Protein Energy Ratio Research Articles

Intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and field beans (Vicia faba L.) for forage, increases protein production

In 2005–2007, a field study was conducted into intercropping of maize with faba bean at Pawlowice research station, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. The main aim of the multi-year field research was an investigation into the reactions of differing maize hybrid earliness to intercropping cultivation with faba bean. The field research evaluated the effect of three maize hybrids—Wilga (early—E), Blask (medium—M) and Iman (late—L)—and the sowing rate of faba bean—18 (Fb1), 27 (Fb2) and 36 (Fb3) seeds per 1 m2—on growth dynamics and yield structure, and biomass, protein, and energy yield. Cultivation of faba bean in maize inter-rows led to significant competition with maize and affected yields, causing a decrease in maize dry matter yield from 14.1 (Fb1) to 20.6% (FB3) compared with maize sown alone. In terms of total biomass yield from maize and faba beans, no significant differences were found, but a slight increase in yield of 1.1–4.2% (repective to Fb1 and Fb3) was noted compared to maize sown alone. The early maize hybrid had a significantly lower yield but was most suitable for intercropping with faba bean. The dry biomass yield of early hybrids increased in intercropping by 25% compared to pure maize cultivation. Total protein yield from both intercropping components was higher than in the pure sowing of maize: from 24 (Fb1) to 39% (Fb3). The increase in protein production resulted in an improvement in the energy–protein ratio. The number of UFL per kg of total protein decreased from 13.2 in pure maize cultivation (M-P) to 9.3 (Fb3). A more balanced forage biomass was produced from intercropping maize with faba bean, especially when an early maize hybrid was sown with faba beans.

Acceptance Testing of Sate Lilit PAHU (Patin Fish and Tofu) Modification According to Infant and Child Feeding Principles as an Alternative to Prevent Stunting

Stunting for children under the age of 5 years is caused by long-term protein deficiency and it is a public health problem in Indonesia. Patin fish is rich in protein, selenium and taurine, which help stimulate the growth and development of children. The aim of study was to assess the acceptability of thigh skewers (made with Patin fish and tofu) as a potential alternative to prevent stunting in infants and children, based on the principles of proper nutrition. Experimental study was conducted on a control group and three treatment groups. Organoleptic test was conducted among 25 panelists by using indicators of color, taste, aroma and texture. The average distribution of formulas for SLT 0 (3.73), SLT 1 (3.91), SLT 2 (3.57), SLT 3 (2.85). The most preferred formula was SLT 1. The SLT 1 consisted of 70 grams of Patin fish and 30 grams of tofu. The protein content of one serving of Sate wrapped around the thigh (Patin fish and tofu) is adequate to meet the protein requirements of toddlers. It providing 7.55 g of protein per snack, with a protein energy ratio of 24.61% and energy density of 3.62.

Test of Acceptance and Protein Levels in Soybean Flour Formulation Muffins as Snacks for Young Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency

Chronic energy deficiency in young people is caused by a lack of nutritional intake, such as energy and protein. Consequently, the nutrients required for daily needs are insufficient. This study aims to determine the acceptability test results and protein content in soy flour muffins as a snack for young women with chronic energy deficiency. An experimental study was conducted with 25 participants to assess the acceptability of three muffin formulas, varying in wheat flour to soy flour ratios: 150:0, 90:60, and 80:70. Following processing and acceptability testing, the control and preferred formula were analyzed for protein content in soy flour muffins. The results indicate that the preferred formula among the panelists (DP18) was formula 3, with a wheat flour to soy flour ratio of 80:70, containing a protein content of 10.70%. This formula exhibited an energy density of 4.23 kcal/g and a Protein Energy ratio of 12.31%. Muffins supplemented with 60 g/serving of soy bean can fulfill 10% of daily calorie and protein requirements. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct community-based projects to assess the utility of these muffins in increasing body weight and average arm circumference.

Tailored Meal-Type Food Provision for Diabetes Patients Can Improve Routine Blood Glucose Management in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover Study.

