Residential Building Energy Research Articles

Research on parametric design method of solar photovoltaic utilization potential of nearly zero-energy high-rise residential building based on genetic algorithm

Building a resource-saving society and achieving energy conservation and emission reduction is a strategic decision for China's current social development. Zero-energy buildings realized by the synergy of low-energy energy-saving technologies and renewable energy utilization technologies have become the ultimate quantitative index of sustainable buildings. Therefore, from the perspective of the development trend of residential buildings, near-zero-energy residential buildings oriented to zero energy consumption will become one of the goals of residential building development in China in the future. Recently, building performance simulation technology has been widely used for energy-efficient design. This study focuses on zero energy oriented residential building design, taking the integration of complex systems in terms of building design, energy technology, and economics as the guide, establishing the coupling relationship between the parameters of each system, and adopting a multi-objective optimization approach to find the optimal energy-saving design solution. Based on the parametric design tool of the Grasshopper platform and the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, the study explores a multi-objective optimization design approach for zero energy oriented residential buildings to achieve the lowest total air-conditioning and heating load, the highest photovoltaic power generation, and the lowest investment cost. Nine control variables that affect these three objective functions are quantitatively evaluated and analyzed. The design process and analysis model for the multi-objective optimization of zero energy buildings are established, and the feasibility and technical routes for achieving zero energy for typical building types in different climate zones are compared and analyzed, providing a theoretical basis and parametric design method for the practice of zero energy residential building design across different climate zones in China.

Modeling and Thermodynamic Analysis of Solar Collector Cogeneration for Residential Building Energy Supply

Concerns about limited energy resources and environmental problems are growing. One of the solutions to increase energy efficiency is to produce it sparsely. In this regard, cogeneration systems are of particular importance. The home sector is one of the most consumed sectors due to the potential of solar radiation in this country, a system of simultaneous generation of electricity and heat for the home sector has been proposed, and modeling operations have been performed on the proposed system. The results show that the proposed system is capable of supplying more than 85% of hot water demand and annual production of 316.36 kWh of electricity.

Design of Typical Energy Efficient and Zero Energy building for Kabul City

Recently, the consumption of energy in residential buildings has been increasing. On one hand, urbanization increased energy consumption in residential buildings. On the other hand, construction of nonstandard buildings especially residential buildings, caused excessive energy waste. Implementation of energy efficiency and zero-energy building strategies is one of the best solutions to decrease energy waste and energy intensity in a residential building in Kabul City. This research is conducted to design typical energy-efficient and zero energy building strategies for Kabul City. The majority of people use unrefined fossil fuels for heating. As we know, fossil fuels cause environmental pollution. To burn these fuels, most greenhouse gases GHGs emissions are released in the atmosphere, and these GHGs are very harmful to health and cause different types of illnesses. This study is performed in two stages. First, the construction cost of a customarily built building is calculated. Then, the heat loss and heat gain of this inefficient building are also calculated. The same procedure is repeated for a more efficient and insulated building. After comparing, it is revealed that an insulated building saves 65% of the energy and emits 60% less CO2 compared to the inefficient building. To make this building a zero-energy building, we tried using photovoltaic technology. All-electric loads for this building are calculated, and the components of the photovoltaic system are designed accordingly. Finally, the implementation of energy-efficient and zero-energy building has lots of benefits of cost-saving, being environmentfriendly, reduced illness, and individual sustainability for each building

Mixed-Mode Ventilation in HVAC System for Energy and Economic Benefits in Residential Buildings

In the U.S., approximately 47% of the total electricity use comes from residential buildings. Most of the residential buildings use HVAC system to ventilate, cool, or heat the indoor environmental spaces mechanically, rather than using natural outdoor air in transition seasons, even though the outdoor environmental conditions are favorable for indoor thermal comfort. In this case, an HVAC system using mixed-mode ventilation with an appropriate ratio of using indoor air and outdoor air could decrease the energy use in residential buildings. This research uses high-granular HVAC electricity use data with indoor thermostat data and outdoor weather data from residential buildings in Austin, Texas, to evaluate the benefits of energy and economics when using HVAC mixed-mode ventilation in spring and fall transition seasons. The results demonstrate that the household owners could save approximately 150.79 kWh of total HVAC energy use and 24.41% of HVAC cost in spring transition months (April/May), and similarly, 143.86 kWh of energy use and 27.2% cost savings in fall transition months (October/November). The results could support further study to use automatically operated windows for natural ventilation to reduce energy use in residential buildings toward sustainable development.

