Energy Security Indicators Research Articles

ECONOMIC STIMULATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the study of areas of economic incentives for entrepreneurship development in the field of renewable energy in the world and Ukraine. Indicators of energy security, economic measurement, and cost of electricity for business are systematized. A graphical interpretation of the cost of electricity in terms of the ratio of the index of economic dimension and energy security in selected countries – some neighbouring countries, partners of Ukraine, and countries with leading economies, which allowed to implement a methodological approach to identify key areas for effective energy development. The expediency of using the experience and adaptation of measures in the energy policy for the development of renewable energy in countries such as Canada, Germany, France, and Turkey are substantiated. It is determined that in these countries the directions of economic stimulation of entrepreneurship in the field of renewable energy are developed, which is reflected in the basic strategies of their energy development. The main mechanisms of financial incentives for renewable and alternative energy in EU member states are presented, in particular, mechanisms with the use of benefits with pricing tools, regulatory mechanisms with quotas, green certificates, tariff auctions. The current mechanisms for stimulating renewable energy in Ukraine are analysed and the dynamics of the levelized cost of electricity and the "green" tariff for electricity from solar and wind power plants from 2009 to 2019 are presented. The main problems in the field of renewable energy regulation in Ukraine are identified. Recommendations for improving the renewable energy market in Ukraine and accelerating the achievement of the Goal 7 of sustainable development in Ukraine are provided.

Регіональний вимір енергоефективності та енергетичної безпеки України

The article is aimed at determining the opportunities of the regions of Ukraine for self-sufficiency in energy resources, improving energy security and energy efficiency, as well as forming a methodological approach to determining regional ratings by the level of energy efficiency and energy security. The indicators of energy efficiency and energy security, proposed in the article, is advisable to use as a base for a further system of indicators, applied to determine regional ratings of energy efficiency and energy security. The proposed indicators allow to comprehensively assess the level of energy security in the region, are relevant and can be easily calculated using data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. To assess the level of energy efficiency and energy security of the regions of Ukraine, it is advisable to use the author’s own methodology, which also allows to assess the availability and quality of energy resources use. The application of the proposed two-level system of indicators and the method of their calculation allows solving the problem of informing different categories of users about energy efficiency and energy security of the regions in order to determine the need for control influences in conditions of limited information. Based on the results obtained, both the State and regional administration bodies together with local self-government bodies will be able to assess the results achieved, compare them with the achievements of other regions and develop a system of measures to improve the energy efficiency of the regional economy and ensure energy security in the future. Further researches of the author will be aimed at calculating on the basis of the formed methodological approach of the rating of energy efficiency and energy security of the regions of Ukraine, carrying out a comparative analysis of the regions and developing proposals for solving identified problems, based on the rating results obtained.

Developing a system dynamics model to study the impact of renewable energy in the short- and long-term energy security

This study discusses the impact that the share of renewable energy (RE) in the energy mix for total primary energy supply and electricity generation has on Malaysia's short and long-term energy security (ES). Three key dimensions of the ES of Malaysia have been studied thoroughly from the existing body of work to extract the indicators and their causal relation with each other. The system dynamics approach of modelling has been implemented to quantitatively analyse the impact on the relevant energy security indicators. The results are optimistic towards the increase in the share of RE to ensure both short and long-term ES through an increase in production to reserve ratio, decrease in energy dependency, and import in the long run. The energy policy structure needs to incline more towards diversification of energy sources to ensure that RE holds a major share in the energy mix as per the current energy policy objectives. This approach of modelling ES can be critical towards future policy design through consolidated data and evidence. This research aims to facilitate the nation's policymakers to dwell upon the need for separate ES policy drafts. The next stage of this research would involve the stakeholders to collect and validate the model.

Анализ использования индикаторов оценки энергетической безопасности в научных публикациях

The article analyzes the general picture of the use of five indicators for assessing energy security: World Energy Trilemma Index, International Index of Energy Security Risk, SES. Sustainable Energy Security Index, Global Energy Architecture Performance, The IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security, proposed by international energy agencies in research studies on energy security. Their rare use in scientific publications and even in the texts of reports of a number of agencies is noted. As an example, the case of China shows that the use of indicators in conjunction with the regular International Energy Agency reports can only give a general picture of the country’s energy security, but does not allow a deeper analysis due to the lack of access to the source data. A brief bibliometric analysis of publications on energy security indicators is provided. It is shown that bibliometric indicators can be verstatile markers of expert attitude to the topic under study and identify promising areas of research on energy security issues.

