Energy Sector Research Articles

Extreme Weather Events and the Energy Sector in 2021

Abstract In 2021, the energy sector was put at risk by extreme weather in many different ways: North America and Spain suffered heavy winter storms that led to the collapse of the electricity network; California specifically experienced heavy droughts and heat-wave conditions, causing the operations of hydropower stations to halt; floods caused substantial damage to energy infrastructure in central Europe, Australia, and China throughout the year, and unusual wind drought conditions decreased wind power production in the United Kingdom by almost 40% during summer. The total economic impacts of these extreme weather events are estimated at billions of U.S. dollars. Here we review and assess in some detail the main extreme weather events that impacted the energy sector in 2021 worldwide, discussing some of the most relevant case studies and the meteorological conditions that led to them. We provide a perspective on their impacts on electricity generation, transmission, and consumption, and summarize estimations of economic losses.

Drivers and Pathways for the Recovery of Critical Metals from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards.

The ever-increasing importance of critical metals (CMs) in modern society underscores their resource security and circularity. Waste-printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are particularly attractive reservoirs of CMs due to their gamut CM embedding and ubiquitous presence. However, the recovery of most CMs is out of reach from current metal-centric recycling industries, resulting in a flood loss of refined CMs. Here, 41 types of such spent CMs are identified. To deliver a higher level of CM sustainability, this work provides an insightful overview of paradigm-shifting pathways for CM recovery from WPCBs that have been developed in recent years. As a crucial starting entropy-decreasing step, various strategies of metal enrichment are compared, and the deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperspectral sensing is highlighted. Then, tailored metal recycling schemes are presented for the platinum group, rare earth, and refractory metals, with emphasis on greener metallurgical methods contributing to transforming CMs into marketable products. In addition, due to the vital nexus of CMs between the environment and energy sectors, the upcycling of CMs into electro-/photo-chemical catalysts for green fuel synthesis is proposed to extend the recycling chain. Finally, the challenges and outlook on this all-round upgrading of WPCB recycling are outlined.

The market reaction of energy companies to the announcement of the Russian–Ukrainian invasion

PurposeThis study aims to empirically analyze the market response of energy companies to the Russian-Ukrainian invasion. Additionally, it examines the comparison of market reactions between companies in NATO member countries and non-member countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes a sample of 1,511 energy sector companies. To achieve the research objectives, two methods are employed. First, an event study is used to analyze the market reaction using Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR) to the announcement of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 (event day) within an event window of (−30, +30). Second, a cross-sectional analysis is conducted to compare the responses of companies in NATO member countries with those in non-member countries.FindingsThe findings of this study reveal that energy companies worldwide reacted positively both before and after the announcement of the invasion, with significant reactions observed in companies from the Americas, Europe, and Asia & Pacific regions. However, the Middle East and Africa markets did not show significant reactions. Furthermore, the study indicates that most developed and emerging markets responded positively, likely due to the increase in energy commodity prices during the war. Moreover, the market reaction of companies in NATO member countries was stronger compared to other markets.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature by being the first to examine the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the energy sector, while categorizing markets as developed, emerging, and frontier. It also specifically explores the market reaction of energy companies in NATO member countries, providing unique insights into the differential responses within the energy sector.

A No-Code Automated Machine Learning Platform for the Energy Sector

The energy sector is increasingly leveraging machine learning (ML) to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and decision-making processes. However, the complexity of ML model development and deployment poses significant challenges, particularly in adapting to diverse data environments and operational requirements. This paper presents the development of a No-Code Automated ML (Auto-ML) platform specifically tailored for the energy industry. We introduce a framework that automates critical steps in the ML pipeline, including data preprocessing, feature engineering, model selection, and hyperparameter tuning, while integrating domain-specific knowledge to handle unique industry challenges such as fluctuating energy demands and regulatory compliance. The platform employs a modular architecture that allows for customization and scalability, facilitating its adaptation across various energy sub-sectors, including renewable energy, oil and gas, and power distribution. The results underline the platform's potential to democratize advanced analytical capabilities within the energy industry, making sophisticated data-driven insights accessible even to non-expert users. This paper contributes to the field by detailing the architectural considerations, implementation challenges, and practical impacts of Auto-ML in a sector critical to global infrastructure and economic stability.