Assessment of the Impact of Using a Smart Thermostat and Smart Meter Data on a Whole-Building Energy Simulation

Building energy simulation models have been used to assist the design and/or optimization of buildings energy performance. The results from building energy simulation models can be more reliable when measured energy use data, indoor environmental condition data, system operation status, and coincident weather data are used to validate the simulation results. In this paper, given the wide-spread use of home automation devices in residential buildings, we studied how well a residential building energy simulation model can be tuned using measured interval data from a smart thermostat and smart meter. The analysis is based on a multi-stage approach that can help improve the reliability of the use of building energy simulation models that reflect both the indoor air temperature and whole-building energy use. Results from changing the input parameters in the building simulation show that the comparison of the simulated and measured indoor temperatures fall in a range below a NMBE of 1.5% and a CV-RMSE of 2.2%, while the simulated whole-building energy use matches the measured energy use below a NMBE of −2.7% and a CV-RMSE of 10.9%. We found that the most significant parameters for the indoor air temperature and whole-building energy use were the effective U-value for the slab-on-grade floor and the heating and cooling system operation status, respectively.

Blockchain-based balance settlement ledger for energy communities in open electricity markets

Sharing local co-owned photovoltaic (PV) energy in multifamily residential buildings is inefficient. Energy produced and consumed within the same building may be considered purchased energy, of which the customer must pay the purchase price, the network service fee, and taxes. As PV typically does not allow self-sufficiency in the Nordic countries, a distribution system operator is needed to provide the grid connection. Earlier solutions to this problem are focused on energy communities where an energy aggregator is responsible for the energy balance settlement. However, this does not allow the energy community members to remain in the open electricity market. This paper introduces a blockchain-based balance settlement ledger and a set of rules for energy sharing in energy communities where members participate in the open electricity market while supplied with local low-cost PV energy. This, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been previously implemented. The blockchain mitigates the need for any central entity for balance settlement and ensures fair sharing of PV energy. The existing smart meters can be used so no investments are required. The system performance is tested with simulations which show potential for increase in profitability. The self-sufficiency rate increases in our test scenario from 4.03% to 9.61%.

Modelling future trends of annual embodied energy of urban residential building stock in China

China is the largest driver of growth in the global building sector. The longstanding construction boom across China has generated a massive flow of materials with significant associated embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions. Despite the serious implications for global emissions, there exist a very limited number of macro-level studies on embodied energy of Chinese buildings, with even fewer exploring future scenarios. There is therefore little in the way of an evidence base to offer policy makers. We develop a probabilistic model to forecast the possible trajectories of embodied energy of residential buildings over the medium to long term in the Chinese urban context. Our results provide clear evidence to substantiate the importance of embodied energy of new construction, which we find to be over 0.3 times the operational energy of existing stock between 2010 and 2018. If current trajectories are followed, embodied energy is likely to peak around 2027, with a 95% credible interval ranging from 87 to 283 Mtce (61 to 198 Mtoe) and a mean of 170 Mtce (119 Mtoe). We show that building lifetime has a substantial impact on future annual and cumulative embodied energy. Our findings reinforce the need to take a whole-life perspective to formulate policies addressing building energy as part of China's efforts to meet the announced overarching target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.

Thermo-Economic optimization for saving energy in residential buildings using population-based optimization techniques

Thermo-Economic optimization for saving energy in residential buildings using population-based optimization techniques

Accurate identification of influential building parameters through an integration of global sensitivity and feature selection techniques

The development of building energy performance simulation models often requires significant time and effort to achieve an acceptable degree of prediction accuracy. As such, energy modelers introduce various simplifications and assumptions that require a high degree of modeling literacy to avoid any errors in energy predictions. Previous studies relate these simplifications to the identification of influential building parameters using engineering judgment techniques that are often subjective and differ based on experts’ opinion. The proposed methodology accurately defines influential and non-influential building parameters to formulate a guideline minimum dataset in the context of residential building energy models. The methodology integrates two feature selection techniques (Bayesian Information Criteria and Least Absolute Shrinkage with Selection Operator) with parametric analysis to determine the set of influential parameters. The study uses Irish residential archetypes to compare and validate the subsets of influential parameters using sensitivity rankings and established validation metrics. The predicted annual energy use lies within 10% of measured data for both subsets of influential parameters. Thereby, energy modelers could significantly reduce the time and effort spent on model development while maintaining the desired accuracy. The formulated datasets represent only influential features and hence, could be used by urban planners and energy policymakers to estimate energy retrofit investment costs, emission reductions and energy savings.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CLIMATE IMPACT ON HEAT CONSUMPTION IN ENERGY-EFFICIENT RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The article discusses the influence of climate on the actual consumption of heat energy in energy-efficient residential buildings using the example of existing buildings city of Brest. Revealed the dependence of the amount of heat generated during the heating season by the heating system of a residential building on the outside air temperature.