Energy Security and Scenario Analysis of Province One of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic Republic Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of five economic growth scenarios i.e. Normal growth (NOR) (5.80%), Low growth (LOW) (4.20%), High growth (HIG) (6.80%), Accelerated growth (ACC) (8.50%), and Intervention scenario (INT) on Normal growth scenario (NOR), the future energy mix and energy security indicators for the year 2040 are also calculated. The thesis also gives an overview of the variation/progress of the different indicators during the considered period of study (2017-2040). On the basis of compilation of data published by Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) and use of model developed in Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP), the study shows the increase in demand of the final energy consumption of province in Normal growth scenario to 101.8 million GJ at 2040 from 80.2 million GJ at 2017, whereby residential sector being the largest energy consuming sector with share of 68% in the total energy mix. However, the energy consumption increases to only 86.8 million GJ at the end year in the Intervention scenario. Similarly, the electricity consumption/demand increases by 120% and 390% in the normal and intervention economic growth scenario respectively. The study also shows that the, energy intensity in the intervention scenario is brought down to 4.44 GJ/USD1000 compared to that of 15 GJ/USD1000 in the base year. Also, the electricity consumption per capita is increased to 574 kWh from 116 kWh in the base year in INT scenario. Moreover, the GHG emission in the normal growth scenario at the end year will be 592.8 kg/Capita i.e. 59.5% increase from the base year. However, with the intervention scenario adopted, the GHG emission can be limited to only 385.2 kg/Capita in the end year, which is 8% increase from the base year value of 371.8 kg/Capita. However, these values are only achieved if the provincial government helps implementing federal government's plan of promoting the renewable energy systems and technologies instead of traditional fuel woods and fossil fuels system.

Has the global expansion of energy markets truly improved energy security?

Global energy trade volumes have sharply increased over the past three decades, creating a more connected energy system. Increasing demand for energy, the emergence of unconventional fossil fuels, increasing environmental awareness, and technological progress in energy technologies have led to significant changes in national energy mixes and in global trade patterns. For many countries, energy security is the dominant concern in the design of energy trade strategies and policies. In this paper, we present a systematic analysis of the factors shaping the global energy trade network, considering several energy security indicators as well as broader economic considerations. We observe that, in line with energy security considerations, most countries have indeed increased the number of their trade connections resulting in a more densely connected global energy network. However, a substantial part of countries’ energy commodity imports often still comes only from a few incumbent suppliers. Due to this supplier concentration global energy security does not increase with the expansion of the energy markets. Increasing energy security will require fundamental changes in the organization of the energy market in terms of contracts and the flexibility of energy infrastructures.

THE STRATEGIES OF WEST JAVA’S REGIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT TO SUPPORT NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

The focus of this research is to analyze energy potential in West Java Province, and its management. The purpose of this study is to first analyze the energy potential of his particular region in West Java Province; the second one is to analyzes the indicators that affect regional energy security in West Java. This study uses a qualitative method. Data obtained from observations, interviews and literature studies. The results show that West Java has strong potential in contributing to making Indonesia the largest geothermal user in the world. Utilization of geothermal energy for electricity generation in fields that are already in production, can already be said to be optimal. However, there are still several other geothermal resource locations that can still be developed and utilized. Other new renewable energy potentials are the Mini and Micro Hydro potential of 647 MW and a new exploitation of 18.3 MW, Solar Energy with a potential of 9,099 MW but which has only been used up to 0.3 MW, and Bioenergy from the potential of 2,551 MW has only been utilized at 109, 3 MW and several other new renewable energy potentials which are still in the development stage such as Wind Energy and Sea Energy. West Java Provincial energy security indicators are still based on Availability, Affordability, Accessibility, Acceptability, and Sustainability) coupled with: elasticity between economic and electricity growth, energy diversification, and energy conservation.Keywords: Energy Management, Energy Security, Potential EnergyJEL Classifications: H56, O13, P48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10259

METHODOLOGY OF NATIONAL SECURITY ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT

