Energy Service System Research Articles

Sustainability assessment of energy services using complex multi-layer system models

Energy providing companies are facing legal restrictions concerning environmental targets effecting design and operation of their energy services. Thus, optimizing energy services based on sustainable criteria plays a crucial role in providing clean, affordable and profitable business solutions in the energy field. The aim of this work is to help decision makers in design and optimization of energy services through the development of a methodology which uses two energy services (district heating and thermal insulation) as practical design criteria, which are stated as cross-cutting technologies to increase sustainable heat supply. Within this approach, both the requirements and effects of policy targets are implemented for system configuration. For that, a multi-layer energy service system is developed and assessed using a case-study, where an existing decentralized reference system is substituted by a central biomass-fired plant. In addition, a new method, called ”method relation analysis” (MRA) is proposed, which provides a tool to investigate the effects of different evaluation techniques on the design of the energy system and is exemplary shown for carbon footprint and emergy analysis. This offers the possibility for analyzing the dependency of different assessment criteria and gives insight on how policy targets influence sustainable system configuration. The two energy services showe different outcomes in terms of sustainability. Raising heat from the biomass plant increases environmental, while thermal insulation mainly effects technological sustainability. Optimum design values for the biomass plant vary between around 60% of thermal load for carbon footprint and around 20% for emergy analysis. Carbon emissions always shows better results than the reference system. The proposed MRA assessment shows unique improvements for system analysis providing information on system comparison, assessment results and their behavior.

Customer Centricity in the Smart Grid Model

The demand for sustainable energy is caused by the rapid influx of the rising number of urban cities worldwide. In 2014, roughly 54 percent of the world's populations live in urban areas, and the numbers are expected to go up to 70 percent by 2050. A smart grid is considered as one energy approach to address the increasing demand for sustainable energy. Currently, the U.S. is accelerating the smart grid movement and efforts to modernize the electric grid. The authors will provide an overview of the electricity industry evolution and the emergence of smart grid. Most researchers tend to focus on the physical infrastructure and information layer of the smart grid. However, the most important aspect, which is the social aspect that fuels the advancement of any technology, is often neglected or forgotten. Customer interaction with the utility service provider is arguably one of the key factors of a successful smart grid. But, customers are considered as end users and are often the last in the communication chain to find out about changes in the energy service system, including the ongoing implementation of the smart grid. This paper presents a case study on the State of New York's latest ambitious efforts in reforming the energy vision and their strategies to be proactive in actively engaging customers in the ongoing development of the smart grid. The authors explore the customer-centricity in a smart grid and their interactions using a formalized object oriented modeling approach to reason about the problem, understand the complexity of the evolving energy service system, and communicate about the smart grid with others1.

Design of Building Energy Consumption Monitoring System

Building energy consumption has become large energy consumption in our country. In order to realize the full range of buildings energy-saving, this paper designed a building energy monitoring system and which can effective measure, monitor, control and regulate each energy equipment and systems within the building. It makes a large number of dispersed energy data sort, optimization, control and reasonable allocation by combining networking technology and cloud computing technology, forming the construction of community energy overall control, optimization, service and redistribution system. Finally realizes the monitoring, control of buildings energy consumption, achieving the purpose of saving the energy.

China State Grid Information Data Platform Construction for Energy Efficiency Services

In the global carbon emission reduction and energy saving environment, the State Grid Corporation is actively establishing energy service system, building a national grid of energy efficiency services data platform. The data through three ways, such as submitted, the existing data extraction and on-line monitoring, are captured for largest energy users, and then uploaded to the company's headquarter data platform through a variety of communication means of the State Grid Corporation private and public network. Headquarter platform take energy efficiency modeling and data analysis with mass data storage, data mining, OLAP, and other technologies.

Microgrids and virtual power plants: Concepts to support the integration of distributed energy resources

This article presents the concepts of the microgrid and the virtual power plant (VPP) as vehicles to facilitate cost-efficient integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into the existing power system. These concepts were designed to enhance the system value and the controllability of DER and to provide frameworks for the development of interfaces among energy and ancillary service resources, system operators, and energy market participants. Through aggregation, DER access to energy markets is facilitated, and DER-based system support and ancillary services can be provided. By enabling this additional functionality, it is envisaged that system performance measured in the form of energy efficiency, power quality, security, and economic operation can be improved. In this paper, the technical and commercial functionality facilitated through the microgrid and VPP concepts is described. The paper concludes with case studies demonstrating the application of the concepts on a test system.