OPTIMAL DESIGNS OF GRID-CONNECTED ENERGY EFFICIENT AND RESILIENT RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES

Abstract As demand continues to grow throughout the United States, new communities have unique opportunities to take advantage of load-side and generation-side integrations with the goal of reducing energy use, improving the environment, and increasing resilience. Most currently reported literature investigates energy efficiency and reduction of building energy consumption or on-site generation and net zero energy goals without resiliency performance analysis. This study examines the impacts of residential building characteristics and energy sources (i.e. electricity and natural gas) on the capacity of the on-site PV generation required to achieve net-zero energy and resiliency goals for a community in Longmont, Colorado. Six community load designs are shown to impact system sizes and costs for on-site generation and resilience. Gas and electrified minimum cost designs reduce source energy from their baselines by 17% and 47% respectively. Gas minimum cost designs reduce initial and annualized energy costs by 487 and247 per year, whereas electrified minimum cost designs increase initial costs by 4, 991 and reduce annualized energy costs by1,266 per year. Resilience designs show that with various outage durations, the longer the outage design case, the larger the system, but the greater the probability of surviving outages throughout the year, with gas communities representing lower probabilities of survivability than electrified communities.

On the Possibility of Sustainable Energy and Water Supply of Low-Rise Residential Buildings Located in Areas with an Arid Climate using Combined Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Power Complexes of Low Power

On the Possibility of Sustainable Energy and Water Supply of Low-Rise Residential Buildings Located in Areas with an Arid Climate using Combined Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Power Complexes of Low Power

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF NET-ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATES: A CASE STUDY OF IRAN

The use of solar energy in buildings is a good alternative to fossil fuels considering the geographical location of Iran. The present research evaluated the feasibility of net-zero energy residential buildings in southern Iran using a distinct framework. To this end, a low-energy and simulated model of a multi-family residential building as the dominant typology in Bushehr city equipped with combined (active and passive) solutions were used in Design Builder software for optimizing energy consumption. Annual electricity consumption of this simulated model was reduced by 48% using very low power density appliances and an Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) water heater with an Energy Star label to supply hot water. Then, a grid-connected PV system with a capacity of 29 kW was used to provide the annual electricity demand. The results indicate that this system annually generates 52 MWh of electricity that not only covers the annual electricity demand but also sends 5.8 MWh of additional electricity to the grid. The Economic analysis indicates that the payback period in this project will be very long. Therefore, achieving NZEBs in southern Iran is technically feasible but, from the economic point of view, it depends on the provision of the economic infrastructures.

The evolution of embodied energy in andean residential buildings. Methodology applied to Cuenca-Ecuador

Globally, the building industry has grown in the last decades. Furthermore, the new technological advances in construction materials with high embodied energy have been widely introduced in Latin American countries' architecture. Over the last decades, the Ecuadorian Andean region has experienced these changes. To analyze the environmental impact of these construction transformations, this research quantifies the Specific Total Embodied Energy (STEE) of 40 houses built between 1980 and 2020. Additionally, this research addresses the Specific Total Weight (STW) of the study cases. The calculations of these two parameters consider three components: Structure, Envelope, and Finishes; however, these calculations disregard technical installations. This methodology was applied in Cuenca-Ecuador, where the results show that the STEE of the entire building has experienced an increase of 2.19 times in the last four decades. The component with the highest STEE and STW is the Structure, whereas the least representative is the Finishes, but it has the highest increase tendency. Despite the STEE Envelope component having had significant growth over the last decades, its STW has shown a decreasing tendency that can have thermal repercussions in interior conditions. Finally, these results can be used as architectural and construction guidelines in this region to reduce the energy impact of buildings from the design phase.

Numerical simulation of airflow in naturally ventilated attics for different attic geometries

