storage conditions. This study also provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the design of hydraulic fracturing energy storage assisted by geothermal energy.

3D Printed Symmetric Carbon Supercapacitors: A Study Comparing Electrochemical Performance and Cycle Life Depending on 3D Printing Technique and Materials

With the ongoing global energy crisis, producing reliable and efficient methods of energy storage remains an integral part of cutting-edge materials research. Within this topic, 3D-printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is evolving from a niche hobby to a reliable scientific tool for materials science research [1-3]. 3D-printing energy storage materials provides unparalleled levels of customisation [4-9] and freedom of design, while also eliminating waste material during the manufacturing process.3D-printing energy storage materials has been widely covered, but usually just focuses on one method of 3D-printing. Directly comparing more than one 3D-printing method within a single energy storage study is far more seldom researched. This work directly compares the electrochemical performances of symmetric carbon-based supercapacitor devices made using two 3D-printing techniques, SLA (stereolithography) and FDM (fused deposition modelling). Two cell types are made in this study, one with gold-sputtered SLA-printed current collectors, the other with conductive PLA (polylactic acid) FDM-printed current collectors. Carbon-based electrode (various combinations of SWCNT, GNP, Super-P, PVDF) slurries and aqueous 6M KOH electrolyte are implemented in these cells. The benefits and limitations of these 3D-printing methods are directly compared, with the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor cells being analysed using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests.The sputtered conductive SLA current collector cells display better conductivity and more ideal rectangular cyclic voltammetry curves for electronic double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) but suffer from poor cycle life in initial experiments (~5,000 charge-discharge cycles before losing all specific capacitance). The FDM current collector cells have poorer conductivity, less ideal cyclic voltammetry curves, and are less structurally sound (causing some electrolyte leakage over long term cycling) but offer extremely stable cycle life for supercapacitor cells, retaining most of their specific capacitance after 100,000 charge-discharge cycles. The cycle lives of the gold-sputtered SLA current collector cells are greatly improved after several changes made during the study, such as reducing the voltage window from 0.0-1.0 V to 0.2-0.7 V, and exploring additives for the carbon-based slurry electrodes, such as Super-P and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).

Development of Fe-Doped Ni2P-POx Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Water electrolysis is extensively researched as a next-generation energy storage method to overcome the intermittency of renewable energy. Electricity generated from renewable sources such as solar and wind power can be converted into pure green hydrogen through water electrolysis. Despite the potential of green hydrogen as a renewable energy storage/carrier medium, the high overpotential resulting from the slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the use of expensive noble metals make cost-competitive hydrogen production a significant challenge. Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is one method for hydrogen production, offering economic advantages over proton exchange membrane systems as it allows for the use of relatively inexpensive transition metal catalysts like Ni, Fe, and Co due to its alkaline environment.Nickel phosphide (Ni2P)-based catalysts have emerged as highly promising candidates to accelerate the electrocatalytic OER. In particular, the introduction of Fe into Ni2P has been found to induce charge transfer, optimizing the electronic structure and accelerating the OER process. OER catalysts based on transition metal phosphides often exhibit a core-shell structure with phosphide at the core and oxide at the shell during OER measurements. This core-shell structure enhances OER performance through the oxide shell, complementing the deficient electrical conductivity of the phosphide core, resulting in superior catalytic activity and durability. From this perspective, transition metal phosphates are also being studied as electrocatalysts for OER. Phosphates, such as PO3 -, not only promote oxygen adsorbate adsorption but also induce a distorted local metal center geometry that favors OH- adsorption and further oxidation.To address these challenges, this study develops a facile and scalable synthesis of iron-doped nickel phosphide-phosphate (Fe-doped Ni2P-POx) nano-hybrid system as a superior noble-metal free OER powder-catalyst. The utilization of self-filling and pyrolysis approaches facilitates economically viable production of the highly porous phosphide catalyst with a high specific surface area and rough surfaces. X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance elucidates the electronic structure modulation, resulting in phosphide-phosphate nano-hybrid structures. Consequently, the catalyst demonstrates excellent OER activity in 1 M KOH, with a significantly low overpotential of 283 mV at 20 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 28.4 mV dec-1, and a superior exchange current density of 8.22 mA cm-2, surpassing state-of-the-art PGM catalysts. Furthermore, its durability over 20 hours indicates its excellent stability, mass transport properties, and mechanical robustness in alkaline media, underscoring its potential as an efficient OER catalyst to facilitate electrocatalytic hydrogen production. Figure 1

Designing a centralized storage hydrogen supply chain network with multi-period and bi-objective optimization

This study introduces a multi-period centralized storage optimization model aimed at designing an efficient hydrogen supply chain system, considering cost and emissions as dual objectives. It integrates multiple energy sources, production and storage methods, transport combinations, demand scenarios, and carbon capture systems, offering a comprehensive decision-making approach for hydrogen network design. Employing the mixed-integer linear programming methodology, the proposed model resolves these complexities. The research applies this model to a case study in France, generating six unique scenarios for 10 and 15 cities, and compares them against two distinct decentralized models. The findings consistently highlight the centralized storage model’s cost benefits across various demand scenarios, including cases of unrestricted emissions as well as cases with limited emission targets. The cost-effectiveness of this proposed model enhances its feasibility within the current context of decarbonization.