This study aimed to determine whether patients with type 2 diabetes can benefit from a meal plan designed based on diabetes management guidelines to improve blood glucose levels. Participants were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group consumed a diabetic diet for 2 weeks, while the control group consumed their normal diet. After 2 weeks, the groups switched their dietary regimens. The participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated, including factors such as blood pressure, blood lipid levels, weight and waist circumference, blood glucose levels (self-monitored and continuously monitored), nutritional status, and blood-based markers of nutrient intake. The dietary intervention group improved waist circumference, body fat percentage, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and glucose. The energy composition ratio of carbohydrates and proteins changed favorably, and sugar intake decreased. In addition, the proportion of continuous glucose monitoring readings within the range of 180-250 mg/dL was relatively lower in the intervention group than that of the control group. Meals designed based on diabetes management guidelines can improve clinical factors, including stable blood glucose levels in daily life, significantly decrease the carbohydrate energy ratio, and increase the protein energy ratio. This study can help determine the role of dietary interventions in diabetes management and outcomes.

Evaluation of Cinnamaldehyde Administration to Feed with Different Protein Energy Levels and Ratios to Pacific whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

This study aims to evaluate the growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei given cinnamaldehyde levels in protein and different feed energy ratios. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and three replications. The treatment consisted of control treatment C013 (32% protein feed with C/P of 13 without the addition of cinnamaldehyde), treatment C0.0513 (32% protein feed with 13 C/P added 0.05% of cinnamaldehyde), C0.0514 (28% protein feed with 14 C/P added of 0.05% cinnamaldehyde), C0.114 (28% protein feed with C/P of 14 added of 0.10% cinnamaldehyde), C0.0515 treatment (28% protein feed with 15 C/P added of 0.05% cinnamaldehyde), and 0.115 C treatment (28% protein feed with 15 C/P added of 0.10% cinnamaldehyde). The study was conducted for 56 days of maintenance in a 76 L volume aquarium using Pacific whiteleg shrimp measuring 1.38 ± 0.01 g at a density of 15 individuals per aquarium. The results showed that the C0.0513 treatment produced growth performance, including the final average weight and specific growth rate (SGR), which were significantly different (P<0.05) and resulted in protein retention, lipid retention, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) which were higher than the control treatment (C013). In addition, the highest parameters of hexokinase (hk) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) were produced by treatment C0.0513 and significantly different (P<0.05) from the control treatment (C013). This study showed that the C0.0513 treatment was the best non-protein energy source to increase growth performance through carbohydrate metabolism in Pacific whiteleg shrimp.
 
 Keyword: Carbohydrate metabolism, growth, feed energy ratio, cinnamaldehyde, Pacific whiteleg shrimp
 
 ABSTRAK
 
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pertumbuhan dan metabolisme karbohidrat udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang diberikan kadar sinamaldehid pada protein dan rasio energi pakan berbeda. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan enam perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Adapun perlakuan terdiri dari perlakuan kontrol C013 (pakan protein 32% dengan C/P sebesar 13 tanpa penambahan sinamaldehid), perlakuan C0.0513 (pakan protein 32% dengan C/P sebesar 13 ditambahakan sinamaldehid sebesar 0.05%), perlakuan C0.0514 (pakan protein 28% dengan C/P sebesar 14 ditambahakan sinamaldehid sebesar 0.05%), perlakuan C0.114 (pakan protein 28% dengan C/P sebesar 14 ditambahakan sinamaldehid sebesar 0.10%), perlakuan C0.0515 (pakan protein 28% dengan C/P sebesar 15 ditambahakan sinamaldehid sebesar 0.05%), dan perlakuan C 0.115 (pakan protein 28% dengan C/P sebesar 15 ditambahakan sinamaldehid sebesar 0.10%). Penelitian dilakukan selama 56 hari pemeliharaan pada akuarium volume 76 L menggunakan udang vaname berukuran 1.38 ± 0.01 g dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per akuarium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan C0.0513 menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan meliputi bobot rata-rata akhir dan specific growth rate (SGR) yang berbeda nyata (P<0.05), serta menghasilkan retensi protein, retensi lemak, dan feed conversion ratio (FCR) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol (C013). Selain itu, parameter Heksokinase (hk) dan Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) yang tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan C0.0513 dan berbeda nyata (P<0.05) dengan perlakuan kontrol (C013). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan C0.0513 adalah perlakuan terbaik sebagai sumber energi energi non-protein yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan melalui metabolisme karbohidrat pada udang vaname.
 
 Kata kunci: metabolisme karbohidrat, pertumbuhan, rasio energi pakan, sinamaldehid, udang vaname

Association between Masticatory Performance, Nutritional Intake, and Frailty in Japanese Older Adults.