AbstractAttic geometry and ventilation in a different attic geometry play a very important role in residential building energy performance. To evaluate the effect of ventilation ratio and vent balance on attic performance, a two‐dimensional finite volume model is employed to simulate the buoyancy‐driven turbulent ventilation and heat transfer in an attic space of different geometries like gable, gambrel, and saltbox roofs of residential buildings under winter conditions. The impact of ventilation ratio on ventilating airflow rate, heating load rate, and rate of heat gained is investigated for all three types of roof geometries. The model under consideration consists of a passive ventilation system with a ridge and soffit vent. Meshing is done by using ANSYS Workbench and numerical simulations are carried out by using ANSYS FLUENT 19 analysis software. The effect of passive ventilation on ridge‐vent attic performance is evaluated in this study. Ventilation ratios for soffit vents ranging from 1/400 to 1/25 are investigated. Convection boundary conditions are used for the attic walls to account for thermal resistances of ceilings and roofs. In addition, the performance of these vented attics is compared to the heat transfer in a sealed attic. The results show that the symmetrical airflow pattern exists in a vented attic, in contrast to the asymmetrical airflow patterns found in a sealed attic. From the study, it is evident that an increase in ventilation ratio reduces attic heating load irrespective of the increase in ventilation airflow rate. The rate of airflow increases with an increase in ventilation ratio in all three types of roof geometries that is gable, gambrel, and saltbox roofs. In the case of gable roof configuration, increasing the ventilation ratio from 1/200 to 1/100 results in an increase in ventilating mass flow of 75%, while an increase of ventilation ratio from 1/50 to 1/25 only increases the ventilating mass flow by 40%. In the case of gable roofs increasing ventilation ratio from 1/200 to 1/100 results in a 20% decrease in attic heating, whereas an increase in ventilation ratio from 1/50 to 1/25 results in a 10% decrease in attic heating.

Becoming a building suitable for participation in peer-to-peer energy trading

• The building energy performance level suitable for a prosumer was analyzed. • The potential trading amount was evaluated according to the energy-saving strategies. • We determined the appropriate tilt angle of a PV system for peer-to-peer energy trading. With the recent reinforcement of global environmental regulations and the spread of smart grids, the energy industry is changing from centralized energy systems to distributed energy systems. In peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, consumers actively produce energy by using distributed energy resources (DERs) and trade surplus energy to neighbors. The amount of energy produced through DERs is the main consideration in the formulation of strategies for increasing the potential of P2P energy trading, with the energy consumed by buildings also being an important factor. Here, we propose installation guidelines for photovoltaic (PV) systems and the energy performance level required for buildings to be suitable for P2P energy trading. Lighting density, cooling equipment efficiency, plug load density, and natural ventilation were identified as the main factors to be considered for saving electric energy in residential buildings, and the electric energy saving performance was evaluated. We determined the appropriate tilt angle of a PV system on the basis of the monthly electricity demand along with the capacity of the system required for continuous transactions. A strategy that facilitated significant energy saving was reducing lighting density and plug load density, and it is applicable to both new and existing buildings. Thus, existing buildings can also acquire the capability to participate in P2P energy trading. The energy performance level proposed here can be used to identify buildings capable of participating in P2P energy trading.