Prabhakar fractional model for natural convection flow of kerosene oil based hybrid nanofluid containing ferric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles

Based on enhanced thermal performances of hybrid nanomaterials, various multidisciplinary applications of such hybrid nanofluids are presented in the cooling processes, HVAC systems, energy sectors, boosting the energy sources, automotive thermal systems etc. Owing to such motivated applications in mind, different mathematical models are developed. However, the thermal analysis for hybrid nanofluid with help of fractional models is not focused properly. Therefore, the objective of current research is to develop a mathematical model for enhancement of heat transfer by using the hybrid nanofluid. The decomposition of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ferric oxide (Fe3O4) with kerosene oil base fluid is used for identifying the thermal reflection of hybrid nanofluid. The motivations to improve the thermal prospective of kerosene oil is due to its importance in the energy sources as a fuel and industrial applications like solvent, degreaser and operation of air craft. The vertical moving surface is used to initiates the flow. The natural convective flow is further perturbed with applications of mixed convection effects. The evaluation for heat transfer is inspected by incorporating the external heat source. The mathematical modelling of problem is presented via fractional expressions. The Prabhakar scheme is used to develop the analytical expressions. The accuracy of implemented scheme is inspected by comparing the numerical data computed via Zakian, Stehfest and Tzou's algorithms. The significance of problem is visualized in view of involved parameters like fractional parameters, nanoparticles volume fraction, Grashof number and Prandtl number. The results claim that the enhancement in heat transfer due to decomposition of zinc oxide and ferric oxide nanoparticles is more exclusive as compared to simple nanofluid. The heat transfer enhanced due to nanoparticles volume fraction.

GIS-based AHP model for selecting the best direct use scenarios for medium to low enthalpy geothermal resources with hot springs in central and Western Kenya

Medium to low enthalpy geothermal resources (MLEGRs) in various Eastern African countries, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Malawi, have received little attention from policymakers in the energy sector. Policymakers from these countries prioritize developing high-enthalpy resources for electric power production. Hence, many MLEGRs remain unused since they are assumed to pose higher risks of drilling unproductive deep wells. Besides, funding institutions prioritize high-enthalpy geothermal resources. Some MLEGRs have warm-to-hot springs with considerable flow rates and chemical constituents with varying concentrations. This study introduces a novel approach, using hydrogeochemical analysis of hot spring waters and a GIS-based AHP model, to select the best direct use scenarios for the warm/hot springs emanating from MLEGRs in central and western Kenya. The model is validated by contemporary commercial usage of the hot springs and similar studies in the study area. The stable isotope analysis revealed that the hydrothermal systems in Kenya are majorly recharged by meteoric water. In contrast, Kenya Rift Valley endorheic lakes, such as Lake Naivasha, Lake Nakuru, Lake Magadi, Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, and Lake Turkana, partly recharge some. Hence, they pose low risks of drying up during development and exploitation for thermal energy. The over 150 hot springs in Kenya produce warm to hot water with a thermal capacity of over 275 MWt. Hence, by harnessing the hot spring resources, Kenya can raise its direct use capacity from the current 18.5 MWt to about 100–200 MWt without drilling shallow or deep wells. The hot springs best suited for domestic use and aquacultural pond heating were selected as Narosura, Majimoto, Olchorro, Kipsegon, Kijabe, and Eburru. Those best suited for spas, bathing/ swimming pools, and volcanic geotourism were Lake Bogoria, Arus, Homa Hills, and Kariandusi. Overall, Lake Bogoria, Homa Hills, and Narosura hot springs were rated the best for direct use of hot springs.

Herding behaviour surrounding the Russo–Ukraine war and COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from energy, metal, livestock and grain commodities

PurposeThis study examines herding behaviour in commodity markets amid two major global upheavals: the Russo–Ukraine conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachBy analysing 18 commodity futures worldwide, the study examines herding trends in metals, livestock, energy and grains sectors. The applied methodology combines static and dynamic approaches by incorporating cross-sectional absolute deviations (CSAD) and a time-varying parameter (TVP) regression model extended by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling to adequately reflect the complexity of herding behaviour in different market scenarios.FindingsOur results show clear differences in herd behaviour during these crises. The Russia–Ukraine war led to relatively subdued herding behaviour in commodities, suggesting a limited impact of geopolitical turmoil on collective market behaviour. In stark contrast, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly amplified herding behaviour, particularly in the energy and livestock sectors.Originality/valueThis discrepancy emphasises the different impact of a health crisis versus a geopolitical conflict on market dynamics. This study makes an important contribution to the existing literature as it is one of the first studies to contrast herding behaviour in commodity markets during these two crises. Our results show that not all crises produce comparable market reactions, which underlines the importance of the crisis context when analysing financial market behaviour.