Maximizing thermal performance in triangular honeycomb thermochemical reactors: Structural and operating parameter studies

Using thermochemical energy storage methods to store energy is increasingly vital for boosting the share of renewable energy in consumption within buildings and industries. This entails harnessing off-peak excess renewable energy, such as electricity or waste heat energy, for storage purposes. While previous research emphasizes the importance of improving reactor performance, comprehensive analysis of the new honeycomb reactor designs is lack. Innovative advancements in maximizing thermal performance within triangular honeycomb reactors are elucidated in this study. This study employs a validated 3-D model to explore the effects of these parameters on heat and mass transfer within a triangular honeycomb reactor. By investigating structural and operational parameters, a novel equilibrium is achieved, amplifying heat exchange efficiency and channeling thermal energy with unprecedented precision. Through a rigorous examination of reactor air velocity distribution, air temperature lift, and outlet air absolute humidity, this research unveils pivotal insights into enhancing reactor efficacy. Notably, the study identifies that increasing the channel thickness by 1.2 times, resulting in energy storage density of 463 kJ/kg. This innovation positions triangular honeycomb reactors at the forefront of sustainable energy management, offering a potential solution for decarbonization such as storing industrial waste heat and harnessing surplus off-peak electricity in buildings.

Component, design, and prospects of self-consistent energy systems for transport infrastructures

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a Transportation Self-Consistent Energy System (TSCES) to meet the increasing electricity requirements of transport infrastructure in various traffic environments, including highway, railway, and waterway. The TSCES consists of four primary components: power source, load, energy storage, and interconnected microgrid. The power source component can be categorized into natural energy endowment and energy-electricity conversion components. Load components can be classified, quantified, and forecasted based on diverse transportation facilities, traffic volume, and importance levels. Energy storage components necessitate thorough consideration of the technical attributes of various energy storage methods, along with the functional requirements of the traffic environment, power sources, and loads. Interconnected microgrid components establish connections among all components, followed by configuration optimization and choosing appropriate network topological structures based on techno-economic conditions, ensuring that all components adhere to constraints imposed by transportation space, regulations, and policy indicators. Additionally, the design procedure and architectural patterns of TSCES are presented, which indicates that the TSCES has excellent adaptability and research application value in the field of transportation.

Multi-stage planning method for independent energy storage based on dynamic updating of key transmission sections

A multi-stage planning method for independent energy storage (IES) based on dynamically updating key transmission sections (KTS) is proposed to address issues such as uneven power flow distribution and transmission congestion resulting from the high penetration of renewable energy sources and load growth. First, an IES planning model considering KTS constraints is established by searching and updating the KTS and associated constraints. This model takes into account IES investment and operation costs, maintenance costs, revenue from spot price differences, and penalties for system congestion. Then, a multi-stage planning method for energy storage is proposed based on the dynamic updating of KTS and the annual planning results. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, a case study simulation is conducted using the improved IEEE 39-bus New England standard system. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to achieve multi-stage rolling optimization of IES, providing a reference for future efforts toward multi-stage planning of IES.

Optimal configuration method of photovoltaic energy storage in distribution network based on source-load coordination

Abstract To enhance the configurability of photovoltaic energy storage within distribution network systems and foster synchronized development of power sources and loads, a source-load coordinated approach for optimal photovoltaic energy storage configuration in distribution networks is introduced. An alternative multi-objective framework for optimal allocation of photovoltaic energy storage capacity in distribution networks is formulated, which is the optimal goal of maximum economic benefit of photovoltaic energy storage, the optimal goal of minimum network loss and the optimal goal of source-network load coordination. The constraints of the system’s power flow, energy storage charging and discharging capabilities, and an optimized allocation strategy for energy storage are established, and the objective function is solved with full consideration of source-network load coordination factors. The energy storage optimization is updated in the iterative process. Based on the update results, the process for optimal allocation of photovoltaic energy storage in the distribution network has been devised to attain the most efficient allocation. Experimental results indicate a minimal discrepancy between the actual and specified energy storage output, along with a reduced average output power resulting from the optimized photovoltaic energy storage configuration, which shows excellent performance in energy storage optimization configuration.

Energy storage comparison of chemical production decarbonization: Application of photovoltaic and solid oxide electrolysis cells

The fossil fuel driven chemical production leads to significant greenhouse emission, and the low-carbon emission technologies are necessary for carbon neutrality. The integration of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and H2-O2 combustion can replace the fossil fuel and supply high-temperature heat for reactions. However, the energy demand keeps consistent but the renewable energy fluctuates with time. Therefore, energy storage is important for such a change. Clean fuel replacement and electrification are applied in a case study of ethylene plant, which requires 147 MW of clean fuel and 91.36 MW of grid power. Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy drives SOEC and liquefied H2, compressed H2, compressed air energy storage (CAES) are compared. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is proposed to evaluate decarbonization effect and cost, which are balanced by multi-objective optimization. The results show that the liquefied H2 is superior to other choices because of the high efficiency. The hydrogen of 126.27 MW is the optimal point, which requires 415 MW SOEC and PV panels. Also, this study proposes that the power grid should communicate with energy consumers such as chemical plants to ensure the energy storage method, or supply renewable energy directly, which avoids energy loss and unreasonable energy transition.

Investigation methods for enhancing the energy consumption capacity of novel PV access distribution networks

Abstract This paper presents a method for reconstructing distribution networks using soft open point (SOP) and demand response (DR) energy storage, which can effectively solve the problems of voltage overruns, line overcurrent, and bidirectional flow currents caused by the photovoltaic (PV) getting into the distribution network. First, the model for the rebuilding of the distribution network is created by using the energy storage method of DR and SOP. Then, MISOCP, which stands for mixed-integer second-order cone programming, is the model that is used to change the distribution network reconfiguration, and the transformed model is solved by the MOSEK algorithm package in MATLAB. Finally, the strategy suggested in this research may successfully enhance the distribution grid’s consumption capacity after PV access, as shown by the verification in the IEEE33 node distribution grid system.