The article summarizes the theoretical and methodological principles of integrated assessment of national security in the context of sustainable spatial development. The emphasis is on the fact that the integrated (comprehensive) socio-ecological and economic assessment of national security in the theoretical and conceptual format should be built in accordance with the methodology of sustainable development.It should be noted that the theory of economic security raises the question of structural and evaluative construction of national (economic) security in accordance with the methodology of sustainable development. This led to the consideration of national security as socio-ecological and economic.Variations of the system of indicators that characterize the level of sustainable development are analyzed. It is concluded that the purposeful management of socio-economic processes and national security in order to achieve sustainable spatial development, the establishment of new environmental and social priorities of the state has led to a change in the assessment system. Here, attention is focused on the fact that there is no single system for the formation of indicators of sustainable development, in particular, in the context of assessing the effectiveness of environmental taxation.Some components of national security and indicators in the context of solving the problem of assessing the effectiveness of the environmental taxation system are considered. The structural components and main indicators of economic, energy and environmental security in relation to the system of environmental taxation are substantiated. Indicators of forest safety are considered separately. Emphasis is placed on the methodology of forming the algorithm for constructing a comprehensive rating assessment of national security components.

Establishing and comparing energy security trends in resource-rich exporting nations (Russia and the Caspian Sea region)

In the international arena, it is often the case that in countries which largely depend on foreign resources, energy security, and its key components i.e. security of energy supply, environment, technology, geopolitical and economic factors, is a subject of concern. However, due to the abundance of fossil fuel resources in resource-rich exporting nations, there is a lack of understanding of the risks around energy security and accordingly often a policy vacuum. Conceptualising energy security from different geopolitical vantage points will allow future concerns around energy supply security, climate change, and regional economic crises to be evaluated. By using policy documents and developing a time series approach and normalized z-scores for a range of comparable metrics this article compares the energy security performance in six Caspian Sea countries individually and collectively. The article results show that Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan made significant progress in energy security since 1990, while energy security indicators in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan regressed. Iran has a leading position in energy security performance, while Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have the lowest level of the energy security indicators compare to other region countries. This article both contributes a replicable definition of energy security that can be undertaken for other global regions, and begins to incorporate diversification and renewables development to enhance domestic energy security assessment.

ENERGY SECURITY, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: CURRENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries have actively taken a direction to promote political initiatives to strengthen energy security. Major policy initiatives are programmes to increase domestic renewable energy production, improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This paper aims to show how energy security indicators namely primary energy intensity of GDP (EI), primary energy dependence (PE), net import dependence (ID), supplier dependency (SD) vary in a range of energy security policies - Renewable Energy Development (REN), Energy Efficiency Reduction (EFF), and Greenhouse Gas Reduction (GHG). Furthermore, factors preventing the development of non-traditional and renewable sources of energy in countries of Eurasian Economic Union are considered. Mechanisms of solving existing contradictions are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the need to include environmental costs and pollution losses in economic analysis, which will improve the competitiveness of alternative energy sources. The necessity of accelerated development of alternative energy to increase energy supply, energy saving, energy and environmental security is shown.Keywords: renewable energy, energy security, sustainable developmentJEL Classifications: 0130, Q400, Q430DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9127

IMPACT OF BIODIESEL AGROINDUSTRY ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF NATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY

The National Energy General Plan (RUEN) has set 11.6 million kiloliters of biodiesel production target in 2025. The determination of biodiesel production targets in RUEN is part of the objectives mandated in the National Energy Policy (KEN), which is to achieve energy security and independence. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of biodiesel agroindustry on the achievement of national energy security in 2025. The simulation conducted in this study uses Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software, which based on the accounting model. The model has run on Business as Usual (BAU) scenario, using four dimensions and 12 indicators of energy security in the context of biodiesel agroindustry. Model simulation results show a decreasing energy security trend in the period of 2022-2025, while the biodiesel production target, which was set at RUEN, cannot be achieved in 2025. This is mainly related to availability and affordability, which experienced a decline in the period. Further research needs to be done on the strategy of developing biodiesel agroindustry by considering scenarios of increasing production capacity and productivity as well as its impact on national energy security.