The older adult population in Japan is expected to increase. Therefore, long-term care and frailty prevention are important. However, the relationship between masticatory performance, nutritional intake, and frailty remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine energy, protein, and vitamin D intake and its association with frailty and masticatory performance in older adults. Patients between January 2022 and January 2023 were recruited and divided into robust and frail groups. Masticatory performance, nutrition, frailty, and other data, such as age and sex, were evaluated through onsite measurements and a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was conducted with frailty as a dependent variable and masticatory performance as an independent variable, adjusting for age, sex, skeletal muscle mass, living alone, energy intake, protein-energy ratio, and vitamin D intake. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding age or sex. The robust group showed significantly better results for protein-energy ratio, vitamin D intake, and subjective and objective masticatory performance than the frail group. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between skeletal muscle mass, protein-energy ratio, and objective masticatory performance with frailty. Masticatory performance was associated with frailty, independent of the intake of nutrients such as energy, protein, and vitamin D.

Energy exchange in the body of broilers when introducing Quercus cortex extract and chlortetracycline into the diet

Feed antibiotics are widely used in the diet of poultry as growth stimulants, to maintain health and increase productivity. However, their use carries some risks, which leads to a reduction in the use of antibiotics in diets. Therefore, the search for an alternative that can minimize the negative effect of antibacterial substances is a global task. Plants containing phytochemical compounds are of great interest in the search. One of such phytobiotics is oak bark (Quercus cortex), some of its components act as agents of alternative antibacterial strategies (blocking of the Quorum Sensing signaling system (QS)). However, studies on the effects of Quercus cortex are few. It is interesting to study the additional effects of this phytobiotic in combination with other biologically active substances (probiotics, enzymes and antibiotics in small doses). Based on this, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of Quercus cortex extract and Biovit 200 feed antibiotic based on 20% chlortetracycline on energy metabolism in broiler chickens. The study was conducted using generally accepted methods of analyzing metabolic processes in the body of a bird. The calculation of net and exchange energies, energy protein ratio, coefficient of productive use of exchange energy, gross energy was made. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the inclusion of Quercus cortex extract at a dosage of 0,2 ml/kg both independently and in combination with Biovit 200 at a dosage of 0,63 g/kg w.m./ day contributed to a reduction in the amount of energy loss with excrement with an increase in the KPI of OE and the compliance indicator, which shows a more rational use of energy for the process of tissue synthesis in the body of birds of I and III groups.

Effects of Energy and Protein Ratios on the Performance of Grower Pullet Chickens in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

This study was aimed at determining the optimum ratio of energy and protein to promote optimal growth of grower pullet chickens that will give optimum layer performance in terms of egg production, weight, quality and to compare the cost implications of the various energy protein ratios. The following parameters were used: feed intake, bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio and water intake. Two hundred and seventy (270) grower pullet chickens (Isa Brown), were randomly allocated into nine treatments at 30 birds per treatment. Each treatment was replicated three times in RCBD involving 3×3 factorial arrangement. The grower pullet chickens were fed nine treatment diets containing 3 energy levels (2500, 2700 and 2900 ME (kcal/kg) and 3 crude protein levels (14, 15 and 16%). Feed and water were given ad libitum. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and water intake of grower pullet chickens were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by energy-protein ratios. Feed intake decreased with increase in energy-protein ratio of the diets. Grower pullets fed diets containing 2500 and 2700 ME (kcal/kg) diet at14% CP recorded low feed intake, body weight gain, water intake and feed cost/kg gain compared to others while those on 2700 ME (kcal/kg) diet at 14% CP showed lower FCR. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the body weight of grower pullets was better controlled on 2700 ME (kcal/kg) diet at 14% CP. Hence, it is therefore recommended.

Status of dietary energy and consumption of food among Chinese diabetics aged 45 years and above in 2015

To investigate the macronutrient and food intake of diabetics aged 45 years and above in China. The research data was based on the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015. The dietary nutrition status of diabetics living in community was investigated by questionnaire, condiments weighing and 3 days-24 hours dietary questionnaire. Assessment was compared with the recommended amount of macronutrient energy supply ratio in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition). The macronutrient energy supply ratio of patients with different types of diabetes was evaluated and their food intake was statistically analyzed. The median of daily intake of total energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate were 1585 kcal, 50.1 g, 62.4 g and 200.1 g, respectively. The energy ratios of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 12.6%, 36.3% and 52.1%, respectively. In diabetics, the proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate energy ratios that meet the recommendations in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition) were 20.5%, 21.7% and 40.4%, respectively. There is an unreasonable macronutrient energy ratio in the diet of diabetic over 45 years old in China, which mainly shows that the proportion of protein energy supply ratio in most diabetics is low, and the proportion of fat energy ratio exceeds the standard is high.