Global source apportionment of aerosols into major emission regions and sectors over 1850–2017

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursor gases have changed significantly in the past few decades around the world. In this study, the Explicit Aerosol Source Tagging (EAST) system is merged into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) to quantify the variations in anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, source contributions, and their subsequent radiative impact in four major emission regions across the globe during 1850–1980, 1980–2010, and 2010–2017. In North America and Europe, changes in anthropogenic PM2.5 were mainly caused by changes in emissions from local energy and industrial sectors. The local industrial sector caused the largest increase in PM2.5 in East Asia during 1980–2010 and decrease during 2010–2017. In South Asia, the increase in energy-related emissions dominated the rise in PM2.5 levels during 1980–2017. During 1850–1980, the increases in emissions from North America contributed to the increase in the European PM2.5 burden by 1.7 mg m−2 and the sources from the Europe were also responsible for the PM2.5 burden increase in East Asia and South Asia by about 1.0 mg m−2. During 1980–2010, East Asia contributed to an increase of 0.4–0.6 mg m−2 in the PM2.5 burden in North America and Europe, while South Asia contributed about 0.3 mg m−2. During 2010–2017, the contributions from East Asia to the PM2.5 burdens in the North America, Europe, and South Asia declined by 0.3–0.6 mg m−2 due to the clean air actions in China, while the contributions from South Asia still increased due to the continuous increase in emissions in South Asia. The historical changes in aerosols had an impact on effective radiative forcing through aerosol–radiation interactions (ERFari). During 1980–2010, a decline in North American aerosols resulted in a positive ERFari change (warming effect) in Europe and a decline in aerosols in Europe caused a warming effect in Russia and northern China. The changes in ERFari from the increase and decrease in aerosols in China during 1980–2010 and 2010–2017, respectively, are comparable in magnitude. The continuous aerosol increases in South Asia from 1980 to 2017 resulted in negative ERFari (cooling) changes in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China.

Life cycle assessment in net zero energy building scenarios in a tropical country

The recent IPCC 2023 report reiterates that humans are responsible for global warming over the past 200 years, causing a rise in temperature of 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels, urging the implementation of mitigation options, especially in the building energy sector. One strong mitigation strategy is designing and building net zero energy buildings (NZEB), although their implementation faces challenges such as opposition to change, especially in tropical countries with traditional and conservative design and construction practices. This paper uses data from a pilot NZEB Laboratory building at UCA, El Salvador, and details its results by comparing different construction system scenarios. The present work presents the results of the Life-cycle assessment (LCA) in three popular construction systems in El Salvador, comparing them with the baseline of its current operation, through 3 iterative calculation tools: structural, thermal and carbon footprint estimation, managing to visualize important findings on how vernacular systems could meet the NZEB performance with added insulation in the structural walls. In addition, a triple-axis sustainability analysis (environmental, economic and social) is conducted using the weighted criteria matrix, which provides nuanced results, such as the proportional share of embodied carbon between the proposals, there is not much difference between the results of the proposed systems, but compared to the baseline, the proposals represent a significant increase of more than 50%. Our results show that in this context, the scalability of NZEB buildings is feasible for different construction systems, paving the way for a progressive and incremental.

The use of X-Ray computed tomography for the diagnosis of composite structures in the energy sector

RELEVANCE In modern Russia, an important condition for the development of the Far North and Far Eastern regions is to provide these regions with electricity. In remote areas with increased wind potential, the use of wind power plants, the main structural elements of which are made of polymer composite materials (PCM), is promising. The most dangerous operational defect of the PCM is shock damage: due to hail strikes or pieces of ice that broke off during heating of the blades, as well as lightning strikes. Such defects, which are difficult to detect during visual inspection, can significantly reduce the strength and service life of the structure. At the stages of technology development and design certification, the use of modern methods of non-destructive testing is required.PURPOSE. To evaluate the possibilities of X-ray computed tomography for the diagnosis of structural elements made of PCM with impact damage.METHODS. After applying a low-speed impact to fragments of the blades of the wind turbine, a visual inspection and measurement of the size of internal injuries are carried out on a Phoenix V |Tome|X X-ray computed tomograph.RESULTS The nature of the damage inflicted with different impact energies on the most critical areas of fragments of the airfoil blades and the stringer panel is investigated. The depth and area of damage have been determined. The nature and size of internal injuries were studied using an X-rayCOMPUTED tomograph. conclusion. The results obtained allow us to estimate with high accuracy the size and location of impact damage, which can be used in strength calculations.