Analysis of energy security indicators and CO2 emissions. A case from a developing economy

The growing concerns related to energy demand, supply, energy security, and environmental issues encourage global awareness. The impact of energy imports, fuel cost, energy security, and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions have become a severe issue for Pakistan which is strongly associated with social, economic and environmental development. In this study, we have estimated eleven energy security indicators for long-run energy supply by applying the MARKAL framework. Business as usual (BAU) and three energy import reduction scenarios (Sa, Sb and Sc) are estimated on primary energy supply, demand, and diversification of energy resources, imported fuel cost, CO2 emissions, and energy security during 2012–2040. The outcomes show that primary energy supply will decrease marginally, while cumulative renewable energy would increase by 28%. Dependency on net energy import ratio will grow by 5.838 times, vulnerability index and net oil import ratio will decrease by −1.276 and −1.105 under base scenarios. Due to maximum fuel consumption by the transport and other sectors, the CO2 emissions would increase by 407.49 Mt in 2040 which could be reduced by renewable energy resources. Finally, energy security and energy supply are optimal in the reduction scenarios which will lessen cost, CO2, and energy supply. Related policies are given below.

Energy Saving as Key Factor for Increasing Country’s Energy Security

Power engineering is one of the main types of economic activity of the Republic of Belarus. The priority deve-lopment of the country’s energy sector is determined by its key role in ensuring the efficient functioning of the national economy, stable operation of the social infrastructure, and observance of social norms and standards for the population. and importance of energy resources for the development of the economy and society as a whole can hardly be overestimated because of their active influence on the intensity of production and consumption processes. Currently, the main sources of energy are oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale and nuclear energy. Economy of the Republic is very dependent on energy imports. This is a serious test for the country under conditions of constant rise in hydrocarbon prices. Belarus imports more than 90 % of oil, 100 % of natural gas and 25 % of liquefied gas and 100 % of the whole consumed coal. The energy intensity of domestic enterprise products is significantly higher than in industrialized countries. Therefore, improvement of energy efficiency is fundamental for our country. In this regard, a real economic sector depends on the stable operation of energy enterprises, timely modernization of equipment, rational use of fuel and energy resources and effective implementation of energy conservation measures. Most of the energy sector problems can be solved by improving the energy security indicators of the Republic, namely, as a result of the introduction of a range of energy-saving measures, use of secondary energy resources and development of renewable energy sources.

ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLVING THE ENERGY INSECURITY IN ASIA

This study aims to investigate the nonlinear effect of financial development on energy security in Asia-16 countries over the period 2000–2016 using the proposed Panel Smooth Transition model for heterogeneity in time trends. Our model shows a single-threshold effect on financial development and energy security relationship, whereas energy accessibility, renewable energy share, and energy intensity are used as indicators of energy security. It implies that the sample can be split into two regimes: low- and high-FDI regime, we choose FDI as the threshold variable because it is a source of innovation that could reduce the demand for energy. The findings indicate that financial development goes hand-in-hand with energy accessibility and renewable energy share, and it also reduces the energy inefficiency in the economy. We also find that the contribution of financial development on renewable energy share becomes more substantial when the FDI is greater than the threshold point (0.9343% of GDP). However, the value of crude oil imports shows a negative impact on energy security in our empirical model.

The role of energy security in the element base of the industrial region innovative development

The article examines the peculiarities of the relationship between energy security and innovation processes in the industrial region. Systemized approaches to the methodology for calculating the level of financial security have been consolidated. It is concluded that it is appropriate to use an indicative method of energy security analysis as a classic epistemological variant of the study of the energy security phenomenon. As a result of the assessment of the energy security level of the Kemerovo (Kuzbass) region it is concluded that all indicators of energy security except a certain degree of depreciation of the fixed assets of the fuel and energy complex enterprises have acceptable pre-crisis values. According to the share of own sources in the balance of electricity, the disposable capacity of power plants and the capacity of the largest power plant in Kuzbass region is in the pre-crisis zone, which determines its energy independence. It is noted that the share of coal as the dominant fuel resource in the structure of fuel consumption is at the pre-crisis level. The energy supply is emphasized to cover not only the issues of production, supply of energy resources and availability of energy sources, but also the aspects of the ecology and energy resources accounting. This determines the necessity to adjust the methodology for determining the energy security. It is proposed to supplement the methodology of assessing the level of energy security with indicators that take into account the diversification of sources of electricity generation both as a main resource and the possibility of commercial accounting of electricity consumption. The statement about the impact of the innovation level of energy on the level of region energy security and the pace of innovation process is justified.