Effects of dietary protein-energy ratio on the growth and body composition of the white mullet Mugil curema (Valenciennes, 1836) (Pisces: Mugilidae).

Effects of dietary protein-energy ratio on the growth and body composition of the white mullet Mugil curema (Valenciennes, 1836) (Pisces: Mugilidae).

The BMI Z-Score and Protein Energy Ratio in Early- and Late-Diagnosed PKU Patients from a Single Reference Center in Mexico.

The relationship between protein and energy and their appropriate proportions in hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) or phenylketonuria (PKU) patients in terms of growth have been poorly studied, especially in those diagnosed late. We aimed to describe the protein energy ratio (P:E) and its association with body mass index (BMI) in 638 dietetic and anthropometric assessments from 54 early- or late-diagnosed HPA/PKU patients. Dietetic and anthropometric data were analyzed and classified according to BMI Z-Score and type of diagnosis, early by newborn screening (NBS) or late. Correlation between BMI Z-Score and P:E ratio was established. Percent of dietary protein from Phe-free metabolic formula was analyzed. According to the BMI Z-Score, the majority of assessments were eutrophic (69.4%). The median P:E ratio was >4 in most of the overweight assessments. Remarkably, the underweight group consumed the highest proportion of Phe-free metabolic formula (74.5%). A positive correlation between BMI Z-Score and P:E ratio was found. The highest proportion of underweight was found in the late-diagnosed patients. Our findings might be related to their nutritional history previous to the HPA/PKU treatment. Thus, complex nutritional outcome of the late-diagnosed HPA/PKU patients deserves actions to guarantee the early diagnosis, closer nutritional follow-up and alternative therapeutic approaches.

Analysis of differentiated regional dietary patterns of adults aged 18-64 years in 15 provinces( autonomous regions, municipalities) in 2018

To analyze the dietary patterns of Chinese adults in 15 provinces and cities in China. A total of 9208 adults aged 18-64 from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" in 2018 were selected as subjects. Food consumption data were collected through 3 d-24 h dietary recalls and weighing household cooking oil and condiments, and the average daily dietary nutrient intake was calculated by the food composition table. Clustering analysis was used to analyze dietary patterns in different regions, and data from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey were used for comparison. Three dietary patterns were obtained in this study, including northern pattern, coastal pattern and southern pattern. The analysis of demographic characteristics showed that the intake of cereals, vegetables and livestock were statistically different among different age groups, and livestock and poultry intake was higher in the 18-49 years; Fruit and milk were higher in women and other foods were higher in men; The intakes of cereals, tubers, legumes and vegetables were higher in rural areas, people with low income and low education levels, and other foods were higher in urban areas, people with high income and high education levels, especially milk. Compared with the dietary guidelines, it was found that the proportion of insufficient intake of dark vegetables, fruits and nuts in three patterns and milk, eggs in the southern pattern and aquatic products in the northern pattern was up to 80%, the other food intake was in 50%-80%; The proportion of excessive intake of livestock and poultry meat in the southern mode was significantly higher, reaching 78%. Nutrient analysis showed that the intake of carbohydrate, dietary fiber and carbohydrate energy ratio, vitamin E, magnesium and manganese were higher in the northern pattern; The intakes of protein, protein energy ratio, riboflavin, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, copper and selenium were higher in the coastal pattern; The southernpattern had a higher intake of energy, fat, fat energy ratio, niacin, retinol, zinc and vitamin C. In addition, the comparison between 2009 and 2018 showed that the intake of most foods except milk has decreased to varying degrees in the past decade, while the intake of some foods has increased. The 15 provinces in China were divided into three dietary patterns. Unbalanced intake of food and nutrients was common among them, and the intake was influenced by different demographic characteristics. In addition, most food intake has declined over the past decade.