Efficiency of Renewable Energy Sources in Reducing Carbon Footprint in Developing Countries

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine efficiency of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon footprint in developing countries Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study demonstrated the effectiveness of various renewable energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaic systems, wind power, biogas technology, and hydropower, in mitigating carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development. These technologies offer reliable, environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuels, contributing to enhanced energy access, reduced reliance on traditional biomass fuels, and positive socio-economic impacts. However, realizing the full potential of renewable energy requires addressing barriers such as upfront costs, financing constraints, and technical capacity limitations. Policy interventions play a crucial role in scaling up renewable energy deployment through targeted incentives, regulatory frameworks, and capacity-building initiatives. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Technology Adoption Theory, Environmental Policy Theory & Energy Transition Theory may be used to anchor future studies on efficiency of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon footprint in developing countries. Implement practical measures to facilitate technology transfer and capacity building in renewable energy sectors. This involves partnerships between developed and developing countries to share knowledge, expertise, and resources for deploying and maintaining renewable energy infrastructure. Establish supportive regulatory frameworks that streamline permitting processes, ensure grid integration, and provide market access for renewable energy producers. Clear and consistent regulations create an enabling environment for renewable energy investments and facilitate the transition to low-carbon energy systems.

Fintech: A Conduit for sustainability and renewable energy? Evidence from R2 connectedness analysis

This study explores the evolving relationship between financial technologies (Fintech), sustainability initiatives, and the renewable energy sector. We utilize a novel R2 decomposed connectedness methodology, a significant leap from traditional analyses that mainly focus on the immediate effects, thereby missing out on the nuanced, delayed interactions that develop over time. This approach enables us to encompass both contemporaneous and lagged spillover effects, making it especially apt to examine this intricate system's dynamic interconnections. Covering the period from November 30, 2016, to November 14, 2023—marked by rapid technological advancements and an increasing global focus on sustainability—we uncover the Renewable Energy Efficiency Index's critical influence in driving fluctuations within this network. This finding is crucial amidst the current global shift towards sustainable energy practices and the vital role of technology in this transition. We note significant changes in how Fintech, sustainability, and renewable energy sectors interact over time, often in response to major global events. This observation indicates a particular vulnerability to external disturbances while presenting opportunities for strategic adaptability and creativity when confronted with these obstacles. Our research provides critical insights for readers interested in these interactions' economic and policy ramifications. For instance, the central importance of the Renewable Energy Efficiency Index emerges as a practical indicator for stakeholders aiming to steer their strategies towards more sustainable outcomes. Additionally, the variations in sector connectivity underscore the necessity for adaptable strategies amidst global uncertainties and pave the way for future investigations into the causes behind these shifts. By offering concrete recommendations, this study equips policymakers, investors, and industry leaders with the knowledge to harness the synergies between Fintech, sustainability, and renewable energy.

Investigating the Corrosion Resistance of Different SiC Crystal Types: From Energy Sectors to Advanced Applications.

Silicon carbide, as a third-generation semiconductor material, plays a pivotal role in various advanced technological applications. Its exceptional stability under extreme conditions has garnered a significant amount of attention. These superior characteristics make silicon carbide an ideal candidate material for high-frequency, high-power electronic devices and applications in harsh environments. In particular, corrosion resistance in natural or artificially acidic and alkaline environments limits the practical application of many other materials. In fields such as chemical engineering, energy conversion, and environmental engineering, materials often face severe chemical erosion, necessitating materials with excellent chemical stability as foundational materials, carriers, or reaction media. Silicon carbide exhibits outstanding performance under these conditions, demonstrating significant resistance to corrosive substances such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and alkaline substances such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Despite the well-known chemical stability of silicon carbide, the stability conditions of its different types (such as 3C-, 4H-, and 6H-SiC polycrystals) in acidic and alkaline environments, as well as the specific corrosion mechanisms and differences, warrant further investigation. This Review not only delves deeply into the detailed studies related to this topic but also highlights the current applications of different silicon carbide polycrystals in chemical reaction systems, energy conversion equipment, and recycling processes. Through a comprehensive analysis, this Review aims to bridge research gaps, offering a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages between different polymorphs. It provides material scientists, engineers, and developers with a thorough understanding of silicon carbide's behavior in various chemical environments. This work will propel the research and development of silicon carbide materials under extreme conditions, especially in areas where chemical stability is crucial for device performance and durability. It lays a solid foundation for ultra-high-power, high-integration, high-reliability module architectures, supercomputing chips, and highly safe long-life batteries.