县域城镇空间形态与居住建筑能耗关联性的连续尺度研究——以浙江长兴、福建连江为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 县域城镇空间形态与居住建筑能耗关联性的连续尺度研究——以浙江长兴、福建连江为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202103280807 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: “十三五”国家重点研发计划课题"（2018YFC0704705）；福建省中青年教师教育科研项目（JAT190034）；福州大学引进人才科研启动项目（511005-GXRC-21024） Correlation between urban spatial form and residential building energy use of towns on a continuous scale: A case of Changxing, Zhejiang and Lianjiang County, Fujian Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:居住建筑能耗受建筑周边空间形态的直接影响，确定空间形态低碳效应及其最佳尺度将有助于实现县域城镇低碳转型。以浙江省长兴县、福建省连江县为例，共计选取49个具有代表性的居住建筑样本，采用GIS分析与数理统计相结合的方式，在居住建筑1800m半径范围内，以200m为间隔建立缓冲区，开展全年、最冷月份能耗期及最热月份能耗期建筑能耗与周边空间形态关联性的连续尺度研究。结果表明：①道路密度、开发密度、容积率均与建筑能耗呈正相关，但各指标对应的能耗时期、尺度范围有较大差异。②水面率、土地利用混合度是与建筑能耗相关的共性指标，但在不同地区的正负效应及尺度范围不同；③影响浙闽地区县域城镇最热月份能耗期能耗的关键形态因子为1000m-道路密度、800m-水面率、1600m-开放空间率；影响连江最冷月份能耗期能耗的关键形态因子为800m-水面率。④就控碳单元设置而言，长兴县可重点关注1000-1200m半径范围，连江县可重点关注800-1000m、1400m半径范围。⑤浙闽地区县域城镇特性指标为开放空间率，与最热月份能耗期建筑能呈负相关；长兴县特性指标为容积率、水岸密度，分别与全年、最冷月份能耗期及最热月份能耗期建筑能耗呈正、负相关。据此提出3个低碳城镇规划建议，为实现我国浙闽地区县域城镇低碳转型、居住建筑节能减排提供理论依据。 Abstract:Since the energy consumption of residential buildings is directly affected by the spatial form surrounding the buildings, determining the low-carbon effect of the spatial shape and its optimal scale contributes to realizing the low-carbon transformation of towns and township.Taking Changxing County of Zhejiang Province and Lianjiang County of Fujian Province for example, 49 representative samples of residential buildings are selected in total and included in this research. Based on both GIS analysis and the method of mathematical statistics, with buffer zones built at the interval of 200m within a radius of 1800m around the residential buildings, a continuous-scale research is conducted on the correlation between building energy consumption and the spatial pattern around throughout the year, in the consumption period of the coldest month and in the consumption period of the hottest month.The results showed that:①road density, development density, and floor area ratio were all positively correlated with building energy consumption, but the energy consumption period and scale range corresponding to each index were quite different. ②Water surface ratio and land use mixing degree were common indicators related to building energy consumption, but their positive and negative effects and scale ranges vary in different regions. ③The key form factors that affect the energy consumption of towns in Zhejiang and Fujian during the monthly energy consumption period with the highest temperature were 1000 m- road density, 800 m- water surface ratio, and 1600 m- open space rate; The key form factor that affects the energy consumption during the energy consumption period of the lowest temperature month in Lianjiang is 800 m-water surface ratio. ④In the selection of carbon control unit, it is necessary for Changxing County to focus on the radius range of 1000 -1200 m, and Lianjiang County to focus on the radius range of 800 -1000 m and 1400 m.⑤ Characteristic indexes of towns in counties in Zhejiang and Fujian were the rate of open space, which was negatively correlated to building energy consumption in the consumption period of the hottest month; characteristic indexes of Changxing County are floor area ratio and waterfront density, which were positively and negatively correlated to building energy consumption throughout the year, in the consumption period of the coldest month and in the consumption period of the hottest month respectively. On such a basis, 3 proposals concerning low carbon urban planning are made herein, which may serve as a theoretical basis for the low carbon transition of county towns and energy saving and emission reduction in residential buildings in Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Impact of Lighting and Plug Load Schedule Variations on Residential Building Energy Consumption and Zero Energy Building Certification

Impact of Lighting and Plug Load Schedule Variations on Residential Building Energy Consumption and Zero Energy Building Certification

Mitigation of the impacts of heat islands on energy consumption in buildings: A case study of the city of Tehran, Iran

• Strategies were proposed to mitigate the impact of urban heat islands (UHIs) on the energy performance at residential building level. • High-albedo materials and vegetation were incorporated in the simulations. • UHI in Tehran can be reduced by 2.1 °C through a combination of high-albedo material and vegetation. This research investigates several strategies that can be used to mitigate the impact of urban heat islands (UHIs) on the energy performance of residential buildings. In this context, the UHI in Tehran's city was first analysed by comparing weather data from two synoptic stations: Mehrabad in an urban area and rural Karaj. Furthermore, to improve thermal comfort and assess the effects of UHI mitigation strategies on microclimate, high-albedo materials, vegetation, and a combination of these two strategies were simulated using the ENVI-met tool. The time span was based on peak yearly temperature. After investigating the most commonly used scenarios, which are the most effective on ambient air temperature, the impact of ambient air on residential building energy consumption was calculated. The results illustrated that the UHI in Tehran is around 3–6 °C, which can be reduced by 2.1 °C through a combination of high-albedo material and vegetation; subsequently, the cooling load decreases by 29% under the same scenario. Consequently, implementing these optimal strategies leads to better thermal comfort being achieved and savings in energy consumption.

Review on Energy Efficiency using the Ecotect Simulation Software for Residential Building Sector

The building sectors are recognized as one of the essential contributors of global warming and climate change because of their high energy use. The building sector is responsible for 40% of all energy usage and 40% of the CO2 emissions in the developed countries. Researchers in the world are working on energy management and conservation using simulation software to develop strategies that lead to an overall reduction of energy consumption in the buildings. This review is considered a modeling and simulation approach with a specific focus on residential building. Modeling and simulation methods reviewed are presented categorically as per the strategic approach adopted by the researchers. Simulation results available for residential building energy are also introduced. This research has reviewed the capabilities and performances on Ecotect simulation and modeling, including daylighting, solar radiation, thermal analysis, and shading for energy management and conservation of residential building. Different modeling and simulation approaches, from various building and climate, were reviewed and discussed. The analysis of present work greatly help the researchers' decision-making and selection of software to perform various simulations in energy management of residential buildings.