English

Blends of maize-soyabean complementary foods were fortified with foods rich in calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A. Crayfish, bonga fish, and carrot that were processed into flours separately and blended in ratios (2:1:1 w/w) to produce food fortificant. Maize flour, soyabean flour and fortificant were mixed in the ratio of 70:30:0, 60:30:10 and 50:30:20 (% w/w dry basis), respectively to obtain three blends of complementary food. Standard chemical methods were used to determine the blends’ proximate composition, mineral, vitamin A and anti-nutrientional factors. The unfortified blend contents of calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A were at level of 417.37, 9.15, 6.20 mg/100 g and 387.67 μg RE/100 g, respectively but increased in the fortified blends to the range of 560.45 to 620.12 mg/100 g, 12.43 to 14.25 mg/100 g, 8.72 to 10.67 mg/100 g, and 550.13 to 710.25 μg RE/100 g. Fortified blends formula had micronutrients significantly higher (p<0.05) than the proprietary formula, Cerelac. The blends had 4.03 kCal/g average energy content, 12-19% protein-energy ratio and 25-28% energy from lipids. The proposed fortification levels are based on a daily ration size of 65 g for infants aged 9 to 11 and children aged 12 to 23 months. Feeding 65 g of the diets to infants aged 6 to 11 months will meet the 200, 300 kCal/day and 350 μg RE/day Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for energy and vitamin A and will be adequate for the minerals (calcium and zinc) requirement of children aged 12 to 23 months.   Key words: Complementary foods, maize, soybean, crayfish, carrot, bonga fish.

Sepiolite as an effective supplement for low-protein diets with the constant energy-protein ratio in broilers.

The present study aimed to examine the influence of sepiolite on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal health, some blood parameters, and digestibility of nutrients in broilers fed low-protein diets with the constant energy-protein ratio. A total of 252, daily male broiler chicks were allocated to four treatment groups further divided into 9 replicates each containing 7 chicks. Low-protein diets having a constant energy-protein ratio were formulated by lowering protein and energy levels of the control group diet by 5%. Sepiolite was used at the level of 1% in the diets. After 42days of trial, total feed consumption, total body weight gain, total feed conversion ratio, and carcass yield were not influenced by reducing protein, sepiolite supplementation, and interaction between low-protein-low-energy diet and sepiolite. Reducing protein in the diets led to reducing the digestibility of nutrients, increasing ileal viscosity, decreasing villus height, villus surface area in duodenum and jejunum, and increasing abdominal fatand ether extract, cooking losses, total oxidant status, and oxidative status index in breast meat. Sepiolite supplementation to low-protein diets increased crude protein digestibility, reduced viscosity, increased villus height/crypt depth valuesand reduced cooking losses, and increased water holding capacityin breast meat. Blood serum biochemical parameters and minerals were not affected by sepiolite supplementation to low-protein diets. Therefore, it is concluded that sepiolite can be added as a beneficial supplement in broiler diets as well as in low-protein diets with a constant energy-protein ratio.

A recommended amount of hydrolyzed protein improves physiological function by regulating gut microbiota in aged mice

Dietary proteins play a critical role in maintaining the health of elderly people. Although experts recommend that elderly people consume more protein, a high-protein diet may add to the burden of elderly people with degraded digestion and absorption functions. The effects of a normal or high-protein diet and those of a whole or hydrolyzed protein diet on bone and muscle health and gastrointestinal function were evaluated in aged female C57BL/6J mice. The hydrolyzed protein diet with 14.7% protein energy ratio (HNP) contributed to the maintenance of weight and an increase in bone and muscle mass. Further, the overall aging situation was improved by the consumption of this diet. However, the hydrolyzed protein diet with 21.3% protein energy ratio (HHP) increased the levels of LPS, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in serum. Additionally, the small intestine structure was damaged, and the goblet cell number was decreased in the HHP and whole protein with 21.3% protein energy ratio (HP) groups. The relative abundances of Streptococcus and Peptococcus were decreased while that of Bifidobacterium was increased in HNP group compared with the whole protein with 14.7% protein energy ratio (NP) and HP groups. Undigested proteins entering the intestine may cause undesirable changes in gut microbiota, which adversely affect the aging body in NP and HP groups. In summary, hydrolyzed proteins are more advisable than untreated dietary protein in aged mice. This study aimed to provide guidance for daily diet for elderly people, and provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future food development.

Anthropometrics, Dietary Intake and Body Composition in Urea Cycle Disorders and Branched Chain Organic Acidemias: A Case Study of 18 Adults on Low-Protein Diets.