PENGARUH INTENSITAS MODAL, PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sektor Energi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2018-2022)

ABSTRACTThis study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of capital intensity, sales growth, and company size on tax avoidance. This type of research uses quantitative research using secondary data in the form of company annual reports taken from the energy sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 to 2022. The sampling method uses purposive sampling. The sample contained in this study was 75 data. Researchers used panel data regression techniques to test the research data using eviews 12 as a statistical tool. The results of data analysis show that simultaneously capital intensity, sales growth, and company size affect tax avoidance. Partially, the results showed that capital intensity and company size have no effect on tax avoidance, while sales growth has an influence on tax avoidance.

Deployment of carbon removal technologies could reduce the rapid and potentially disruptive pace of decarbonization in South Africa's climate ambitions

As a developing country, South Africa faces the risk of having to undertake disruptive actions to meet its internationally pledged emission reduction targets. It has become necessary to find alternative measures for South Africa to meet its climate targets without such a disruptive and aggressive transformation of its energy sector. To truly reach net-zero CO2 emissions, South Africa must ensure that residual emissions from its recalcitrant sectors are equally compensated by carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Given the potential for CDR technologies to delay the need for rapid emissions cuts, we leverage this characteristic to explore their role in helping South Africa achieve its climate targets on time, but through a less disruptive and overly aggressive pace of energy system decarbonization. Using an integrated assessment model, we show that while reaching its emission reduction targets, the presence of novel CDR (nCDR) approaches could significantly reduce South Africa's mitigation costs to $155-240/tCO2 instead of $190–590/tCO2 by 2050 in the absence of nCDR. Furthermore, the availability of nCDR may allow for a more gradual transition towards renewable and nuclear power generation compared to scenarios without nCDR. Importantly, we reveal that nCDR could help avoid asset stranding of up to 4–6 GW and $15–25 billion in associated costs between 2016 and 2050. However, this comes at the cost of higher residual greenhouse gas emissions due to the continued reliance on fossil fuels under nCDR availability. Overall, South Africa's priority must remain on decarbonization, especially in sectors where fuel switching and energy efficiency are feasible. Nonetheless, the complementary role of nCDR must not be underestimated, and South Africa should begin investing in these emerging technologies to support its ambitious climate goals.

An Appraisal of the Legal Frameworks and Policy Shift in the Nigerian Energy Sector

This paper will explore policy shifts in Nigeria’s oil and gas, solar, nuclear, and mineral energy sectors. This policy shift by way of a transition, indigenization, and Nigerianization, has given way to deregulation, decentralization, and de-indigenization of many industries, most notably in the oil and gas sector, through the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) of 2021 and the Local Content Act of 2010 (LCA). The paper recommends, amongst others, the establishment of a new legal regime that grants resource-based and property rights to resource-bearing communities and incorporates principles of international law, energy diplomacies, International Environmental Law, and international best practices.

Empirical Assessment of the Efficiency of Poland’s Energy Transition Process in the Context of Implementing the European Union’s Energy Policy