The evaluation of economic, environmental and energy security: composite approach

It is determined that economic, energy and environmental security indicators are characterised by the presence of systemic interconnections. The results of the evaluation show, that environmental and energy security are more closely related than environmental and economic or energy and economic types of security. The integral index of environmental-energy-economic security was constructed and assessed taking into account the linkage of individual indicators. Sample of individual indicators is presented by 27 parameters (nine indictors for each security type, divided into groups), which are normalised. The internal consistence of indicators describing each type of security is evaluated by Cronbach coefficient alpha. Integral index considers interrelationships between individual indicators estimated as level and direction of pair correlation. The values of this index show that during 2000-2016, Slovak Republic demonstrated the highest level of such comprehensive security, while Poland - the lowest one.

A Model for Strategizing Energy Security Dimensions and Indicators Selection for Pakistan

Energy security is a complex field of research and has multitude of dimensions. There are five dimensions commonly utilized by researchers which are namely Availability, Affordability, Technology & Efficiency, Governance & Regulation and Environment & Sustainability. Upon synthesizing with energy sector policies, these five dimensions are also applicable in case of Pakistan. To quantify these dimensions there were 60 indicators are being selected from the last five-year studies and then through the Discrimination analysis, there 39 indicators are finalized for Pakistan. The availability dimension has 13, affordability has 10, technology & efficiency has 6, governance & regulation has all the 7 and environment and sustainability has 3 indicators to be utilized for further analysis. The selected indicators are robust as they are based on past data and has the major variations during the studied period. Hence, these indicators could be utilized for energy security recommendations in future policy scenarios for Pakistan.

A Model for Strategizing Energy Security Dimensions and Indicators Selection for Pakistan

Energy security is a complex field of research and has multitude of dimensions. There are five dimensions commonly utilized by researchers which are namely Availability, Affordability, Technology & Efficiency, Governance & Regulation and Environment & Sustainability. Upon synthesizing with energy sector policies, these five dimensions are also applicable in case of Pakistan. To quantify these dimensions there were 60 indicators being selected from the last five-year studies and then through the Discrimination analysis, there have been 39 indicators finalized for Pakistan. The availability dimension has 13, affordability has 10, technology & efficiency has 6, governance & regulation has all the 7 and environment and sustainability has 3 indicators to be utilized for further analysis. The selected indicators are robust as they are based on past data and has the major variations during the studied period. Hence, these indicators could be utilized for energy security recommendations in future policy scenarios for Pakistan.

Renewable Energy and Energy Security in Malaysia

Robust economic growth, increasing population and personal consumption are the main drivers for the rapid increase of energy demand in Malaysia. Increasing demand has compounded the issue of national energy security due over-dependence on fossil fuel, depleting indigenous domestic conventional energy resources which in turns has increased the country’s energy import dependence. In order to improve its energy security, Malaysia has seriously embarked on a renewable energy journey. Many initiatives on renewable energy have been introduced in the past decade. These strategies have resulted in the exploding growth of renewable energy deployment in Malaysia. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of renewable energy deployment on energy security. Secondary data was used to calculate the energy security indicators. The study also compared the results of applying different energy security indicators namely Availability, Applicability, Affordability and Acceptability dimension of energy resources. The evaluation shows that Malaysia will experience improvement in Energy Security, particularly on Availability, Affordability and Acceptability dimensions of energy security. This study suggests that energy security level could be further enhance by efficient utilization of energy, reducing carbon content of energy and facilitating low-carbon industries.

MEASURING INDONESIA'S ENERGY SECURITY LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF BIODIESEL AGROINDUSTRY

The development of biodiesel agroindustry in Indonesia is part of the Government's efforts to achieve national energy security. This study tries to form relevant dimensions and indicators of energy security, which can be used in the context of biodiesel agroindustry. It identified 4 dimensions and 12 indicators of energy security in the context of biodiesel agroindustry, which consisted of availability as measured by energy supply per capita, reserve to consumption ratio and energy diversity; accessibility as measured by feedstock absorption, consumption to production ratio and energy elasticity; affordability as measured by pricing, price volatility and cost of subsidy; efficiency and sustainability as measured by land utilization, CO2 emissions reduction and energy intensity. Based on the energy security index, it is known that the level of national energy security in the context of biodiesel agroindustry over the past 4 years has experienced an increasing trend.Keywords: energy security, agroindustry, biodieselJEL Classifications: Q41, Q42, Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8255