Low-protein diets (LPDs) are the mainstream treatment for inborn errors of intermediary protein metabolism (IEIPM), but dietary management differs worldwide. Most studies have investigated pediatric populations and their goals such as growth and metabolic balance, showing a tendency toward increasing overweight and obesity. Only a few studies have examined nutritional status and dietary intake of adult IEIPM patients on LPDs. We assessed nutritional parameters (dietary intake using a 7-day food diary record, body composition by bioimpedance analysis, and biochemical serum values) in a group of 18 adult patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) and branched chain organic acidemia (BCOA). Mean total protein intake was 0.61 ± 0.2 g/kg/day (73.5% of WHO Safe Levels) and mean natural protein (PN) intake was 0.54 ± 0.2 g/kg/day; 33.3% of patients consumed amino acid (AA) supplements. A totally of 39% of individuals presented a body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2 and patients on AA supplements had a mean BMI indicative of overweight. All patients reported low physical activity levels. Total energy intake was 24.2 ± 5 kcal/kg/day, representing 72.1% of mean total energy expenditure estimated by predictive formulas. The protein energy ratio (P:E) was, on average, 2.22 g/100 kcal/day. Plasmatic levels of albumin, amino acids, and lipid profiles exhibited normal ranges. Phase angle (PA) was, on average, 6.0° ± 0.9°. Fat mass percentage (FM%) was 22% ± 9% in men and 36% ± 4% in women. FM% was inversely and significantly related to total and natural protein intake. Data from IEIPM adults on LPDs confirmed the pediatric trend of increasing overweight and obesity despite a low energy intake. A low protein intake may contribute to an increased fat mass. Nutritional parameters and a healthy lifestyle should be routinely assessed in order to optimize nutritional status and possibly reduce risk of cardiovascular degenerative diseases in adult UCD and BCOA patients on LPDs.

Expressed Breast Milk Analysis: Role of Individualized Protein Fortification to Avoid Protein Deficit After Preterm Birth and Improve Infant Outcomes.

Background: Expressed breast milk (EBM) protein content is highly variable between mothers and often below published values that are still used for EBM protein fortification strategies. This approach may result in significant protein deficit and suboptimal protein energy (P/E) ratio. The study aim was to determine whether individualized EBM protein analysis and fortification will reduce preterm infant protein deficits and improve growth and neurodevelopmental outcome.Study Methods: In a single-center randomized, blinded study of infants born at 24 0/7–29 6/7 weeks, mother-specific protein values measured by a milk analyzer were used to individualize infant-specific protein intake (interventional group, IG), and compared this to a standardized protein fortification scheme based on published values of EBM protein content of 1.4 g/dL (control group, CG). For IG, milk analyzer protein values of mother's EBM were used to adjust protein content of the EBM. The CG EBM protein content was adjusted using the standard published value of 1.4 g/dL and not based on milk analyzer values. EBM protein content, protein intake, protein/energy (P/E) ratio, weight (WT), head circumference (HC), length (L), growth velocity (GV) from 2 to 6 weeks of age, WT, HC and L Z-Scores at 32- and 35-weeks PMA, and lean body mass (35 weeks PMA skin fold thickness) were measured. Neurodevelopment was assessed by Bayley III at average 24 months corrected gestational age (CGA).Results: EBM protein content before fortification was significantly below published values of 1.4 g/dL at all time points in both CG and IG. CG protein deficit was significantly decreased and progressively worsened throughout the study. Individualized protein fortification in IG avoided protein deficit and optimized P/E ratio. Although no significant change in short-term GV (at 6 weeks of age) was seen between groups, IG infants born at <27 weeks had significant improvements in WT and L z-scores, and leaner body mass at 32 and 35 weeks PMA. IG exhibited significantly improved cognitive scores at 24 months CGA.Conclusions: Infant-specific protein supplementation of mother's EBM optimized P/E ratio by eliminating protein deficit and improved growth z scores at 32- and 35-weeks PMA and neurocognitive testing at 24 months.