Analysis of energy service systems in urban areas and their CO 2 mitigations and economic impacts

Three kinds of energy service system were examined as alternative energy systems in urban areas. A comparison of these energy systems was performed by finding Pareto optimum solutions for a multi-objective model. The model had two objective functions: CO 2 emission and cost to consumer. Various energy pricings were provided in the model as variables. The assumed alternative systems were those in which: (1) every consumer had a cogeneration system (CGS); (2) there was a centralized energy supply plant (ESP) that had a CGS installed and supplied energy (electricity, gas, cooling and heating) to consumers; and (3) both (1) and (2) were installed. Minimization of CO 2 emissions and minimization of cost to consumers were assumed as objective functions of the multi-objective model. Energy prices that consumers paid were used in the model as variables. We performed an analysis and comparison of the three kinds of system from the viewpoints of CO 2 emission, economic impact on consumers and ESP, using system operations as evaluation indexes.

A multi‐objective optimization model for determining urban energy systems under integrated energy service in a specific area

AbstractThe integrated energy service system for a specific area is supposed to deliver electric and thermal energy in an integrated manner for the purpose of reducing cost, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission. Under an assumption of the service system, this paper develops a multi‐objective optimization model for determining urban energy systems. Considering the various energy system alternatives, such as photovoltaic generations for residential houses and fuel‐cell cogenerations for business and commercial customers, the model determines the share of the energy system alternatives in order to minimize the above three indices. As numerical examples, this paper illustrates trade‐off analyses in the case when the proposed model is applied to a 2 km × 2 km square area in Osaka. Finally, this paper illustrates the role of various energy system alternatives from CO2 reduction and fossil energy reduction points of view. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 20–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10275

電源構成を考慮した総合エネルギーサービスシステム導入によるCO<sub>2</sub>削減ポテンシャル

Publisher Summary In Japan, energy demands in business and commercial sector and residential sector are still increasing. So it is important to design an efficient energy supply system in urban areas where these sectors are highly concentrated. Dispersed generators such as gas turbine, fuel cells and solar cells are expected to be one of the effective technologies for reducing CO 2 emission, and these may be introduced in large quantity in business and commercial sector and residential sector in the future. A multi-objective optimization model has been developed to find out an energy system that is effective to reduce CO 2 emission. However, reduction of CO 2 in a small area may not necessarily results in the reduction in much wider region. This is because optimization in a small area depends on CO 2 emission per unit of commercial electricity that is determined by an assumed generation mix of commercial power. If these locally optimized energy systems are introduced into many cities, daily load curve for commercial power will vary significantly, and the generation mix would be modified. Thus, an investigation on the relation between the scale of local optimization and CO 2 emission from the whole region will be necessary to show the advantage of the integrated energy service system.

Analysis of energy pricing in urban energy service systems considering a multiobjective problem of environmental and economic impact

Introduction of an integrated energy service system in an urban area is assumed. An energy supply plant is installed in the area to provide integrated energy service. It supplies electricity, gas, cooling, and heating to consumers. To consider CO/sub 2/ emission constraint in the area, analyses of energy pricing, economic impact on energy consumers, and operation of the system under the constraint of CO/sub 2/ emission were performed. CO/sub 2/ emission and economic impact on the consumers and the supplier of various energy pricing scenarios were calculated using linear programming models. The solution that satisfied the CO/sub 2/ emission restriction, and was economically optimal to the consumers was chosen from the results. The chosen solutions are Pareto optimum solutions of a multiobjective problem that concerns both CO/sub 2/ emission and cost to the consumers.

A Multi-objective Optimization Model for Determining Urban Energy Systems under Integrated Energy Service in a Specific Area.

The integrated energy service system for a specific area is supposed to deliver electric and thermal energy in an integrated manner for purpose of reducing cost, primary energy consumption and CO2 emission. Under an assumption of the service system, this paper develops a multi-objective optimization model for determining urban energy systems. Considering the various energy system alternatives, e.g. photovoltaic generations for residential houses and fuel-cell cogenerations for business and commercial customers, the model determines the share of the energy system alternatives in order to minimize the above three indices. As numerical examples, this paper illustrates tradeoff analyses in case that the proposed model is applied to 2 kilometers square of an actual city in Osaka. Finally, this paper illustrates the role of various energy system alternatives from CO2 reduction and fossil energy reduction points of view.

A Planning Model of Integrated Energy Service Systems for a Specific Area

The integrated energy service system for an specific area is supposed to deliver electric and thermal energy in an integrated manner for purpose of reducing cost, primary energy consumption and CO2 emission. This paper proposes a planning model for the integrated energy service, consisting of three sub-models. First problem is to determine the optimal share of energy system options including the District Heating and Cooling (DHC) system. Next, for the area with the DHC system, the piping network for the transportation of thermal energy is determined to transport thermal energy. Finally, electric energy delivery network is determined. Particularly, this paper focuses on a coordination procedure of the energy system planning sub-model and the piping network planning sub-model.