This article addresses one of the contemporary economy’s most challenging endeavors: the energy transition. Specifically, the aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Poland’s energy transition process between 2004 and 2021. A comprehensive approach is employed to analyze Poland’s energy transition process, focusing on the effectiveness of implementation through the Energy Transition Effectiveness Index. This methodology incorporates four dimensions, namely energy security, economic considerations, climate impact, and social aspects, each characterized by 22 sub-indices. The research methodology employs a two-tiered approach based on the multi-criteria decision making methodology. The EDAS method is utilized to determine the indices’ values, while the CRITIC, equal weights, and statistical variance methods and Laplace’s criterion are employed to ascertain sub-indices values and dimension weights, particularly useful for decision making under uncertainty. Moreover, the relationship between these indices, the Energy Transition Effectiveness Index, and Poland’s Gross Domestic Product is explored. By evaluating Poland’s energy transition effectiveness from 2004 to 2021 and comparing the results with other European Union countries, it becomes evident that the effectiveness varies over time. Despite encountering economic and social challenges during the energy sector’s transformation, Poland exhibits positive progress in its energy transition efforts, outperforming certain European Union counterparts. However, there is a pressing need to intensify efforts to curtail emissions and enhance renewable energy utilization. The European Union’s support and coordination are deemed crucial in facilitating these endeavors, alongside fostering the wider adoption of best practices among member states. The developed methodology stands as a valuable tool for ongoing evaluation of transformation processes across European Union nations.

Recent research and developments of degradation assessment and its diagnosis methods for solar PV plant: a review

The world is moving forward to a transition in the form of increasing the contribution of renewable energy sources in the energy sector, and among these, solar photovoltaic-based power generation is catching pace. Several factors are responsible for the lowering of outputs due to different degradation causes such as hotspots, corrosion, humidity, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, temperature effects, dust, aging, weathering, yellowing, snail trails, discoloration, junction box failure, delamination, cracks, and faults from the solar photovoltaic (PV) plants. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various form of degradation and their implications on solar PV power plant performance. The review has been carried out considering the different degradation causes and their identification methods in solar PV plant. Further, the analysis has been done on the basis of the earlier studies to understand the rates of degradation for various solar PV power plants in various climatic conditions. The PV technologies used in solar power plants are also responsible for the change in the performance of power plants over time; therefore, degradation based on different solar PV cell technologies is also analyzed. The visual inspection tools like thermal imaging with IR cameras help identify areas with abnormal heat patterns, indicating potential issues like cell or interconnect failures, loose electrical connections, or bypass diode malfunctions while EL cameras are used to identify low-level electrical excitation and defects such as cracks, hotspots, and cell-level degradation.

Marketing and Sustainable Economic Development of the Energy Complex: A Case Study of the Administrative And Legal Planning of a Public-Private Partnership

The main purpose of the article is to present a modern methodological approach to choosing the most optimal model of administrative and legal planning of public-private partnership in the context of sustainable development of the energy complex, taking into account various aspects, including issues of security and rational resource use. The object of the study is a system of administrative and legal planning public-private partnership models in the context of sustainable development and security of the energy complex. The research methodology involves the use of the method of strategizing of administrative and legal planning for the sustainable development of public-private partnerships, the method of the vector of efficiency of public-private partnerships, as well as the method of game-theoretic modeling. As a result, a methodological approach was formed to strategies of administrative and legal planning for the sustainable development of public-private partnerships in the energy sector. The optimal interaction model between the state and the private sector in this context was selected.

The role of inter-island transmission in full decarbonisation scenarios for Indonesia’s power sector

Indonesia has large renewable energy resources that are not always located in regions where they are needed. Sub-sea power transmission cables, or island links, could connect Indonesia’s high-demand islands, like Java, to large-resource islands. However, the role of island links in Indonesia’s energy transition has been explored in a limited fashion. Considering Indonesia’s current fossil fuel dependency, this is a critical knowledge gap. Here we assess the role of island links in Indonesia’s full power sector decarbonisation via energy system optimisation modelling and an extensive scenario and sensitivity analysis. We find that island links could be crucial by providing access to the most cost-effective resources across the country, like onshore photovoltaics (PV) and hydropower from Kalimantan and geothermal from Sumatera. In 2050, 43 GW of inter-island transmission lines enable 410 GWp of PV providing half of total generation, coupled with 100 GW of storage, at levelised system costs of 60 US$(2021)/MWh. Without island links, Java could still be supplied locally, but at 15% higher costs due to larger offshore floating PV and storage capacity requirements. Regardless of the degree of interconnection, biomass, large hydro, and geothermal remain important dispatchable generators with at least 62 GW and 23% of total generation throughout all tested scenarios. Full decarbonisation by 2040 mitigates an additional 464 MtCO2e compared to decarbonisation by 2050, but poses more challenges for renewables upscaling and fossil capacity retirement.