Impact of supplementation with milk–cereal mix during 6–12 months of age on growth at 12 months: a 3-arm randomized controlled trial in Delhi, India

ABSTRACTBackgroundA large proportion of infants in low- and middle-income countries are stunted. These infants are often fed complementary foods that are low-quality, primarily in terms of protein and micronutrients.ObjectivesWe aimed to test 2 milk–cereal mixes supplemented with modest and high amounts of protein during 6–12 mo of age, compared with no supplementation, for their effect on length-for-age z score (LAZ) at 12 mo of age.MethodsEligible infants (6 mo plus ≤29 d) were randomly assigned to either of the 2 interventions (modest- and high-protein) or a no supplement group. The milk–cereal mixes provided ∼125 kcal, 30%–45% energy from fats, and 80%–100% RDA of multiple micronutrients (MMN). The modest-protein group received 2.5 g protein [protein energy ratio (PER): 8%; 0.75 g from milk source] and the high-protein group received 5.6 g protein (PER: 18%, 1.68 g from milk source). One packet was given daily for 180 d. Counseling on continued breastfeeding and optimal infant-care practices was provided to all.ResultsWe enrolled 1548 infants (high-protein: n = 512; modest-protein: n = 519; and no supplement: n = 517). Compared with the no supplement group, there was an improvement in LAZ [adjusted mean difference (MD): 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.15], weight-for-age z score (MD: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.19), weight-for-length z score (MD: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.19), and midupper arm circumference z score (MD: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18) in the high-protein group at 12 mo of age. No significant differences for these anthropometric indicators were noted between the modest-protein and no supplement groups or between the high- and modest-protein groups.ConclusionsCereal mixes with higher amounts of milk-based protein and MMN may lead to improvement in linear growth and other anthropometric indexes in infants, compared with no supplementation.This trial was registered at ctri.nic.in as CTRI/2018/04/012932.

Protein intake pattern in non-breastfed infants and toddlers: A survey in a nationally representative sample of French children

Protein intake plays a key role in infants and children's growth, but high protein intake may have adverse long-term effects. Data on actual intakes in various populations are scarce. The aims of this study were (i) to assess daily protein intake (DPI) in non-breastfed infants and children aged 0.5-35 months in comparison with the population reference intake (PRI) set by the European Food Safety Authority, and to examine (ii) the various sources of this intake and their consumption patterns, and (iii) time-related changes in DPI over the last 4 decades. Data from the Nutri-Bébé cross-sectional survey were used to assess DPI, DPI/kg BW and the protein-energy ratio (E%) by age group. The amounts and quality of each food consumed were recorded over three non-consecutive days and validated by two face-to-face interviews. Overall, this study included 1035 children. Median DPI were consistently above the PRI, reaching 4 times PRI in the older toddlers (41.4g/d; range 15.1-64.0). Regardless of age, more than 95% of children had a DPI/kg BW above the PRI. Protein intake remained below 14 E% until 6 months of age and increased thereafter from 10% to 75% in children older than one year. Overall, DPI gradually decreased from 1981 to 2013. Milk and dairy products were the main contributors to DPI up to 2 years, while the share of other animal sources became predominant later. Plant contribution remained below 25% of DPI. Despite a gradual decrease over the last few decades, DPI have remained well above the PRI. As the predominant contributors to these intakes are animal sources, the potential long term health consequences of such high intake deserve consideration. NCT03327415 on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Effects of different dietary protein‐energy ratios on growth, carcass amino acid and fatty acid profile of male and female Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) pre‐adults

Cherax quadricarinatus or redclaw is considered a good option for freshwater aquaculture and has been cultivated in several countries. However, nutritional studies are scarce. In present research, the effects of different protein-energy (P/E) ratios in diets for male and female of pre-adults were investigated. Its influence on growth performance, carcass amino acid and fatty acid profiles were determined. Six different dietary P/E ratios: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 mg of crude protein (CP) kJ−1 g−1 of food for 70 days were tested on male and female pre-adults (initial weight 10.8 ± 0.6 g). The experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate. The significantly highest (p < .05) and lower growth indices, feed utilization and survival were observed for male and female pre-adults fed a diet with a P/E ratio of 16 mg/kJ and diet with a P/E ratio of 12 mg/kJ respectively. Amino acids and fatty acids contents of the carcass on males and females (p < .05) were significantly influenced by the diets with higher P/E ratios. The two-slope broken line regression analysis and the quadratic model (second-order polynomial) regression analysis of specific growth rate in redclaw pre-adults male and female suggest that the diet containing P/E ratio of 16 mg/kJ is optimal. A diet with a dietary P:E ratio of 16 mg/kJ (240 and 80 g/kg of protein and lipid respectively) is recommended to stimulate growth performance and proper carcass amino acid and fatty acid profiles of both male and female pre-adults.